List of participating nations at the Summer Olympic Games

This is a list of nations, as represented by National Olympic Committees (NOCs), that have participated in the Summer Olympic Games between 1896 and 2016. As of the 2016 Games, all of the current 206 NOCs have participated in at least one edition of the Olympic Games, and athletes from Australia, France^[K], Great Britain, Greece and Switzerland^[L] have competed in all twenty-eight Summer Olympic Games.

History

Early years

Early Games were not clearly documented with respect to participating nations. Competitors from 11 to 16 different nations participated in the inaugural 1896 Games, in Athens. Eleven nations (Australia, Austria, Denmark, England, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States) are mentioned in the official report for the Games,^[1] and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) states that 14 nations were represented.^[2] The NOCs for Bulgaria^[3] and Chile^[4] each claim that they were represented by a single athlete in Athens. Other sources also list Egypt, Italy, and the Turkish Empire.^[5][6]

While official report was actually the summary of the sporting events held at the 1900 Exposition Universelle and so can not be considered as reliable source,^[7] the IOC states that 24 nations participated in the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris,^[8] but additional sources list up to 28 nations, with Haiti, Iran, Luxembourg, and Peru being the additions.^[9][10] The 1904 Games, held in St. Louis, were poorly organized, with participation of only 12 nations,^[11][12] and many events contested only by athletes from the host United States. Although the Intercalated Games of 1906 are no longer considered official Games of the Olympiad by the IOC, they helped restore the Olympic movement. Participation at subsequent Games grew steadily, with 22 nations in London for 1908^[13] and 28 nations in Stockholm for the 1912 Games.^[14] At these two Games (only), one of the delegations was actually a combined team of athletes from Australia and New Zealand, designated Australasia. The Games of 1916, planned for Berlin, were cancelled due to World War I.

Inter-war years

After the First World War, the Olympic Games resumed in 1920, in Antwerp. Twenty-nine nations participated,^[15] but not Austria, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, or Turkey, none of which were invited because of their roles in the war. Several newly created European states, such as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, made their Olympic debut.

The Games grew rapidly for the 1924 Summer Olympics, in Paris, with 44 nations present,^[16] even though Germany was still not invited back to the Games. This situation would change for the 1928 Games where Germany returned to join a total of 46 participating nations.^[17] Because of the economic effects of the Great Depression, competitors from only 37 nations—with less than half the number of participants that competed in the 1928 Summer Olympics—travelled to Los Angeles for the 1932 Summer Olympics.^[18] The 1936 Summer Olympics, in Berlin, were attended by 49 nations (a new high) but were highly politicized.^[19] The scheduled Games of 1940 in Tokyo and 1944 in London were each cancelled due to the outbreak of World War II in 1939.

Post-war years and Cold War era

Twelve years after the previous Games, the 1948 Summer Olympics, in London, attracted competitors from 59 nations, including 14 that made their Olympic debut; once again, Germany was not invited to take part, and neither was Japan.^[20] The 1952 Games, in Helsinki, again set a new high, with 69 nations participating, including the first appearance by the Soviet Union and the return of Germany and Japan.^[21] The 1956 Summer Olympics, attended by 67 nations in Melbourne, were the first to be marred by a boycott.^[22] Egypt, Iraq, and Lebanon withdrew in response to the Suez Crisis, and the Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland withdrew in response to the Soviet invasion of Hungary. Interestingly, because of Australian quarantine restrictions, the equestrian events were held five months earlier in Stockholm, with a total of 29 participating nations, including five nations that did not compete in Melbourne.^[23]

Participation by African and Latin American nations increased significantly during the 1960s. A total of 84 nations were represented at the 1960 Summer Olympics, in Rome,^[24] 94 nations at the 1964 Games, in Tokyo,^[25] and 112 nations at the 1968 Summer Olympics, in Mexico City.^[26] The 1968 Games also marked the first time that West Germany and East Germany competed as independent teams. For the previous three Olympiads (1956–1964), the two NOCs were jointly represented by a united German team.^[27] The 1972 Summer Olympics, in Munich, featured 121 nations, the highest total yet.^[28]

The next three Games were each marred by significant boycotts. At the 1976 Summer Olympics, in Montreal, only 92 nations were represented.^[29] Twenty-nine African nations (Ivory Coast and Senegal being the only two exceptions) boycotted the Games because of New Zealand's participation, as New Zealand maintained other sporting relations with apartheid South Africa.^[30] The largest Olympic boycott took place at the 1980 Games, in Moscow, when only 81 nations participated.^[31] The United States led the boycott in protest of the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, and were joined by more than 60 other nations. In response, the 1984 Summer Olympics, in Los Angeles, were boycotted by the Soviet Union and many of their allies, yet a total of 140 nations did participate.^[32] The 1988 Games, in Seoul, marked a new high, with 160 participating nations.^[33]

Recent Games

Several events in the 1990s led to a large increase in participating nations at the Olympic Games. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Baltic states competed as independent nations for the first time since 1936 at the 1992 Games, in Barcelona.^[34] The remaining twelve ex-republics of the Soviet Union competed together as the Unified Team for these Games. A single German team competed for the first time since 1964, after the German reunification in 1990, while the breakup of Yugoslavia resulted in the Olympic debut of new nations.

The Centennial Olympics, in Atlanta, were attended by athletes from 197 nations,^[35] including 24 nations making their Summer Games debut. Czechoslovakia had split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia, and all ex-Soviet republics competed as independent nations. The Games continued to grow, with 199 nations represented in Sydney, for the 2000 Summer Games,^[36] and 201 nations in Athens, for the 2004 Summer Olympics.^[37]

A record number of nations (204) were represented at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing,^[38] with Marshall Islands and Tuvalu making their Olympic debut. After competing together as Serbia and Montenegro in 2004, Serbia and Montenegro sent independent teams to Beijing. Only Brunei failed to participate in the Games, after failing to register any athletes for competition.^[39] The 2012 Games in London increased this record to 206 nations, even though only 204 NOCs were represented.^[40] Brunei returned to the Games, but athletes from the former Netherlands Antilles competed as Independent Olympic Athletes, after the Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee's membership in the IOC was withdrawn in 2011 as a consequence of the dissolution of the Caribbean country. One athlete from South Sudan also competed as an independent athlete, since the nation had not yet formed a National Olympic Committee after its independence in 2011.

List of nations

Description

This list includes all 206 current NOCs,^[41] 20 obsolete NOCs and 3 other entries, arranged alphabetically. The three-letter country code is also listed for each NOC. Since the 1960s, these codes have been frequently used by the IOC and each Games organizing committee to identify NOCs, such as within the official report of each Games.^[42]

Several nations have changed during their Olympic history. Name changes due to geographical renaming are explained by footnotes after the nation's name, and other notes are explained by footnotes linked within the table itself.

Obsolete nations

Obsolete nations are included in the table to more clearly illustrate past Olympic appearances for their successor nations.

• ANZ. In the 1908^[13] and 1912^[14] Games, athletes from Australia and New Zealand competed together as a single team, designated Australasia (ANZ).^[43]
• ROC. The Republic of China (ROC) was designated as China from 1932^[18] to 1948,^[20] representing all of China (including Taiwan at the 1948 Games). After the Chinese Civil War, Taiwan participated using the Republic of China designation in 1956,^[22] 1960,^[24] and 1972.^[28]
• BOH, TCH. Prior to the foundation of Czechoslovakia after World War I, athletes from Bohemia (BOH) (now part of the present-day Czech Republic) competed in 1900,^[9] 1908,^[13] and 1912.^[14] Czechoslovakia (TCH) participated in 1920–1992, from 1994 represented by two successor NOCs of Czech Republic (CZE) and Slovakia (SVK).
• SAA, EUA, FRG, GDR. Due the partition of Germany after World War II, Germany was represented by two teams at the 1952 Games — Germany and the Saar (SAA).^[21] The Saar was reintegrated back into the Federal Republic of Germany in 1956, and Saar athletes then competed for Germany.^[27] East Germany did not contribute athletes to the 1952 team, as the National Olympic Committee for the German Democratic Republic was only granted "provisional" recognition by the IOC in 1955.^[44] For the Games of 1956–1964, Germany participated as a Unified Team (EUA), representing the National Olympic Committees of both East Germany and West Germany.^[27] Retrospectively, the IOC uses the country code EUA for this team.^[45] After the NOC for the German Democratic Republic was granted full recognition by the IOC in 1968, East Germany (GDR) and West Germany (FRG) participated as two distinct teams at the Games of 1968-1988.^[44]
• MAL, NBO. Prior to the formation of the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, athletes from Malaya (MAL) competed at the 1956 Games^[22] and 1960 Games,^[24] and athletes from North Borneo (NBO) competed at the 1956 Games.^[22]
• AHO. The NOC of the Netherlands Antilles (AHO) was recognized by the IOC from 1950 until 2011 upon the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles.^[46]
• RU1, URS, EUN. The Russian Empire (RU1) participated in three Games prior to World War I.^[9][13][14] Soviet Union (URS) participated at the Games of 1952–1988. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the fifteen ex-republics of the Soviet Union were all represented at the 1992 Summer Olympics. Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania participated as independent teams, and the other twelve nations participated as a combined Unified Team (EUN).^[34] Since 1996 they are represented by fifteen successor NOCs.^[35]
• YUG, IOP, SCG. The Kingdom of Yugoslavia (officially the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929) participated as Yugoslavia (YUG) in five Games before the Second World War. The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia also participated using the Yugoslavia (YUG) designation, for all Games between 1948–1988. Because of United Nations sanctions in Security Council Resolution 757,^[47] athletes from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) competed as Independent Olympic Participants (IOP) at the 1992 Games.^[34] They were not permitted to compete in team sports such as basketball, handball, or water polo, and the Olympic flag was used in medal ceremonies.^[48] Athletes from the Republic of Macedonia competed as Independent Olympic Participants (IOP) at the 1992 Games because their NOC had not been formed. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (later State Union of Serbia and Montenegro), consisting of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, participated at the Games of 1996^[35] and 2000^[36] as Yugoslavia (YUG), and at the Games of 2004^[37] as Serbia and Montenegro (SCG). In 2008 and 2012, the former republics of Yugoslavia were represented by six successor NOCs. In 2016, the autonomous province of Kosovo became the seventh successor NOC.
• BWI. Athletes from Barbados, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago competed as the British West Indies (BWI) at the 1960 Games.^[24] The West Indies Federation only existed as a nation from 1958–1962, so the constituent nations once again competed independently in 1964.^[25]
• YMD, YAR. Prior to Yemenite unification in 1990, North Yemen participated as the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) in 1984^[32] and 1988,^[33] and South Yemen participated as the Yemen Democratic Republic (YMD) in the 1988 Games.^[33]

Other entries

• ZZX. 1896 - 1904 Olympic Games allowed for individuals in a team, designated later as Mixed teams, to be from different nations.
• IOA. Athletes from Timor-Leste competed as Individual Olympic Athletes (IOA) at the 2000 Games.^[36] Athletes from the former Netherlands Antilles and South Sudan competed as Independent Olympic Athletes (IOA) at the 2012 Games. Athletes from Kuwait competed as Independent Olympic Athletes (IOA) at the 2016 Games.
• ROT. Owing to the refugee crisis, a refugee team was formed at the 2016 Summer Olympics. It consists of athletes from South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia and Syria, who have fled their home countries and cannot compete under the home NOC.

Table legend

96		In the table headings, indicates the Games year
•		Participated in the specified Games
H		Host nation for the specified Games
[A]		Additional explanatory comments at the linked footnote
		The planned Games of 1916, 1940, and 1944 were cancelled due to world wars
		NOC superseded or preceded by other NOC(s) during these years

Alphabetical list

Contents:		A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V Y Z Other Total

A	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Afghanistan	AFG											•			•		•	•	•	•	•		•		•		•		•	•	•	•	14
Albania	ALB																				•					•	•	•	•	•	•	•	8
Algeria	ALG																		•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	13
American Samoa	ASA																								•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	8
Andorra	AND																					•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	11
Angola	ANG																						•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Antigua and BarbudaANT[›]	ANT																					•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
Argentina	ARG		•		•			•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	24
Armenia	ARM	Russian Empire						Soviet Union																		EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Aruba	ARU																								•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	8
Australia	AUS	•	•	•	ANZ			•	•	•	•	•			•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	26
Australasia [^]	ANZ				•	•																											2
Austria	AUT	•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	27
Azerbaijan	AZE	Russian Empire						Soviet Union																		EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
B	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Bahamas	BAH															•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	16
Bahrain	BRN																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Bangladesh	BAN																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Barbados	BAR																	BWI		•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	12
Belarus	BLR	Russian Empire						Soviet Union																		EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Belgium	BEL		•		•	•		H	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	26
BelizeBIZ[›]	BIZ																			•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	12
BeninBEN[›]	BEN																				•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	11
Bermuda	BER											•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	18
Bhutan	BHU																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Bolivia	BOL											•							•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	14
Bosnia and Herzegovina	BIH							Yugoslavia																		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	7
Botswana	BOT																						•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
Brazil	BRA		[D]					•	•		•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	22
British Virgin Islands	IVB																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Brunei	BRU																								[P]		•	•	•		•	•	5
Bulgaria	BUL	•[A]							•	•		•				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	20
Burkina FasoBUR[›]	BUR																				•				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Burundi	BDI																										•	•	•	•	•	•	6
C	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Cambodia	CAM																•[L]		•		•						•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Cameroon	CMR																		•	•	•	•[O]	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	14
Canada	CAN		•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	26
Cape Verde	CPV																										•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Cayman Islands	CAY																					•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
Central African Republic	CAF																			•				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
Chad	CHA																		•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	12
Chile	CHI	•[B]				•		•	•	•		•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	23
China, People's Republic of	CHN	Republic of China														•								•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	10
Chinese TaipeiTPE[›]	TPE	Japan													ROC		•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	14
China, Republic of [^]	ROC										•	•			•																		3
Colombia	COL		[E]								•	•			•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	19
Comoros	COM																										•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Congo	CGO																		•		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	12
DR CongoCOD[›]	COD																			•				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
Cook Islands	COK																								•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	8
Costa Rica	CRC											•							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	15
Ivory CoastCIV[›]	CIV																		•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	13
Croatia	CRO	Austria/Hungary						Yugoslavia																		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	7
Cuba	CUB		•	•					•	•					•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	20
Cyprus	CYP																						•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
Czech Republic	CZE	Bohemia						Czechoslovakia																			•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Czechoslovakia [^]	TCH							•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•							16
Bohemia [^]	BOH		•		•	•																											3
D	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Denmark	DEN	•	•		•	•		•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	27
Djibouti	DJI																							•	•	•	•	•	[P]	•	•	•	8
Dominica	DMA																										•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Dominican Republic	DOM																		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	14
E	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Ecuador	ECU								•											•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	14
EgyptEGY[›]	EGY	[C]				•		•	•	•		•			•	•	•[L]	•	•	•	•	•[O]		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	22
El Salvador	ESA																			•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	11
Equatorial Guinea	GEQ																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Eritrea	ERI																											•	•	•	•	•	5
Estonia	EST	Russian Empire						•	•	•	•	•			Soviet Union											•	•	•	•	•	•	•	12
Ethiopia	ETH																•	•	•	•	•		•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	13
F	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Fiji	FIJ																•	•		•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	14
Finland	FIN				•	•		•	•	•	•	•			•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	25
France	FRA	•	H	•[K]	•	•		•	H	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	28
G	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Gabon	GAB																				•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
The Gambia	GAM																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Georgia	GEO	Russian Empire						Soviet Union																		EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Germany	GER	•	•	•	•	•				•	•	H				•										•	•	•	•	•	•	•	16
East Germany [^]	GDR																EUA			•	•	•	•		•								5
West Germany [^]	FRG																EUA			•	H	•		•	•								5
United Team of Germany [^]	EUA																•	•	•														3
Saar [^]	SAA															•																	1
GhanaGHA[›]	GHA															•		•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	14
Great Britain	GBR	•	•	•	H	•		•	•	•	•	•			H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	28
Greece	GRE	H	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	28
Grenada	GRN																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Guam	GUM																								•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	8
Guatemala	GUA															•				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	14
Guinea	GUI																			•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	11
Guinea-Bissau	GBS																										•	•	•	•	•	•	6
GuyanaGUY[›]	GUY														•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	17
H	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Haiti	HAI		[F]						•	•	•							•			•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	15
Honduras	HON																			•		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	11
Hong Kong	HKG															•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	16
Hungary	HUN	•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	26
I	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Iceland	ISL					•						•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	20
India	IND		•					•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	24
Indonesia	INA															•	•	•		•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	15
Iran	IRI		[G]												•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	16
Iraq	IRQ														•			•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	14
Ireland	IRL								•	•	•				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	21
Israel	ISR															•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	16
Italy	ITA	•	•		•	•		•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	27
J	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Jamaica	JAM														•	•	•	BWI	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	17
Japan	JPN					•		•	•	•	•	•				•	•	•	H	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	22
Jordan	JOR																						•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
K	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Kazakhstan	KAZ	Russian Empire						Soviet Union																		EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Kenya	KEN																•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	14
Kiribati	KIR																												•	•	•	•	4
North Korea	PRK					Japan															•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
South Korea	KOR														•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	17
Kosovo	KOS							Yugoslavia																		SCG				Serbia		•	1
Kuwait	KUW																			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	[^]	12
Kyrgyzstan	KGZ	Russian Empire						Soviet Union																		EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
L	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Laos	LAO																						•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Latvia	LAT	Russian Empire							•	•	•	•			Soviet Union											•	•	•	•	•	•	•	11
Lebanon	LIB														•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	17
Lesotho	LES																				•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	11
Liberia	LBR																•	•	•		•		[P]	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	12
Libya	LBA																		[P]	•			•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
Liechtenstein	LIE											•			•	•		•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	17
Lithuania	LTU	Russian Empire							•	•					Soviet Union											•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Luxembourg	LUX		[H]			•		•	•	•		•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	23
M	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Macedonia	MKD							Yugoslavia																		IOP	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Madagascar	MAD																		•	•	•		•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	12
Malawi	MAW																				•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
Malaysia	MAS	Malaya, North Borneo																	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	13
Malaya [^]	MAL																•	•															2
North Borneo [^]	NBO																•																1
Maldives	MDV																								•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	8
Mali	MLI																		•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	13
Malta	MLT									•		•			•			•		•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	16
Marshall Islands	MHL																													•	•	•	3
Mauritania	MTN																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Mauritius	MRI																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Mexico	MEX		•						•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	23
Micronesia	FSM																											•	•	•	•	•	5
Moldova	MDA	Russian Empire						Romania							Soviet Union											EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Monaco	MON							•	•	•		•			•	•		•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	20
Mongolia	MGL																		•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	13
Montenegro	MNE							Yugoslavia																		SCG				•	•	•	3
Morocco	MAR																	•	•	•	•	•[O]		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	14
Mozambique	MOZ																						•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
MyanmarMYA[›]	MYA														•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	17
N	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Namibia	NAM																									•	•	•	•	•	•	•	7
Nauru	NRU																										•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Nepal	NEP																		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	13
Netherlands	NED		•		•	•		•	•	H	•	•			•	•	•[L]	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	26
Netherlands Antilles [^]	AHO															•		•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	[^]		13
New Zealand	NZL		[I]		ANZ			•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	23
Nicaragua	NCA																			•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	12
Niger	NIG																		•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	12
Nigeria	NGR															•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	16
Norway	NOR		•		•	•		•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	25
O	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Oman	OMA																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
P	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Pakistan	PAK														•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	17
Palau	PLW																											•	•	•	•	•	5
Palestine	PLE																										•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Panama	PAN									•					•	•		•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	17
Papua New Guinea	PNG																					•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
Paraguay	PAR																			•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	12
Peru	PER		[J]									•			•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	18
Philippines	PHI								•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	21
Poland	POL								•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	21
Portugal	POR					•		•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	24
Puerto Rico	PUR														•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	18
Q	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Qatar	QAT																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
R	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Romania	ROU		•						•	•		•				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	21
Russia	RUS	Russian Empire						Soviet Union																		EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Unified Team [^]	EUN																									•							1
Soviet Union [^]	URS															•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H		•	EUN							9
Russian Empire [^]	RU1		•		•	•																											3
Rwanda	RWA																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
S	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Saint Kitts and Nevis	SKN																										•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Saint Lucia	LCA																										•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	VIN																								•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	8
SamoaSAM[›]	SAM																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
San Marino	SMR																	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	14
São Tomé and Príncipe	STP																										•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Saudi Arabia	KSA																				•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	11
Senegal	SEN																		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	14
Serbia	SRB					•		Yugoslavia																		SCG				•	•	•	4
Serbia and MontenegroSCG[›] [^]	SCG							Yugoslavia																		IOP	•	•	•				3
[[<span class="wrap">Independent Olympic Participants</span> at the Olympics|Indep. Olympic Participants]] [^]	IOP																									•							1
Yugoslavia [^]	YUG							•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•								16
Seychelles	SEY																						•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Sierra Leone	SLE																			•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	11
Singapore	SIN														•	•	•	•	[N]	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	16
Slovakia	SVK	Hungary						Czechoslovakia																			•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Slovenia	SLO	Austria/Hungary						Yugoslavia																		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	7
Solomon Islands	SOL																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Somalia	SOM																				•			•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	9
South Africa	RSA			•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•								•	•	•	•	•	•	•	19
Spain	ESP		•					•	•	•	•				•	•	•[L]	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	•	23
Sri LankaSRI[›]	SRI														•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	17
Sudan	SUD																	•		•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	12
South Sudan	SSD	Sudan						Sudan							Sudan																[^]	•	1
Suriname	SUR																	[P]		•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	12
Swaziland	SWZ																				•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
Sweden	SWE	•	•		•	H		•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	27
Switzerland	SUI	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•			•	•	•[L]	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	28
Syria	SYR														•			[M]		•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	13
T	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Tajikistan	TJK	Russian Empire						Soviet Union																		EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
TanzaniaTAN[›]	TAN																		•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	13
Thailand	THA															•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	16
Timor-Leste	TLS																											[^]	•	•	•	•	4
Togo	TOG																				•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	10
Tonga	TGA																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
Trinidad and Tobago	TTO														•	•	•	BWI	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	17
British West Indies [^]	BWI																	•															1
Tunisia	TUN																	•	•	•	•	•[O]		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	14
Turkey	TUR				•	•			•	•		•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	22
Turkmenistan	TKM	Russian Empire						Soviet Union																		EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
Tuvalu	TUV																													•	•	•	3
U	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Uganda	UGA																•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	15
Ukraine	UKR	Russian Empire						Soviet Union																		EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
United Arab Emirates	UAE																							•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	9
United States	USA	•	•	H	•	•		•	•	•	H	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		H	•	•	H	•	•	•	•	•	27
Uruguay	URU								•	•	•	•			•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	21
Uzbekistan	UZB	Russian Empire						Soviet Union																		EUN	•	•	•	•	•	•	6
V	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Vanuatu	VAN																								•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	8
Venezuela	VEN														•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	18
Vietnam	VIE															•	•	•	•	•	•		•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	15
Virgin Islands	ISV																			•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	12
Y	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Yemen	YEM	South Yemen, North Yemen																								•	•	•	•	•	•	•	7
South Yemen [^]	YMD																								•								1
North Yemen [^]	YAR																							•	•								2
Z	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
ZambiaZAM[›]	ZAM																		•	•	•		•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	13
ZimbabweZIM[›]	ZIM									•								•	•				•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	•	13
Other entries	Code	96	00	04	08	12	16	20	24	28	32	36	40	44	48	52	56	60	64	68	72	76	80	84	88	92	96	00	04	08	12	16	Total
Mixed team [^]	ZZX	^	^	^
Indiv. Olympic Athletes [^]	IOA																											^			^	^
Refugee Olympic Team [^]	ROT																															^
Total		14	24	12	22	28		29	44	46	37	49			59	69	72	83	93	112	121	92	80	140	159	169	197	199	201	204	204	205	2764

Notes

Name changes notes

^ ANT: Prior to Antigua and Barbuda's independence in 1981, The Associated State of Antigua participated as Antigua in 1976.^[29]
^ BIZ: Belize participated under its former name of British Honduras (HBR) in 1968^[26] and 1972.^[28]
^ BEN: Benin was known as Dahomey (DAH) in 1972.^[28]
^ BUR: Burkina Faso was known as Upper Volta (VOL) in 1972.^[28]
^ TPE: The Chinese Taipei was designated Republic of China (ROC) in 1956,^[22] 1960,^[24] and 1972,^[28] and was designated Taiwan in 1964^[25] and 1968.^[26] In 1979, the IOC started to use Chinese Taipei to refer to this NOC, a compromise that was acceptable for the People's Republic of China to start participating in the Olympic Games.^[49][50]
^ COD: The Democratic Republic of the Congo was known as Zaire (ZAI) between 1984^[32] and 1996.^[35]
^ CIV: Côte d'Ivoire was known as Ivory Coast between 1964^[25] and 1988.^[33]
^ EGY: Egypt participated as the United Arab Republic between 1960^[24] and 1968.^[26]
^ GHA: Prior to Ghana's independence in 1957, Gold Coast participated in the 1952 Games.^[21]
^ GUY: Prior to Guyana's independence in 1966, British Guiana participated from 1948^[20] to 1964.^[25]
^ MYA: Myanmar was known as Burma (BIR) between 1948^[20] and 1988.^[33]
^ SAM: Samoa was known as Western Samoa between 1984^[32] and 1996.^[35]
^ SCG: The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, consisting of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Montenegro, participated at the Games since 1996. It was reconstituted as the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in 2003. At the 1996^[35] and 2000^[36] Games, the nation was still designated Yugoslavia (YUG). The Serbia and Montenegro (SCG) designation and code were first used at the 2004 Games.^[37]
^ SRI: Sri Lanka was known as Ceylon (CEY) between 1948^[20] and 1972.^[28]
^ TAN: Although Tanganyika and Zanzibar had already merged to form Tanzania in April 1964, the nation was designated Tanganyika in the official report of the 1964 Games.^[25]
^ ZAM: Zambia achieved independence on the last day of the 1964 Games, but had participated as Northern Rhodesia (NRH) during those Games.^[25]
^ ZIM: Prior to Zimbabwe's independence in 1980, Southern Rhodesia participated as Rhodesia (RHO) in 1928,^[17] 1960,^[24] and 1964.^[25]

Participation notes

See also

• List of participating nations at the Winter Olympic Games
• List of IOC country codes
• Lists of National Olympic Committees by continental association:
  • Association of National Olympic Committees of Africa
  • European Olympic Committees
  • Oceania National Olympic Committees
  • Olympic Council of Asia
  • Pan American Sports Organisation

References

1. ↑ De Coubertin, Pierre; Philemon, Timolean; Politis, N.G.; Anninos, Charalambos (1897). "Second Part: The Olympic Games in 1896". The Olympic Games: BC 776 – AD 1896 (PDF). Athens: Charles Beck. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
2. ↑ "Athens 1896 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-02-02. 
3. 1 2 "Olympic Games Athens 1896". Bulgarian Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-02-02. 
4. 1 2 "La Presencia de Chile en los Juegos Olimpicos" (in Spanish). Comité Olímpico de Chile. Archived from the original on 2008-01-11. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
5. ↑ Mallon, Bill; Widlund, Ture (1998). "1896 Olympic Games — Analysis and Summaries" (PDF). The 1896 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. McFarland. pp. 22–23. ISBN 0-7864-0379-9. Retrieved 2008-03-11. 
6. ↑ De Wael, Herman (2005-06-13). "Herman's Top Athina 1896 Olympians". Retrieved 2014-02-02. 
7. ↑ Exposition Universelle Internationale de 1900 – Rapports (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-02. 
8. ↑ "Paris 1900". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-02-02. 
9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mallon, Bill (December 1997). "1900 Olympic Games — Analysis and Summaries" (PDF). The 1900 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. McFarland. pp. 10, 23–26. ISBN 978-0-7864-0378-3. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
10. ↑ De Wael, Herman (2002-10-10). "Herman's Top Paris 1900 Olympians". Retrieved 2014-02-02. 
11. ↑ Mallon, Bill (February 1999). "1904 Olympic Games — Analysis and Summaries" (PDF). The 1904 Olympic Games: Results for All Competitors in All Events, With Commentary. McFarland. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-7864-0550-3. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
12. ↑ "St. Louis 1904". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-02-02. 
13. 1 2 3 4 Cook, Theodore Andrea (May 1909). The Fourth Olympiad London 1908 Official Report (PDF). London: British Olympic Association. p. 656. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
14. 1 2 3 4 (ed). Bergvall, Erik (December 1913). The Olympic Games of Stockholm 1912 Official Report (PDF). Stockholm: Wahlström and Widstrand. p. 889. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
15. ↑ Olympic Games Antwerp 1920 — Official Report (PDF) (in French). Belgian Olympic Committee. 1957. pp. 168–170. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
16. ↑ (ed.) M. Avé, Comité Olympique Français. Les Jeux de la VIII^e Olympiade Paris 1924 - Rapport Officiel (PDF) (in French). Paris: Librairie de France. p. 79. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
17. 1 2 (ed.) G. Van Rossem (1928). The Ninth Olympiad Amsterdam 1928 Official Report (PDF). Amsterdam: J. H. De Bussy. pp. 87–88. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
18. 1 2 The Games of the Xth Olympiad Los Angeles 1932 (PDF). Xth Olympiade Committee of the Games of Los Angeles, U.S.A. 1932. 1933. p. 374. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
19. ↑ Diem, Carl (1937). XIth Olympic Games, Berlin 1936 Official Report (PDF). Berlin: Wilhelm Limpert. pp. 596–597. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
20. 1 2 3 4 5 (ed.) Lord Burghley (1951). The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad (PDF). London: Organising Committee for the XIV Olympiad. pp. 546–547. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
21. 1 2 3 (ed.) Kolkka, Sulo (1955). The Official Report of the Organising Committee for the Games of the XV Olympiad Helsinki 1952 (PDF). Helsinki: Organising Committee for the XV Olympiad Helsinki 1952. pp. 244–255. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Official Report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVI Olympiad Melbourne 1956 (PDF). Melbourne: The Organizing Committee of the XVI Olympiad, Melbourne, 1956. 1958. pp. 260–261. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
23. 1 2 The Equestrian Games of the XVI Olympiad Stockholm 1956 (PDF). Stockholm: Esselte Aktiebolag. 1959. p. 23. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (ed.) Giacomini, Romolo (May 1963). The Games of the XVII Olympiad Rome 1960, The Official Report of the Organizing Committee, Volume 2 (PDF). Rome: Carlo Colombo. p. 56. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The Official Report of the Games of the XVIII Olympiad, Tokyo 1964, Volume II (PDF). Tokyo: The Organizing Committee for the Games of the XVIII Olympiad. October 1966. pp. 2–13. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
26. 1 2 3 4 (ed.) Trueblood, Beatrice (1969). The Official Report of the Organizing Committee of the Games of the XIX Olympiad Mexico 1968, Volume 3: The Games (PDF). Organizing Committee of the Games of the XIX Olympiad. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
27. 1 2 3 (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (July–August 1975). "The Federal Republic of Germany and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review. Lausanne: International Olympic Committee (93–94): 290–306. Retrieved 2008-02-08. 
28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (ed.) Kunze, Herbert (1974). The official report of the Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXth Olympiad Munich 1972, Volume 3 The competitions (PDF). Munich: proSport. pp. 541–563. Retrieved 2008-02-04. 
29. 1 2 3 (ed.) Chantigny, Louis (1978). Games of the XXI Olympiad Montréal 1976 Official Report, Volume I Organization (PDF). Montreal: COJO 76. pp. 139–150. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
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31. ↑ (ed.) I. T. Novikov (1981). Games of the XXII Olympiad Moscow 1980, Volume 3 Participants and Results (PDF). Moscow: Fizkultura i Sport. pp. 610–639. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
32. 1 2 3 4 (ed.) Perelman, Richard B. (1985). Official Report of the Games of the XXIIIrd Olympiad Los Angeles 1984, Volume 2 Competition Summary and Results (PDF). Los Angeles Olympic Organizing Committee. pp. 224–227. ISBN 0-9614512-0-3. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 (ed.) Lee Kyong-hee (September 1989). Games of the XXIVth Olympiad Seoul 1988 Official Report, Volume 2: Competition Summary and Results (PDF). Seoul Olympic Organizing Committee. pp. 150–161. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
34. 1 2 3 (ed.) Cuyàs, Romà (1992). Official Report of the Games of the XXV Olympiad Barcelona 1992, Volume IV The Games (PDF). COOB'92. pp. 396–397. ISBN 84-7868-097-7. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
35. 1 2 3 4 5 6 (ed.) Watkins, Ginger T. (1997). The Official Report of the Centennial Olympic Games, Volume III The Competition Results (PDF). Atlanta: Peachtree Publishers. pp. viii–ix. ISBN 1-56145-150-9. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
36. 1 2 3 4 Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. (2001). "National Olympic Committees". Official Report of the XXVII Olympiad, Volume Three: Results (PDF). Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. pp. 1–5. ISBN 0-9579616-1-8. Retrieved 2008-02-05. 
37. 1 2 3 (ed.) Skarveli, Efharis; Zervos, Isabel (November 2005). Official Report of the XXVIII Olympiad, Volume Two: The Games (PDF). Athens 2004 Organising Committee for the Olympic Games. pp. 528–529. ISBN 960-88101-7-5. Retrieved 2008-02-05.  CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
38. ↑ Official Report of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, Volume II (PDF). Retrieved 2014-02-02. 
39. ↑ "Brunei excluded from Beijing Games". Reuters. 2008-08-08. Retrieved 2008-08-15. 
40. ↑ "London 2012 Summer Olympics". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-02-02. 
41. ↑ "National Olympic Committees". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-02-02. 
42. ↑ Mallon, Bill; Karlsson, Ove (May 2004). "IOC and OCOG Abbreviations for NOCs" (PDF). Journal of Olympic History. 12 (2): 25–28. Retrieved 2008-02-08. 
43. ↑ (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (January–February 1974). "New Zealand and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review. Lausanne: International Olympic Committee (74–75): 44–59. Retrieved 2008-03-13. 
44. 1 2 (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (September–October 1975). "The German Democratic Republic and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review. Lausanne: International Olympic Committee (95–96): 362–377. Retrieved 2008-03-13. 
45. 1 2 "Olympic Medal Winners". International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 2014-02-02. 
46. ↑ "Curtain comes down on 123rd IOC Session". Olympic.org. 
47. ↑ "United Nations Security Council Resolution 757 (Implementing Trade Embargo on Yugoslavia)". University of Minnesota Human Rights Center. Retrieved 2008-08-18. 
48. ↑ "Decisions of the 99th Session" (PDF). Olympic Review. International Olympic Committee (299): 415–416. September 1992. Retrieved 2008-08-14. 
49. ↑ (ed.) Berlioux, Monique (August–September 1983). "China and Olympism" (PDF). Olympic Review. Lausanne: International Olympic Committee (190–191): 583–592. Retrieved 2008-02-08. 
50. ↑ Chan, Gerald (Autumn 1985). "The "Two-Chinas" Problem and the Olympic Formula". Pacific Affairs. Vancouver: University of British Columbia. 58 (3): 473–490. doi:10.2307/2759241. JSTOR 2759241. 
51. 1 2 3 De Wael, Herman (2001-01-24). "Fencing 1900". Retrieved 2014-02-02. 
52. ↑ Charles J.P. Lucas (1905). The Olympic Games — 1904 (PDF) (PDF). St. Louis, MO: Woodard & Tiernan. p. 47. Retrieved 2008-02-28. 

External links

• Olympic Games. International Olympic Committee
• Olympic Review and Revue Olympique. LA84 Foundation
• Official Reports. LA84 Foundation