List of introduced species

A complete list of introduced species for even quite small areas of the world would be dauntingly long. Humans have introduced more different species to new environments than any single document can hope to record. This list is generally for established species with truly wild populations—not kept domestically—that have been seen numerous times, and have breeding populations. While most introduced species can cause negative impact to new environments they reach, some can have positive impact, just for conservation.

Australia

Australia has a huge range of introduced species, so sub-classifications are necessary:

Feral animals that cause the most public concern, and economic and ecological damage include:

Image Name Species Overview Introduced Reason Introduced from Distribution Feral Pest Threat level Est. pop. Main control measures Notes / ref
Cane toad Bufo marinus Cane toads in Australia 1935 Biological control (cane beetle) South America via Hawaii Queensland (extensive), northern New South Wales, Top End, Kimberley No Yes Extreme 200 million + Culling; trapping;[1] genetic[2] (under research) prolific breeders and bufotoxin kills native animals[3]
Red fox Vulpes vulpes Feral foxes in Australia 1855 Recreational hunting Europe Most of mainland Australia; small numbers in Tasmania[4] No Yes Extreme 7.2 million + 1080 baiting; hunting Elusive prolific predator of native animals and livestock.[5]
European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus Rabbits in Australia 1857 Recreational hunting Europe Throughout Australia (extensive) No Yes High 200 million + rabbit-proof fence; Myxomatosis; Calicivirus (RHD) Prolific breeders that destroy land.
Dromedary camel Camelus dromedarius Australian feral camel 1841 Beast of burden India Central Australia (extensive) Yes Yes Medium to high 300,000[6] Helicopter culling Grazer, though arid Australian conditions suit the camel perfectly.[7]
Feral goat Capra hircus Feral goats in Australia 1840 Domestic livestock ?? Throughout Australia (extensive) Yes Yes High + Helicopter culling [8]
Feral cat Felis catus Feral cat c. 1838 Pets Europe Throughout Australia, except in tropical rainforests (extensive) Yes Yes High to extreme ?? Barrier fencing, shooting, trapping. Control measures effective on small islands; less so on the mainland. The most widely spread and invasive of all introduced species. It is possibly responsible for the extinction of some species of small mammals.[9]
Brumby Equus ferus caballus Brumby 1788 Farm and utility work Europe; some later imports from South Africa and Indonesia Throughout Australia (extensive) Yes Yes Medium to high 300,000+ Musters, ground and helicopter culling, fertility control Grazers that damage sensitive lands[10]
Feral pig Sus scrofa Feral pig 1788 Domestic livestock Europe Throughout Australia, except in deserts (extensive) Yes Yes High 13 million to 23 million Musters, ground and helicopter culling, trapping, poisoning, fencing Prolific breeders that destroy land and have the potential to spread disease[11]

Plants (Australia)

Around 15% of Australia's flora is made up of introduced species.[12] The following is a non-inclusive list of some of the more significant plant species.

Mammals (Australia)

Birds (Australia)

Fish (Australia)

Reptiles (Australia)

Amphibians (Australia)

Arthropods (Australia)

Echinoderms (Australia)

British Isles and other European islands

See also Invasive species in the British Isles

Further information can be found at the GB Non-native Species Secretariat, which has a free tool kit of resources on non-native species, including a photo gallery, ID sheets, risk assessments, projects database, case studies and resources for local action groups.

Mammals

Birds

Fish

Amphibians

Reptiles

Crustaceans

Insects

Butterflies and moths

Ants

Coleoptera (beetles)

Plants

Hawaiian Islands

Mammals

Birds

Primary source for this list is Robert L. Pyle and Peter Pyle, The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands[14] unless otherwise stated

Reptiles

Amphibians

Arthropods

Plants

Other species

New Zealand

Mammals

Birds

Fish

Insects

Plants

Up to 26,000 plants have been introduced into New Zealand. This list is a few of the more common and more invasive species.

United States and Canada

Mammals

Birds

Reptiles

Amphibians

Fish

Crustaceans

Mollusks

Marine

Freshwater

Terrestrial

Worms

Insects

Jellyfishes

Plants

Central America and Caribbean islands

Mammals

Birds

South America

Mammals

Birds

Fish

Continental Europe

Mammals

Birds

Reptiles

Amphibians

Fish

Asia

Mammals

Birds

Reptiles

Amphibians

Africa

Mammals

Birds

Plants

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.frogwatch.org.au/index.cfm?attributes.fuseaction=viewResearch&research_id=101
  2. ↑ http://www.imb.uq.edu.au/index.html?page=48437&pid=48437&ntemplate=235
  3. ↑ The Feral Cane Toad (Bufo marinus) - Invasive species fact sheet
  4. ↑ http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/LBUN-5K46YA?open
  5. ↑ "Invasive Species Fact Sheet: European red fox (Vulpes vulpes)" (PDF). Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia). 2004. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
  6. ↑ Milman, Oliver (18 November 2013). "Australian feral camel population overestimated, says study". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 March 2014.
  7. ↑ "Camel Fact Sheet". Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts (Australia). 2009. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
  8. ↑ - Invasive species fact sheet
  9. ↑ "Invasive Species Fact Sheet: The feral cat (Felis catus)" (PDF). Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia). 2004. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
  10. ↑ "Invasive Species Fact Sheet: Feral horse (Equus caballus) and feral donkey (Equus asinus)" (PDF). Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia). 2004. Retrieved 2010-05-10.
  11. ↑ "Invasive Species Fact Sheet: The feral pig (Sus scrofa)" (PDF). Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia). 2004. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  12. ↑ Murray Fagg (6 December 2007). "Environmental Weeds in Australia". Australian National Botanic Gardens. Australian Government Director of National Parks. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  13. ↑ "British Isles Exotic and Introduced Mammals". World of European Exotic and Introduced Species.
  14. ↑ Pyle, Robert L.; Pyle, Peter (31 December 2009). "The Birds of the Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status". B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI, U.S.A. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  15. ↑ BirdLife International (2014). "Phasianus versicolor". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  16. ↑ Messing, Russell (September 1999). "Managing Fruit Flies on Farms in Hawaii" (PDF). College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. University of Hawaii. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  17. ↑ "Bobwhite quail". Ornithological Society of New Zealand Checklist of Recognised Bird Names. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  18. 1 2 3 "New Zealand Birds". Ornithological Society of New Zealand Checklist of Recognised Bird Names. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  19. ↑ "Chuckor". Ornithological Society of New Zealand Checklist of Recognised Bird Names. Retrieved 24 September 2016.
  20. ↑ Mitchell, J. C., B. W. Steury, K. A. Buhlmann, & P. P. van Dijk (2007). "Chinese softshell turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) in the Potomac River and notes on eastern spiny softshells (Apalone spinifera) in Northern Virginia". Banisteria. 30: 41–43.
  21. ↑ John L Long (2003). Introduced Mammals of the World. pp. 361–380. ISBN 0 643 06714 0.
  22. 1 2 "European Exotic and Introduced Mammals". World of European Exotic and Introduced Species.
  23. ↑ "European Exotic and Introduced Birds". World of European Exotic and Introduced Species.
  24. ↑ Russell Mittermeier; et al. (2006). Lemurs of Madagascar (2nd ed.). pp. 272–274. ISBN 1-881173-88-7.

External links

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