List of governors of Bombay

Bombay Presidency in 1906

Until the 18th century, Bombay consisted of seven islands separated by shallow sea. These seven islands were part of a larger archipelago in the Arabian sea, off the western coast of India. The date of city's founding is unclear—historians trace back urban settlement to the late 17th century after the British secured the seven islands from the Portuguese to establish a secure base in the region. The islands provided the British with a sheltered harbour for trade, in addition to a relatively sequestered location that reduced the chances of land-based attacks. Over the next two centuries, the British dominated the region, first securing the archipelago from the Portuguese, and later defeating the Marathas to secure the hinterland.[1]

Bombay Presidency was one of the three Presidencies of British India; the other two being Madras Presidency, and Bengal Presidency. It was in the centre-west of the Indian subcontinent on the Arabian Sea. It was bordered to the north-west, north, and north-east by Baluchistan, the British province of Punjab, and the Princely state of Rajputana; to the east by the Princely states of Central India Agency, the Central Provinces, Berar and Hyderabad; and to the south by Madras Presidency and Mysore State. The Presidency was established in the late 17th century and named after Bombay, the capital city and the island on which it was built. By 1906, the area under the jurisdiction of Bombay Presidency stretched from North Canara in the south to Sindh in the north, encompassing the now-Pakistani province of Sindh, some parts of the present-day state of Gujarat, northwestern part of Karnataka state, the British territory of Aden in Yemen, and the western two-thirds of modern-day Maharashtra.[2][3]

During British rule, a Governor was the chief administrative and political officer of Bombay. The executive Government of the Presidency was administered by the Governor. He had the same power and right in the Presidency as the Governor-General of India, and observed the same order and course in their proceedings.[4] Governors of Bombay and Madras Presidencies, who were appointed by the British Crown, were the most important officials after the Viceroy.[5] Bombay Castle was the official residence of the Governor of Bombay until the 1770s, when it was moved to Parel; a century later, in 1883, it was moved to Malabar Hill.[6][7]

Abraham Shipman was appointed the first Royal Governor of Bombay in 1662. Beginning in 1668, Charles II leased the islands to the British East India Company—George Oxeden was appointed the first Company Governor of Bombay on 23 September 1668. In 1687, the Company relocated its headquarters from Surat to Bombay.[8] In 1862, the British Crown took formal repossession of the territory after the Company was disbanded. After India's independence in 1947, the territory was restructured into Bombay State. The area of Bombay State increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into Bombay State. Raja Maharaj Singh was the first Indian Governor of Bombay after independence. On 1 May 1960, Bombay State was restructured on linguistic lines—Gujarati-speaking areas were partitioned into the state of Gujarat, and Marathi-speaking areas of Bombay State, Central Provinces and Berar, and Hyderabad State were integrated as the state of Maharashtra. The last person to hold the title of "Governor of Bombay" was Sri Prakasa in 1960.

Royal Governors (1662–1668)

Charles II of England, who received Bombay as part of his dowry

The marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza that concluded on 8 May 1661 placed Bombay under British rule—the territory was part of Catherine's dowry.[9] On 19 March 1662, Abraham Shipman was appointed the first Governor and General of the city, and his fleet arrived in Bombay in September and October 1662. On being asked to hand over Bombay and Salsette to the English, the Portuguese Governor contended that the Bombay Island alone had been ceded, and alleging irregularity in the patent, he refused to give up even Bombay Island. The Portuguese Viceroy declined to interfere and Shipman was prevented from landing in Bombay. He was forced to retire to the island of Anjediva in North Canara and died there in October 1664. In November 1664, Shipman's successor Humphrey Cooke agreed to accept Bombay Island without its dependencies.[10] The first four governors held Bombay for the Crown.[11]

# Name Assumed office Left office Years in office Remarks[a]
1 Abraham Shipman 19 March 1662 October 1664 2
2 Humphrey Cooke February 1665 5 November 1666 1 Acting
3 Gervase Lucas 5 November 1666 21 May 1667 1
4 Henry Gary 22 May 1667 23 September 1668 1 Acting

Sources: The India List and India Office List[11] and Origin of Bombay[12]

Company Governors (1668–1862)

Map of India showing Bombay as a British possession (c. 1783)
Map of India (c. 1804)
Bombay Presidency in 1832

On 21 September 1668, the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668 led to the transfer of Bombay from Charles II to the British East India Company for an annual rent of £10 (equivalent retail price index of £1,226 in 2007).[13] The islands were handed over to the Company on 23 September 1668. Upon the transfer, Bombay was made subordinate to the Company's settlement in Surat.[14] During 1668–87, the Governors of Bombay, who were also presidents of Surat Council, spent most of their time in Surat. During this time, Bombay was administered by a Deputy Governor.[11]

In 1687, the Company shifted its main holdings from Surat to Bombay, which had become the administrative centre of all the west coast settlements.[15] Following the transfer, Bombay was placed at the head of all the Company's establishments in India.[16] However, the onset of plague and cholera delayed implementation, and the headquarters was not actually moved to Bombay until 1708.[14] During the Governorships of John Gayer, Nicholas Waite, and William Aislabie (1694–1715), the Bombay Governors also held the title of "General".[11][17] In 1703, Surat was incorporated into Bombay Presidency.[18]

During the 18th century, the Maratha Empire expanded rapidly, claiming Konkan and much of eastern Gujarat from the disintegrating Mughal Empire. In western Gujarat, including Kathiawar and Kutch, the loosening of Mughal control allowed numerous local rulers to create virtually independent states. In 1737, Salsette was captured by Baji Rao I of the Maratha Empire from the Portuguese, and the Portuguese province of Bassein was ceded to the Marathas in 1739.[19] The growth of the Bengal provinces soon undermined Bombay's supremacy. In 1753, Bombay was made subordinate to Calcutta. Thereafter, Bengal always maintained much greater importance relative to Madras and Bombay.[14] Bankot (Fort Victoria) in Konkan was incorporated into Bombay Presidency in 1756.[20] The First Anglo-Maratha War began with the Treaty of Surat, which was signed on 6 March 1775, between Raghunathrao of the Maratha Empire and the British. According to the treaty, Raghunathrao ceded Salsette and Bassein to the British. The war ended when Salsette, Elephanta, Hog Island, and Karanja were formally ceded to the British by the Treaty of Salbai, signed on 17 May 1782. These territories were incorporated into the Bombay Presidency. Also according to the treaty, Bassein and its dependencies were restored to Raghunathrao, while Bharuch was ceded to the Maratha ruler Scindia.[21] The British annexed Surat on 15 May 1800.[22] The British received the districts of Ahmadabad, Bharuch and Kaira in 1803 after British victory in the Second Anglo-Maratha War.[23]

The framework of the Presidency formed between 1803 and 1827. The districts of Ahmadabad, Bharuch, and Kaira in Gujarat were taken over by the Bombay Government in 1805 and enlarged in 1818. The numerous small states of Kathiawar and Mahikantha were organised into princely states under British suzerainty between 1807 and 1820.[3] Baji Rao II, the last of the Maratha Peshwas, was defeated by the British in the Battle of Kirkee, which took place near Poona in the Deccan on 5 November 1817.[24] Following his defeat, the whole of the Deccan (except Satara and Kolhapur), and certain parts of Gujarat, were included in the Presidency.[25][26] The districts included were Khandesh, Belgaum, Dharwar, Ratnagiri, Kolaba (except Alibag taluka), Poona, Ahmadnagar, Nasik.[27] Aden was incorporated in 1839.[18] Alibag taluka was annexed in 1840 and added to the Presidency.[28] Sind province, which included the districts of Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Thar and Parkar, and Upper Sind Frontier, were annexed in 1847.[29] In 1848, the districts of Satara and Bijapur were added to the Presidency.[27] In 1853, Panch Mahals in Gujarat was leased from the Scindias.[3] The Canara district, which was under Madras Presidency, was bifurcated into North Canara and South Canara in 1860. South Canara remained under Madras Presidency, while North Canara was transferred to Bombay Presidency in 1861.[27][30] Between 1818 and 1858, certain princely states lke Mandvi in Surat and some in Satara were lapsed to the Presidency.[27]

# Name Portrait Assumed office Left office Years in office Remarks[a]
1 George Oxeden 23 September 1668 14 July 1669 1
2 Matthew Gray 14 July 1669 7 June 1672 3 Acting
3 Gerald Aungier 7 June 1672 30 June 1677 5
4 Henry Oxenden 30 June 1677 27 October 1681 4
5 John Child 27 October 1681 27 December 1683 2
6 Richard Keigwin[b] 27 December 1683 19 November 1684 1 Unofficial
7 Charles Zinzan 19 November 1684 1685 1 Acting
8 John Wyborne 1685 2 May 1687 2 Acting
9 John Child 2 May 1687 4 February 1690 3
10 Bartholomew Harris 4 February 1690 10 May 1694 4
11 Daniel Annesley 10 May 1694 17 May 1694 Acting
12 John Gayer 17 May 1694 November 1704 10
13 Nicholas Waite November 1704 September 1708 4
14 William Aislabie September 1708 11 October 1715 7
15 Stephen Strutt 11 October 1715 26 December 1715 Acting
16 Charles Boone 26 December 1715 9 January 1722 7
17 William Phipps 9 January 1722 10 January 1729 7
18 Robert Cowan 10 January 1729 22 September 1734 5
19 John Horne 22 September 1734 7 April 1739 5
20 Stephen Law 7 April 1739 15 November 1742 3
21 John Geekie 15 November 1742 26 November 1742 Acting
22 William Wake 26 November 1742 17 November 1750 8
23 Richard Bourchier 17 November 1750 1760 10
24 John Holkell 1760 28 February 1760 Acting
25 Charles Crommelin 28 February 1760 27 January 1767 7
26 Thomas Hodges 27 January 1767 23 February 1771 4
27 William Hornby 26 February 1771 1 January 1784 13
28 Rawson Hart Boddam 1 January 1784 9 January 1788 4
29 Andrew Ramsay 9 January 1788 6 September 1788 1 Acting
30 William Medows 6 September 1788 21 January 1790 2
31 Robert Abercromby 21 January 1790 26 November 1792 2
32 George Dick 26 November 1792 9 November 1795 3 Acting
33 John Griffith 9 November 1795 27 December 1795 Acting
34 Jonathan Duncan 27 December 1795 11 August 1811 16
35 George Brown 11 August 1811 12 August 1812 1 Acting
36 Sir Evan Nepean, Bt. 12 August 1812 1 November 1819 7
37 Mountstuart Elphinstone 1 November 1819 1 November 1827 8
38 Sir John Malcolm 1 November 1827 1 December 1830 3
39 Sir Thomas Sidney Beckwith 1 December 1830 15 January 1831 1 Acting
40 John Romer 17 January 1831 21 March 1831 Acting
41 John FitzGibbon, 2nd Earl of Clare 21 March 1831 17 March 1835 4
42 Robert Grant 17 March 1835 9 July 1838 3
43 James Farish 11 July 1838 31 May 1839 1 Acting
44 James Rivett Carnac 31 May 1839 27 April 1841 2
45 William Hay Macnaghten 27 April 1841 28 April 1841 Acting
46 George William Anderson 28 April 1841 9 June 1842 1 Acting
47 George Arthur 9 June 1842 6 August 1846 4
48 Lestock Robert Reid 6 August 1846 23 January 1847 1 Acting
49 George Russell Clerk 23 January 1847 1 May 1848 1 Acting
50 Lucius Cary (Lord Falkland) 1 May 1848 26 December 1853 5
51 John Elphinstone (Lord Elphinstone) 26 December 1853 11 May 1860 7
52 George Russell Clerk 11 May 1860 24 April 1862 2 Acting

Sources: The India List and India Office List[11][17][31] and Oxford Dictionary of National Biography[18]

Deputy Governors of Bombay (1668–1690)
The transfer of the headquarters of the Company's power to Bombay largely eliminated the need for a Deputy Governor. In spite of the change, the title continued to be borne by the second member of the Executive Council of the Governor. It fell into disuse sometime between 1720 and 1758.

# Name Assumed office Left office Years in office
1 Henry Young 1668 13 November 1669 2
2 Matthew Gray 1670 1670
3 Phillip Gifford 1670 1676 6
4 Henry Oxenden 1676 1682 6
5 Charles Ward[b] 1682 1683 1
6 Charles Zinzan 1684 1686 2
7 John Wyborne 1686 1688 2
8 John Vaux 1689 1689
9 George Cooke 1689 1690 1
10 George Weldon 1690 1690
11 Samuel Burniston 1690 1704 14

Source: Origin of Bombay[32]

Crown Governors (1862–1948)

Bombay Presidency in 1893
Bombay Presidency in 1909 (northern portion)
Bombay Presidency in 1909, (southern portion)

Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857,[33] the Company was accused of mismanagement, and Bombay reverted to the British Crown.[34] On 2 August 1858, the British Parliament began abolition of the Company and asserted full, direct Crown authority over India. The execution was slow. The Company for purposes of liquidation maintained its formal existence until 1874.[35] India was thereafter directly ruled by the Crown as a colony of the United Kingdom, and officially known as the Empire of India after 1876. India consisted of some regions referred to as British India that were directly administered by the British and other regions called the Princely States that were ruled by Indian rulers.[36][37]

Laws were made for British India by a Legislative Council under the Viceroy having wide powers of legislation. This Council could pass laws as important as any Acts by the British Parliament. The Legislative Council was made of six members besides the Viceroy.[38][39] In addition, the governors served as extraordinary members when the Legislative Council met in their provinces. They also had an Executive Council of two members of the Indian Civil Service for 12 years standing, appointed by the Crown.[35][39]

The Governor would consult the Executive Council in the exercise of all his functions (except on trivial or urgent matters or where the public interest made it undesirable). He would not be required to consult in cases where he was specifically authorised by the Constitution to act in his discretion or on the advice of, or after consultation with, some other person or authority. He would in general act in accordance with the advice of the Executive Council but could act against such advice, where he considered it necessary in the interests of the public order, public faith or good government; in such cases he would be required to seek approval of the Secretary of State for India.[40]

The Governor didn't have the right to make or suspend any laws, unless in cases of urgent necessity, he could do it with the consent of the Governor-General of India. He didn't have the power of creating a new office, or granting any salary, gratuity, or allowance, without the sanction of the Governor-General of India.[4] The Governor-General had full power to superintend and control the Governor in all points relating to the civil or military administration of the Presidency, and the Governor had to obey the orders and instructions of the Governor-General in all cases.[41] The Governors could propose to the Governor-General drafts of any laws which they thought expedient, together with their reasons for the same; and the Governor-General communicated the resolutions to the Governor, after considering the reasons.[42] The Governors regularly transmitted to the Governor-General true copies of all orders and acts of their governments, and also advice of all matters which they felt to be communicated to the Governor-General.[43] The powers of the Governors were not suspended when the Governor-General visited the Presidency.[44] The departure of the Governor from India with intent to return to Europe was deemed to be a resignation from his office. Alternately, the Governor could resign by declaring it in writing and delivering it to the secretary for the public department of the Presidency.[45]

In 1906, Bombay Presidency had four commissionerships and twenty-six districts with Bombay City as its capital. The four commissionerships were the northern province of Gujarat, the central province of Deccan, the southern province of Carnatic, and the northwestern province of Sind.[14] The 26 districts were Bombay City, Bombay Island,[c] Ahmedabad, Bharuch, Kaira, Panch Mahal, Surat, Thana, Ahmednagar, East Khandesh,[d] West Khandesh,[d] Nasik, Poona, Satara, Solapur, Belgaum, Bijapur, Dharwar, North Canara, Kolaba, Ratnagiri, Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Thar and Parkar, and Upper Sind Frontier.[2][46][47] Aden separated from Bombay Presidency in 1932,[18] and Sind separated in 1936.[29]

# Name Portrait Assumed office Left office Years in office Remarks[a]
1 Henry Bartle Frere 24 April 1862 6 March 1867 5
2 William Robert Seymour Vesey Fitzgerald 6 March 1867 6 May 1872 5
3 Philip Edmond Wodehouse 6 May 1872 30 April 1877 5
4 Richard Temple 30 April 1877 13 March 1880 3
5 Lionel Robert Ashburner 13 March 1880 28 April 1880 Acting
6 James Fergusson 28 April 1880 27 March 1885 5
7 James Braithwaite Peile 27 March 1885 30 March 1885 Acting
8 Donald Mackay (Lord Reay) 30 March 1885 12 April 1890 5
9 George Harris (Lord Harris) 27 March 1890 16 February 1895 5
10 Herbert Mills Birdwood 16 February 1895 18 February 1895 Acting
11 William Mansfield (Lord Sandhurst) 18 February 1895 17 February 1900 5
12 Henry Northcote 17 February 1900 5 September 1903 3
13 James Monteath 5 September 1903 12 December 1903 Acting
14 Charles Cochrane Baillie (Lord Lamington) 12 December 1903 27 July 1907 4
15 John William Muir Mackenzie 27 July 1907 18 October 1907 Acting
16 George Sydenham Clarke 18 October 1907 5 April 1913 6
17 Freeman Thomas (Lord Willingdon) 5 April 1913 16 December 1918 5
18 George Lloyd 16 December 1918 8 December 1923 5
19 Maurice Hayward 8 December 1923 10 December 1923 Acting
20 Leslie Orme Wilson 10 December 1923 20 March 1926 3
21 Henry Staveley Lawrence 20 March 1926 8 December 1928 2 Acting
22 Frederick Sykes 9 December 1928 9 December 1933 5
23 John Ernest Buttery Hotson[e] 1931 1931 Acting
24 Michael Knatchbull (Lord Brabourne) 9 December 1933 30 May 1937 4
25 Robert Duncan Bell 30 May 1937 18 September 1937 Acting
26 Lawrence Roger Lumley 18 September 1937 24 March 1943 6
27 John Colville 24 March 1943 5 January 1948 5

Sources: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography[18] and Raj Bhavan[48]

Chief Ministers of Bombay (1937–1947)

# Name Assumed office Left office Years in Office
1 Bal Gangadhar Kher 1937 October 1939 2
2 Governor's rule October 1939 30 March 1946 7
3 Bal Gangadhar Kher 30 March 1946 15 August 1947 1

Source: Oxford Dictionary of National Biography[18]

Post independence (1948–1960)

Maharashtra State

After India gained independence in 1947, Bombay Presidency became part of India, and Sind province became part of Pakistan. The territory retained by India was restructured into Bombay State. It included princely states such as Kolhapur in Deccan, Baroda, Dang in Gujarat, which were under the political influence of Bombay Presidency.[49] As a result of the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, the Kannada-speaking districts of Belgaum (except Chandgad taluk), Bijapur, Dharwar, and North Canara were transferred from Bombay State to Mysore State.[50] In Lok Sabha discussions in 1955, the Congress party demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state.[51] In 1956, the States Reorganisation Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra-Gujarat with Bombay as its capital. In the 1957 elections, the Samyukta Maharashtra movement opposed these proposals, and insisted that Bombay be declared the capital of Maharashtra.[52] Following protests by the movement in which 105 people were killed by police, Bombay State was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960.[53] Gujarati-speaking areas of Bombay State were partitioned into the state of Gujarat.[54] Maharashtra State with Bombay as its capital was formed with the merger of Marathi-speaking areas of Bombay State, eight districts from Central Provinces and Berar, five districts from Hyderabad State, and numerous princely states enclosed between them.[55] In 1960, the designation of the "Governor of Bombay" was transmuted as the Governor of Maharashtra.[48]

# Name Assumed office Left office Years in Office
1 Raja Sir Maharaj Singh 6 January 1948 30 May 1952 4
2 Sir Girija Shankar Bajpai 30 May 1952 5 December 1954 2
3 Harekrushna Mahatab 2 March 1955 14 October 1956 1
4 Sri Prakasa[f] 10 December 1956 16 April 1962 6

Sources: Raj Bhavan[48] and Greater Bombay District Gazetteer[56]

See also

Notes

a ^ The Acting Governors were appointed for a temporary period until the post of Governor was filled. Whenever there was a vacancy for the post of the Governor, and no provisional or other successor was available, then the member of the Executive Council of the Governor, next in rank to the Governor, other than the Commander-in-chief of the Presidency, would be selected as the Governor. If the Executive Council was not available, then the senior secretary of Government of the Presidency, executed the office of Governor until a successor arrived. Every Acting Governor was entitled to the emoluments and salaries appertaining to the office of Governor, until the time he held the post.[57]
b ^ In 1683, Bombay was the scene of a revolt headed by Richard Keigwin, the third member of the Council against the Company's authority. Placing Deputy Governor Charles Ward under arrest, Keigwin ruled Bombay in the King's name from 27 December 1683 to 19 November 1684, when on promise of pardon he handed over the island to Admiral Thomas Grantham.[58]
c ^ Bombay Island was treated as a separate district under a Collector.[2]
d ^ Khandesh was partitioned into East Khandesh and West Khandesh in 1906.[2]
e ^ John Ernest Buttery Hotson, Member of the Executive Council of Bombay (1926–31), was appointed Acting Governor of Bombay for a short period on the departure of Frederick Sykes.[59][60]
f ^ Sri Prakasa was Governor of Bombay from 10 December 1956 to 1 May 1960 and Governor of Maharashtra thereafter from 1 May 1960 to 16 April 1962.

Citations

  1. ↑ "Bombay: History of a City". The British Library. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
  2. 1 2 3 4 The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 8, p. 266
  3. 1 2 3 Dupont 2001, p. 563
  4. 1 2 The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the British Law 1835, p. 364, § 59
  5. ↑ Collier, Price, The West in the East from an American Point of View, Adamant Media Corporation, p. 61, ISBN 978-0-543-91758-4, retrieved 25 December 2008
  6. ↑ "Bombay Castle". The Raj Bhavan, Maharashtra. Retrieved 7 November 2008.
  7. ↑ "Sans Pareil". The Raj Bhavan, Maharashtra. Retrieved 5 January 2009.
  8. ↑ R. K. Kochhar (25 June 1994), "Shipbuilding at Bombay" (PDF, 297 KB), Current Science, 12, Indian Academy of Sciences, 66. Retrieved on 9 November 2008.
  9. ↑ "Catherine of Bragança (1638–1705)". BBC. Retrieved 5 November 2008.
  10. ↑ Thana District Gazetteer 1986, Portuguese (1500–1670)
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 The India List and India Office List 1905, p. 125
  12. ↑ Da Cunha 1993, p. 323
  13. ↑ Anderson, Philip (1854), The English in Western India, Smith and Taylor, p. 55, ISBN 978-0-7661-8695-8, retrieved 18 August 2008
  14. 1 2 3 4 Dupont 2001, p. 564
  15. ↑ Carsten, F. L. (1961), The New Cambridge Modern History (Volume V: The ascendancy of France 1648–88), V, Cambridge University Press Archive, p. 427, ISBN 978-0-521-04544-5, retrieved 7 January 2009
  16. ↑ Hughes, William (1863), The geography of British history, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, p. 227, retrieved 15 January 2009
  17. 1 2 The India List and India Office List 1905, p. 126
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Colonial administrators and post-independence leaders in India (1616–2000)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  19. ↑ Thana District Gazetteer 1986, The Marathas
  20. ↑ Ratnagiri and Savantvadi District Gazetteer 1996, Justice
  21. ↑ Thana District Gazetteer 1986, Acquisition, Changes, and Staff (Acquisition, 1774–1817
  22. ↑ Kalia, Ravi (2004), Gandhinagar: Building National Identity in Postcolonial India, University of South Carolina Press, p. 16, ISBN 978-1-57003-544-9, retrieved 15 January 2009
  23. ↑ Farooqui 2005, p. 18
  24. ↑ Naravane, M.S. (2006), Battles of the Honourable East India Company, APH Publishing, pp. 80–1, ISBN 978-81-313-0034-3
  25. ↑ Ahmadnagar District Gazetteer 1976, Maratha Period
  26. ↑ Cox 1887, pp. 257–261
  27. 1 2 3 4 Dodwell, p. 59
  28. ↑ Cox 1887, pp. 320, 321
  29. 1 2 "History of Sindh". Government of Sindh. Retrieved 7 January 2009.
  30. ↑ Cox 1887, p. 195
  31. ↑ The India List and India Office List 1905, p. 127
  32. ↑ Da Cunha 1993, p. 324
  33. ↑ "History of Mumbai". Department of Theoretical Physics (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research). Retrieved 23 December 2008.
  34. ↑ "Sir Henry Bartle Edward Frere". Department of Theoretical Physics (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research). Retrieved 23 December 2008.
  35. 1 2 Dupont 2001, p. 483
  36. ↑ The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 4, p. 59
  37. ↑ The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 4, p. 60
  38. ↑ Dicey, Albert Venn (2005), Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, Adamant Media Corporation, p. 95, ISBN 978-1-4021-8555-7, retrieved 12 January 2009
  39. 1 2 Hunter, William Wilson (2005), The Indian Empire: Its People, History, and Products, Asian Educational Services, p. 432, ISBN 978-81-206-1581-6, retrieved 13 January 2009
  40. ↑ Madden, A. F.; David Kenneth Fieldhouse, John Darwin (2000), Select Documents on the Constitutional History of the British Empire and Commonwealth: The Foundations of a Colonial System of Government, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 409, ISBN 978-0-313-29072-5, retrieved 13 January 2009
  41. ↑ The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the British Law 1835, p. 365, § 65
  42. ↑ The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the British Law 1835, p. 365, § 66
  43. ↑ The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the British Law 1835, p. 365, § 68
  44. ↑ The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the British Law 1835, p. 365, § 67
  45. ↑ The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the British Law 1835, p. 365, § 79
  46. ↑ Singh, K. S.; B. V. Bhanu, B. R. Bhatnagar, Anthropological Survey of India, D. K. Bose, V. S. Kulkarni, J. Sreenath (2004), Maharashtra, XXX, Popular Prakashan, p. 7, ISBN 978-81-7991-102-0, retrieved 8 November 2008
  47. ↑ The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 8, p. 267
  48. 1 2 3 "Previous Governors List". Raj Bhavan. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
  49. ↑ Bhattacharya, Sanjoy (2006), Expunging Variola: The Control and Eradication of Smallpox in India, 1947–1977, Orient Blackswan, p. 18, ISBN 978-81-250-3018-8, retrieved 8 January 2009
  50. ↑ "States Reorganization Act 1956". Commonwealth Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 1 July 2008.
  51. ↑ "The battle for Bombay". The Hindu. 13 April 2003. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
  52. ↑ "Samyukta Maharashtra". Government of Maharashtra. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
  53. ↑ "Sons of soil: born, reborn". Indian Express Newspapers (Mumbai) Ltd. 6 February 2008. Retrieved on 12 November 2008.
  54. ↑ "Gujarat". Government of India. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
  55. ↑ "Maharashtra". Government of India. Retrieved 16 January 2008.
  56. ↑ "List of the Governors of Bombay", Greater Bombay District Gazetteer, Maharashtra State Gazetteers, I, Government of Maharashtra, 1986, retrieved 13 August 2008
  57. ↑ The Law-dictionary, Explaining the Rise, Progress, and Present State of the British Law 1835, p. 364, § 63
  58. ↑ Riddick, John F. (2006), The History of British India, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 8, ISBN 978-0-313-32280-8, retrieved 7 January 2009
  59. ↑ "Monday, Aug. 03, 1931". Time (US). 3 August 1931. Retrieved 12 January 2009.
  60. ↑ Bulletin of International News, 8, Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1931–1932, p. 86.

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