Li Xiannian
| Li Xiannian | |
|---|---|
| 李先念 | |
 | |
| 3rd President of the People's Republic of China | |
|
In office 18 June 1983 – 8 April 1988 | |
| Premier |
Zhao Ziyang Li Peng |
| Vice President | Ulanhu |
| Leader | Deng Xiaoping |
| Preceded by |
Liu Shaoqi (as President in 1968) Ye Jianying (as NPC Chairman) |
| Succeeded by | Yang Shangkun |
| Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC | |
|
In office April 1988 – March 1992 | |
| Preceded by | Deng Yingchao |
| Succeeded by | Li Ruihuan |
| Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China | |
|
In office July 1977 – September 1982 | |
| Chairman |
Hua Guofeng Hu Yaobang |
| Member of the National People's Congress | |
|
In office 15 September 1954 – 25 March 1988 | |
| Constituency | Hubei At-large |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
23 June 1909 Hong'an, Hubei, Qing China |
| Died |
21 June 1992 (aged 82) Beijing, China |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Political party | Communist Party of China |
| Spouse(s) |
Shang Xiaoping (尚小平) (div)[1] Lin Jiamei |
| Children | Li Xiaolin |
| Li Xiannian | |||||||||
| Chinese | 李先念 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Li Xiannian (pronounced [lì ɕi̯ɛ́nni̯ɛ̂n]; 23 June 1909 – 21 June 1992) was President of the People's Republic of China between 1983 and 1988[2] and then Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference until his death. Li was an influential political figure throughout the PRC, having been a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of China from 1956. He rose to prominence in the Communist Party of China in 1976, when Hua Guofeng succeeded Mao Zedong as Chairman of the Communist Party of China. At the height of his career in the 1980s, Li was considered one of the most influential architects of China's economic policy after the Cultural Revolution,[3] and is considered one of the Eight Elders of the Communist Party of China.
Biography
Early career
Li joined the Communist Party of China in 1927, and served as an army captain and political commissar for the Chinese Red Army during the Long March.
Maoist politician
After the Communists' victory in China, Li was appointed Party Secretary of Hubei Province in China from 1949–1954, and he served as the commander and political commissar of the Hubei Province's military garrison. In 1950, Li was elected the first Chairman of the Hubei People's Government. While he was working in Hubei, Li was appointed Party Secretary of Wuhan and Vice-Chairman of the PRC's Military Commission for South-Central China.
In 1954, Li was appointed China's Minister of Finance. Li was also appointed Vice Premier for the entire period of 1954–1980. Despite losing his job as Finance Minister during the Cultural Revolution, he nonetheless enjoyed Zhou Enlai's protection and was the only civilian official to serve with the premier throughout that entire tumultuous period.[4]:xviii In 1976, Li played an instrumental role in destroying the Gang Of Four. After the demise of the Gang, Li was appointed Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China and a member of the Central Military Commission.
Post-Mao politician and Presidency
When Hua Guofeng rose to leadership after the death of Mao Zedong, Li became Hua's chief economic adviser. If Hua had been successful in his efforts to achieve supreme power, Li would have become one of the most powerful officials in China, but Li's political career stalled when Deng Xiaoping eclipsed Hua as China's "Paramount Leader". For the rest of his career, Li complained that his own achievements during the brief Hua interregnum were not sufficiently recognized as the basis of the progress experienced in China during the 1980s.[4]:xviii Li supported Deng's reform and helped Deng in the rise to power.[5]
Li was a firm believer in orthodox central planning and sociopolitical conformity, so disliked Deng Xiaoping's more radical reform ideas. He had in fact been largely responsible for drafting the short-lived Ten Year Plan of 1978 which attempted to build a Soviet-style economy based around heavy industry and energy production. Deng quickly terminated that idea and instituted his own "go slow" approach that involved gradually allowing the development of light industry and consumer goods. He also went about assigning government posts to younger men who were followers of his ideas. One of these was Premier Zhao Ziyang, whom Li strongly opposed for being too willing to import Western ideas and move away from a planned economy. According to Zhao, Li "hated me because I was implementing Deng Xiaoping's reforms, but since it was difficult for him to openly oppose Deng, he made me the target of his opposition."[4]:xviii-xix
In 1983, after the passing of a new constitution, Li was appointed President of China at the age of 74. According to the 1982 Constitution, the role of President was "largely ceremonial", but recognized Li's role as a respected Party elder and a member of the Politburo Standing Committee. In 1984, Li Met with U.S. President Ronald Reagan during the latter's visit to China, notably discussing the status of Taiwan with the President.[6] Li visited the United States in July 1985, the first time the head of state of the People's Republic of China made such a visit.
As the decade progressed, Deng Xiaoping, always an opponent of lifetime tenure in office, gradually convinced most of the party elders to retire. Li stepped down as President in 1988 and was succeeded by Yang Shangkun. Li was then named Chairman of the National Committee of the CPPCC. He was a strong supporter of Jiang Zemin's rise to power,[7] and during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, Li was one of the hardline Party elders who pushed for a strong response to the demonstrations and supported Premier Li Peng's desire to use military force to suppress the protests. Li continued to serve in government until his death in 1992.
Family
Li had four children. Two daughters are doctors and his only son is a PLA general. His youngest daughter, Li Xiaolin, is the President of the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries. She spent her entire career with the organisation, except for two years as a secretary at the Chinese embassy in the United States. She is a member of the CPPCC national committee.[8][9]
Death
Li died on 21 June 1992 at the age of 82, two days shy of his 83rd birthday.[10] His funeral was held on 27 June 1992 and was attended by members of the Politburo Standing Committee. After the service, Li was cremated.[11]
Further reading
- Frankel, Benjamin. The Cold War 1945-1991. Vol. 2, Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China and the Third World (1992) pp 191-92.
- Yang, Yutong. "Li Xiannian." in China at War: An Encyclopedia (2012) p 225.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Li Xiannian. |
- ↑ Rittenberg, Sidney; Bennett, Amanda (2001). The Man Who Stayed Behind. Duke University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780822326670.
- ↑ Li, Xiaobing (2012). China at War: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 226. ISBN 978-1-59884-415-3.
- ↑ Brandt, Loren; Rawski, Thomas G. (2008). China's Great Economic Transformation. Cambridge University Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-521-88557-7.
In economic policy, the most important elders were Li Xiannian and Chen Yun.
- 1 2 3 MacFarquhar, Roderick. "Foreword" in Zhao Ziyang (2009). Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Zhao Ziyang. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 1-4391-4938-0
- ↑ "China marks 100th birth anniversary of former president Li Xiannian". GOV.cn. Government of the People's Republic of China. 24 June 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2012.
- ↑ Anderson, Kurt (7 May 1984). "History Beckons Again". Time. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
- ↑ The Epoch Times Staff (2005). "Chapter 4". The Real Story of China's Jiang Zemin (ebook).
- ↑ 'I'll break your legs if you go into business': former president's career advice to children, SCMP, 17 March 2014
- ↑ Prominent Chinese Families, chinavitae.com
- ↑ Dunn, Sheryl Wu (23 June 1992). "Li Xiannian, China Ex-President And Rural Economist, Dies at 82". New York Times. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
- ↑ "Simple Memorial Service for Former President Li Xiannian". Associated Press. 27 June 1992. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| New title | Governor of Hubei 1949–1954 |
Succeeded by Liu Zihou |
| Preceded by Deng Xiaoping |
Minister of Finance of the People's Republic of China 1954–1970 |
Succeeded by Zhang Jifu |
| Preceded by Zhang Chunqiao |
First-ranking Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China 1976–1977 |
Succeeded by Deng Xiaoping |
| Preceded by Ye Jianying as Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress |
President of the People's Republic of China 1983–1988 |
Succeeded by Yang Shangkun |
| Preceded by Deng Yingchao |
Chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference 1988–1992 |
Succeeded by Li Ruihuan |
| Party political offices | ||
| New title | Secretary of the CPC Hubei Committee 1949–1954 |
Succeeded by Wang Renzhong |
| Preceded by Ye Jianying |
Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China Served alongside: Deng Xiaoping, Chen Yun, Zhao Ziyang, Ye Jianying, Hua Guofeng 1977–1982 |
Post abolished |
| Order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by Zhao Ziyang as Premier （4th ranked） |
Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China （President of China; 5th ranked） 1982 - 1985 |
Succeeded by Chen Yun as First Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection （6th ranked） |
| Preceded by Zhao Ziyang as Premier （3rd ranked） |
Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China （President of China; 4th ranked） 1985 - 1987 |
Succeeded by Chen Yun as First Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection （5th ranked） |
| Preceded by Wan Li as Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee （6th ranked） |
Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China （Chairman of the CPPCC National Committee; 7th ranked） 1989 - 1992 |
Succeeded by Peng Zhen as former Chairman of the NPC Standing Committee （8th ranked） |
| Common Program (1949–1954) |
|  |
|---|---|---|
| 1954 Constitution (1954–1975) |
| |
| 1975 & 1978 Constitutions (1975–1982) |
| |
| 1982 Constitution (1982–present) | ||
Xia → Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han → 3 Kingdoms → Jìn / 16 Kingdoms → S. Dynasties / N. Dynasties → Sui → Tang → 5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms - Liao / Song / W. Xia / Jīn → Yuan → Ming → Qing → ROC / PRC | ||
