La question (album)

La question
Studio album by Françoise Hardy
Released October 16, 1971
Recorded
  • Studio CBE
  • Studio Davout

Paris, France

Genre French pop
Length 32:25
Language French
Label Sonopresse
Producer Françoise Hardy
Françoise Hardy chronology
Soleil
(1970)		 La question
(1971)		 Et si je m'en vais avant toi
(1972)
Singles from La question
  1. "Le martien"
    Released: Summer 1971
  2. "Même sous la pluie"
    Released: October 1971
  3. "Rêve"
    Released: March 1972

La question (pronounced: [la kɛstjɔ̃]; French for "The question") is the eleventh studio album by French singer-songwriter Françoise Hardy, released in October 1971 on Sonopresse. Like many of her previous records, it was originally released without a title and is now referred to by the name of its most popular song. It is her second album produced under Hypopotam, a production company Hardy established in 1970. The music on the album was almost entirely composed by the Brazilian female musician Tuca, who supervised the project and participated as a guitarist.

One of her most sparsely produced albums, La question combines Hardy's sensual vocals with bossa nova-tinged guitar playing, touches of bass and subtle string arrangements. Lyrically, it encompasses themes of love, anxiety, eroticism, and fear. It represents a turning point in Hardy's career, moving towards a more mature and less comercial style. Despite earning the acclaim of critics, the album was not well received by French audiences and radio stations upon release. It has since reached cult status, and is celebrated as one of the most important albums in Hardy's discography.

Background and production

Hardy in December 1969

Hardy made her musical debut in the early 1960s on Disques Vogue and was an immediate success as part of the yé-yé phenomenon. During the decade, she "found herself at the very forefront of the French music scene", and became "France's most exportable female singing star", recording in various languages, appearing in several movies, touring throughout Europe, and gaining admiration from musicians such as Bob Dylan and Mick Jagger.[1] In 1962, the singer met photographer Jean-Marie Périer, with whom she engaged in a romantic relationship until 1967. Périer - who has been described as "a veritable Pygmalion for the young singer" - helped her to develop a more modern personal style and persuaded her to begin modelling; Hardy soon became a popular fashion icon as well.[1][2] In 1969, she became involved in a lengthy legal battle with her record label, Disques Vogue, and saw the closure of her own production company, Productions Aspargus.[1] The company had faced the resistance of the label's executives, and Hardy's decision to no longer perform live, and signing with Sonopresse further aggravated the situation.[3] As the yé-yé era drew to an end in the late 1960s, Hardy sought to reinvent herself, beginning by casting off the fashionable girl next door image that Périer had created for her. In an effort to reflect her inner self to a greater extent, the singer also abandoned the "cute" and catchy compositions that had characterized her repertoire up to that point.[1][4] In 1970, she founded the production company Hypopotam, and its first album, Soleil, was released the same year. In the albums that immediately preceded La question, Hardy had begun to work with more accomplished songwriters such as Leonard Cohen,[5] Serge Gainsbourg,[3] and Patrick Modiano.[6]

"Usually, when we record an album, we do not have time to rework the songs before with the composer. We ended up learning them alone in a corner and running the risk of acquiring bad habits which it would later be difficult to get rid of. Then we sang for the first time in the recording studio without being necessarily well prepared, and the recording of a song took only an hour or two at most. With Tuca, everything was different."

— Françoise Hardy, 2008.[5]

Towards the early 1970s, Hardy met Valeniza Zagni da Silva - known by the pseudonym Tuca - a Brazilian singer and guitarist based in Paris, who performed every night at a Brazilian restaurant called La Feijoada.[7] They met through Lena, another Brazilian woman based in Paris and an intimate friend of the singer. Lena comforted Hardy as she went through a "[tormenting]" period during that time, due to instabilities in her relationship with fellow musician Jacques Dutronc.[8] These period also marked the beginning of Hardy's renowned involvement with astrology, partly also thanks to the support of the Brazilian.[1][8] Tuca and Hardy connected very well; the singer later described their meeting as "love at first sight, personally and artistically speaking."[9] After attending the Festival Internacional da Canção in Rio de Janeiro - and having come into contact with the music of Brazil - Hardy decided to work with Tuca.[8][10] The singer was particularly infatuated with "Même sous la pluie", a song Tuca had made for another artist but eventually gave to Hardy.[9]

Tuca wound up composing the music for all but one song in the album - "Doigts" - and rehearsed them with Hardy every day for a month before entering the studio. This was an atypical process for Hardy, as "all [her] previous albums were developed in the studio, leaving no time for [the singer] to work with the composer and explore different interpretive paths."[5][8][11] She recorded the album with Tuca on guitar, Guy Pedersen on bass, and Bernard Estardy behind the console, finishing each track after three takes.[10][12] At the time of the recording, Tuca was also suffering from an unrequited love, as she wanted to be with the Italian actress Lea Massari, who was not a lesbian.[13] After the recording sessions, the duo took a break outside of Paris, returning later to compose the string arrangements.[13] For this, Tuca played different themes in a piano for Hardy; once they were chosen, Raymond Donnez was asked to write them.[12] Thus, the making of La question also marked the first time she "participated in such a crucial choice."[14] Catherine Lara - a violinist Hardy met trough Claude Nougaro - contacted the Orchestra of Paris, where she performed, to play the string arrangements.[8][14] Lara became a close friend of the singer, and continued to collaborate with her during the decade.[1]

Composition
"Chanson d'O"
A representative of the album's sound, "Chanson d'O" features erotic, wordles vocals, a "weightless melody", and guitar playing reminiscent of bossa nova.[8]
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La question is one of Hardy's "most sparsely produced efforts," the result Tuca's "chararacteristically delicate and uncluttered arrangements," which accompany the singer with an acoustic guitar, touches of bass, and subtle orchestration.[15][16] It showcases a distancing from the usual pop framework of Hardy's previous releases, adopting "richer melodies and unexpected variations in rhythm."[5] Through Tuca's guitar playing, the album incorporates elements of Brazilian music, most notably bossa nova.[5][8][17] Nevertheless, Hardy was reluctant to produce an album of pure Brazilian music, stating that she disliked traditional music.[8] Writing for PopMatters, Matt James felt that with La question - and albums Soleil (1970) and If You Listen (1972) - Hardy "smartly [reinvented] herself as an elusive folk rock jazz chanteuse".[18] Raymond Donnez's string arrangements have been described as "lush", "dark" and "intense".[5][15][19] The singer's vocals have been called "sultry" and "breathy", at times "[substituting] melodic humming in place of singing, wordlessly articulating the emotional essence of the song."[16] According to The Guardian, "La question defines the sound that polite people call 'after hours'."[19] The record's lyrics - the work of Hardy, Pascal Bilat, Franck Gérald and G.G. - address themes of love, anxiety, eroticism, and fear.[5][8] The instabilities in the relationship between the singer and her future husband, Jacques Dutronc, have been identified as the cause of this tone.[7][20]

The album opens in a "dramatic" tone with "Viens" ("Come"), which was "designed to grab the listener's attention."[16] Its lyrics are "a first-person plea for passionate love", with Hardy singing: "Come/My heart has always given its all/I've been burned many times/But I'm not afraid of suffering [again]."[5] The song has been noted for its "ambitious use of the strings," used to reflect the tension expressed in its lyrics.[20] Regarding the track, 50thirdand3rd considered that: "The intensity of the string arrangement reflects both the inner tension and desire, the bass echoes the throbbing beat of a heart in heat, but what really makes this song is Françoise Hardy's wordless vocalizations."[5] "Viens" is followed by the title track, which "[establishes] the album's elegant dreamlike mood."[16] Hardy's lyrics deal with uncertainty,[8] reflecting on the "distance that develops between two people despite one's best efforts."[5] Expressing a sense of misfortune, and the inability to remedy it, she sings: "I don't know why I stay in a sea that makes me drown/I don't know why I stay in air that will get me choked/You're the blood of my wound, you're the fire of my burns/You're my question without an answer, my mute cry and my silence".[20] These last lines stress the narrator's "existential isolation". Her phrasing is much more flexible than in her previous pop songs, as she "[elongates] and [spaces] syllables behind and ahead of the beat", while Tuca's offbeat guitar is "syncopated to the natural flow of emotion instead of paying strict attention to the bars or the time signature."[5] Hardy chose to abandon the lyrics for "Chanson d'O", opting for what have been described as "ecstatic vocalizations", including "sighs, growls and groans of pleasure." The song is considered a reference to Histoire d'O, an erotic novel published in 1954 that dealt with female submission.[5][20] "Le martien" has a "dreamy"[8] and surreal atmosphere, with an "otherworldly" background created through breaths and traditional instruments. The lyrics for the song are about a Martian who descends from the sky to ask for the hand of the narrator.

Written by Hardy, the lyrics of "Mer" concern suicide in a gentle manner, as she intones: "I would love to fall asleep in the sea—magical, original, in its essential rhythm. I would love the sea to take me back to be reborn—elsewhere than inside my head, somewhere other than the earth, where without my love I can do nothing."[5][20] The song's string arrangements imitate the tide of the sea, "both menacing and welcoming", like the possibily of killing oneself.[20] Similarly to "Viens", the lyrics on "Oui, je dis adieu" describe the rupture of a couple, as Hardy sings: "Your show and your emptiness/Your weaknesses and your tiredness/Don't mean anything to me anymore/With you I am not anything", and "Without a future or present/I don't feel like it anymore/That waste of my time".[20] "Doigts" has been considered the most sensual song in the album, as its lyrics "describe the art of communication through touch." It is followed by "La maison", an "[intensely melancholic]" track in which Hardy combines singing with spoken word.[5] The main melody of "Si mi caballero" is both sung and whistled.[21] "Bâti mon nid" has been described as "a lively Brazilian jazz piece featuring a female-male vocal duet, an energetic double bass line and wonderful syncopation."[5] With its "la-la-la" chorus, the song presents a "particularly catchy" moment of the album.[16] Closing track "Rêve" is a cover of "A transa", a song by Taiguara. It also features a "la-la-la" refrain,[16] followed by lyrics by Hardy: "You marvel me like a dream/That finally came true/And you hurt me like a dream/I shall awake from".[7] The "progrescent passage" of the almost instrumental track has been noted for its resemblance to "The Court of the Crimson King", a 1969 song by King Crimson.[21]

Release

La question was released as a LP record on October 16, 1971, on Sonopresse.[22][23] That year, the album was also released in Spain on Hispavox,[24] Mexico on Gamma,[25] Australia on Interfusion,[26] the Netherlands on CBS,[27] and Canada on Reprise Records.[28] Due to its sensuality - and consequent associations with the erotic novel Histoire d'O - track "Chanson d'O" obtained threats of prohibition in Spain; an irritated Hardy stated "How could I do porn? It is absurd."[8] In South Africa, the album was released under the title Rêve on MVN.[29] The album received the title Un recueil de mes poésies ("A collection of my poems") in Japan, where it was released in 1974 on Epic.[30] Sonopresse released three 7" record singles from La question: "Le martien" and "Même sous la pluie" in 1971,[31][32] and "Rêve" in 1972.[33] The latter contained "Poisson" as its B-side, a previously unreleased track written by Jacques Blanchard.[33] The album was first reissued as a CD in 1988 on record label Flarenasch, under the title Viens.[34]

Reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[15]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music[35]
MusicHound[36]
Music Story[36]
Nightfall.fr[21]

La question was highly acclaimed by the French press on its initial release.[1] However, it sold poorly in comparison to other works by the singer,[1][37] as it received little promotion in television, and failed to gain traction in radios and audiences at the time.[8][38] According to Radio France Internationale, the singer "appeared to be completely unperturbed by poor album sales, preferring to find an audience who respected her true self rather than millions of adoring fans who were seduced by a superficial image."[1] In her autobiography, Hardy wrote:

"This record seemed to me to be more homogeneous, with more class and sophistication than the others, and if it did not find, unlike the others, the success of the general public, I pretend to believe it reached another. An example: in the 1980s, I quickly met Suzanne Vega and she recognized me thanks to that album that her brother often listened to. On another occasion, I was going to Japan and journalists confessed their predilection for this album. An ambitious album is more or less unnoticed on its release, but it continues to exist for a long time."[14]

In retrospect, La question has continued to receive generally positive reviews. Writing for AllMusic, Richie Unterberger lauded the album, considering that it may be her best post-1960s effort. He chose "La question", "Le martien" and "Bâti mon nid" as the album's most representative tracks, and wrote: "As fireside romantic music goes, it beats the hell out of José Feliciano."[15] David McKenna of The Quietus, Laurent Rigoulet of Télérama, and Matt James of PopMatters agreed to call it Hardy's masterpiece.[8][39][40] Writing for the Brazilian online magazine Obvious, Vitor Dirami considered it "one of the most sophisticated and conceptual records of her career".[41] French website Nightfall.fr gave La question a five-out-of-five stars rating, describing it as "an album whose beauty is more than resplendent."[21] Qobuz Magazine considered that the album remains Hardy's best effort,[20] as did Ferran Llauradó of Rockdelux.[42]

Legacy

"La question transformed French perceptions of Françoise Hardy; the sweet girl next door had become a woman—vibrant, alive and wise beyond her years. With [the album, she] took a risk she did not have to take: she could have easily continued recording nice pop tunes until she reached her sworn retirement age of fifty. Fortunately for us, the connection she made with Tuca triggered the dormant potential inside, and together they created a timeless work of art—erotic, sensual and intensely beautiful."

— 50thirdand3rd reviewing the album in 2015.[5]

Despite its poor commercial performance upon release, La question has generated a dedicated cult following over the years.[1][8][17] Matt James of PopMatters felt that something in the album "remains magical, untouchable, consistently influential and thus perhaps even quietly revolutionary."[18] Reissuing the album in 2016, EMI stated: "La question has become a virtual calling-card for Hardy and has proven to be extremely influential on the modern French pop scene." The review also read: "Although she's had albums that were more successful, sales-wise, [the album] continues to be embraced by new generations of music fans."[43] Writers agree that the album represents an important turning point in Hardy's career, moving towards a more mature style and abandoning her more commercial efforts of her yé-yé period.[4][5][8] The singer has acknowledged this, stating: "I was never as proud of a work as with this record, it was my best album, classic and sophisticated.[7] In a 2012 interview, she also reflected:

"[During the 1960s] radios were practicing a real hype, much more than today. We, the singers were far, far fewer than today - and there were fewer radios. It was also the heyday of Salut les copains, and the press played an extremely important role, it could promote beginners. [...] At the same time, fashion had become increasingly important, it had never been. [...]

However, I felt that we were not very popular with the previous generation, or with some journalists. I never felt a great sympathy, a great receptivity in someone like Denise Glaser especially. Or Pierre Dumayet (among others), who wanted to pinch us over our ignorance - we often came from relatively poor working classes, while the next wave of Alain Souchon, Véronique Sanson, Michel Berger, Julien Clerc came from... the bourgeoisie. I felt oddly legitimized in the early 1970s, when I made [La question]. This album did not work at all but I felt that I was moved to another stage, and I was interesting people I had never interested before."[37]

The album was influential to Greg Gonzalez, leader of the American dream pop group Cigarettes After Sex, who cited Hardy as his favorite singer and stated: "La question is just so perfect, I wanted that kind of beauty."[44] Musicians Suzanne Vega and Keren Ann have also expressed their admiration for the album.[45] American singer-songwriter Alyssa Graham called Hardy a "constant source of inspiration", and wrote: "La question is brilliantly produced and offers everything you could ever want from this dreamy and stunning artist."[46] British publication The Guardian included the album in its list of the "1000 Albums to Hear Before You Die", describing it as "the most sensual record in the whole canon."[19] Belgian music journalist Gilles Verlant listed La question as one of the 300 Best Albums in the History of Rock.[36]

Track listing

Side A
No. TitleLyricsMusic Length
1. "Viens"  Pascal BilatTuca 2:11
2. "La question"  Françoise HardyTuca 3:00
3. "Même sous la pluie"  Franck GéraldTuca 2:01
4. "Chanson d'O"  Bob du PacTuca 3:14
5. "Le martien"  Franck GéraldTuca 2:44
6. "Mer"  Françoise HardyTuca 2:04
Total length:
 15:14
Side B
No. TitleLyricsMusic Length
1. "Oui, je dis adieu"  Françoise HardyTuca 4:02
2. "Doigts"  Françoise HardyFrançoise Hardy 1:25
3. "La maison"  G. G.Tuca 2:51
4. "Si mi caballero"  Franck GéraldTuca 3:00
5. "Bâti mon nid"  Franck GéraldTuca 2:53
6. "Rêve"  Françoise HardyTaiguara 3:00
Total length:
 17:11

Personnel

Credits adapted from La question's liner notes and AllMusic.[15][23]

  • Françoise Hardy – primary artist, composer, vocals
  • Tuca – composer, guitar, artistic direction
  • Raymond Donnez – arranger
  • Franck Gérald – composer
  • Francis Moze – bass
  • Guy Pedersen – bass
  • Bernard Estardy – engineer
  • René Ameline – engineer
  • Orchestre de Paris - string instruments[14]
  • Jean-Marie Périer – front photography
  • Catherine Rotulo – back photography
  • Gilbert Moreau – back photography
  • Pinocchio [sic] – "catalyzer"

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Françoise Hardy - Biography". Radio France Internationale. March 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
  2. ↑ Andrew, John (November 26, 2011). "Tour de Françoise: A writer catches up with 1960s icon Françoise Hardy". Daily Mail. DMG Media. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
  3. 1 2 Lima, Carlos Eduardo (October 17, 2014). "Françoise Hardy e Suas Meninas" (in Portuguese). Monkeybuzz. MTV Brasil. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  4. 1 2 Galán, Lola (February 15, 2013). "La 'chanson' de la musa madura". El País (in Spanish). Ediciones El País, S.L. Retrieved October 27, 2016. Atrás quedan los temas de su primera etapa, cancioncillas pegadizas de las que abomina. Hasta La question, de 1971, a partir de la cual se inicia una segunda época de la que sí está orgullosa.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "Classic Music Review: La Question by Françoise Hardy". 50thirdand3rd. May 27, 2015. Retrieved October 29, 2016.
  6. ↑ "Françoise Hardy, de l'idole à l'icône". L'Express (in French). Groupe Altice Média. November 13, 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2016.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Blay, Milton (April 1, 2014). Direto de Paris: coq au vin com feijoada (in Portuguese). Editora Contexto. p. 27. ASIN B00K1IRL80. ISBN 9788572448543.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Rigoulet, Laurent (April 9, 2016). "Françoise Hardy en question". Télérama (in French). Groupe Le Monde. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
  9. 1 2 Hardy, 2008. p. 129
  10. 1 2 Hardy, 2008. p. 136
  11. ↑ Delassein, Sophie (November 11, 2013). "Françoise Hardy: "La première fois que j'ai vu Michel Berger..."". L'Obs (in French). Groupe Nouvel Observateur. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  12. 1 2 Françoise Hardy, Valli (December 15, 2012). Pop etc (Radio show) (in French). France Inter.
  13. 1 2 Hardy, 2008. p. 137
  14. 1 2 3 4 Hardy, 2008. p. 139
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Unterberger, Richie. "La Question". AllMusic. All Media Network. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ballon, John (October 6, 2008). "Françoise Hardy - La question". MustHear. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  17. 1 2 Varrod, Didier (July 16, 2016). "Comment te dire Hardy" (in French). France Inter. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
  18. 1 2 James, Matt (March 21, 2014). "Message Personnel (40th Anniversary Edition)". PopMatters. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
  19. 1 2 3 "Artists beginning with H (part 1)". The Guardian. November 19, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2014.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Françoise Hardy - La Question". Qobuz Magazine (in French). Qobuz. June 18, 2009. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Smoke, Walter (June 2, 2014). "Françoise HARDY - La Question (1971)" (in French). Nightfall.fr. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  22. ↑ Weiner, Judith (October 25, 1971). "Interview". France-Soir (in French). Paris. p. 19.
  23. 1 2 La question (LP). Françoise Hardy. Sonopresse. 1971. HY. 30902.
  24. ↑ La question (LP). Françoise Hardy. Spain: Hispavox. 1971. HXS 001-24.
  25. ↑ La question (LP). Françoise Hardy. Mexico: Gamma. 1971. GX 01-508.
  26. ↑ La question (LP). Françoise Hardy. Australia: Interfusion. 1971. SITFL 934 441.
  27. ↑ La question (LP). Françoise Hardy. Netherlands: CBS. 1971. S 64786.
  28. ↑ La question (LP). Françoise Hardy. Canada: Reprise Records. 1971. RSC 8006.
  29. ↑ Rêve (LP). Françoise Hardy. South Africa: MVN. 1972. MVC 3538.
  30. ↑ Un recueil de mes poésies (LP). Françoise Hardy. Japan: Epic. 1974. ECPM 47.
  31. ↑ Le martien (7" single). Françoise Hardy. France: Sonopresse. 1971. HY 45.908.
  32. ↑ Même sous la pluie (7" single). Françoise Hardy. France: Sonopresse. 1971. HY 45.909.
  33. 1 2 Rêve (7" single). Françoise Hardy. France: Sonopresse. 1972. HY 45.910.
  34. ↑ Viens (CD album). Françoise Hardy. France: Flarenasch. 1988. 728.693.
  35. ↑ Larkin, Colin (May 27, 2011). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Omnibus Press. p. 2624. ISBN 978-0195313734.
  36. 1 2 3 "La Question". Acclaimed Music. Retrieved October 25, 2016.
  37. 1 2 Lehoux, Valérie (April 28, 2012). "La vie en musique de Françoise Hardy". Télérama (in French). Groupe Le Monde. Retrieved October 31, 2016.
  38. ↑ Lesueur, 2015. p. 1938
  39. ↑ McKenna, David (January 22, 2016). "Vague Terrains: Rockfort On In Paradisum & Françoise Hardy". The Quietus. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
  40. ↑ "The 25 Best Album Re-Issues of 2013". PopMatters. December 16, 2013. Retrieved November 3, 2016.
  41. ↑ Dirami, Vitor. "Françoise Hardy: Os tempos do amor" (in Portuguese). Obvious Magazine. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
  42. ↑ Llauradó, Ferran (March 2014). "Françoise Hardy. "Message personnel"". Rockdelux (in Spanish). Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  43. ↑ EMI. "Françoise Hardy - La question: Editorial Reviews". Amazon.com. Retrieved November 5, 2016. CD reissue of the French Pop superstar's 1971 album, one of her finest and most distinctive efforts. Initially considered a departure from her more commercial hits from the '60s, La Question has become a virtual calling-card for Hardy and has proven to be extremely influential on the modern French Pop scene. Though sparse in it's execution, the album demands the listener's attention and offers more of it's secrets with each additional spin. Although she's had albums that were more successful, sales-wise, La Question continues to be embraced by new generations of music fans. 12 tracks including 'Chanson D'O' and 'Le Martien'
  44. ↑ Cacouris, Christina (February 17, 2016). "The Diehard Romanticism of Cigarettes After Sex". Noisey. Vice. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
  45. ↑ Perrin, Ludovic; Franck, Monnet (July 12, 2009). Françoise Hardy, le temps d’après les yéyés (in French). La Rochelle, France: Le Hall de la chanson. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
  46. ↑ Graham, Alyssa (November 21, 201). "Alyssa Graham recommends Serge Gainsbourg and Francoise Hardy". Rock Torch. Retrieved November 21, 2016. Check date values in: |date= (help)

References

External links

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