Krifo scholio

Nikolaos Gyzis, "To krifó scholió", Oil painting, 1885/86.

In Greek history, a krifó scholió (Greek "κρυφό σκολειό" or "κρυφό σχολείο", lit. 'secret school') was a supposed underground school for teaching the Greek language and Christian doctrine, provided by the Greek Orthodox Church under Ottoman rule in Greece between the 15th and 19th centuries.[1] Many historians agree that there is no evidence that such schools ever existed.[2] Other historians accept that secret schools only existed during periods of intense islamisation,[3] other see it as a possible "myth"[4] and others believe that the Krifo Scholio was a reality.[5] Professor of philology Alkes Angelou (1917-2001), in one of his last publications on the subject, finds that the krifó scholió persisted as a national myth.[1]

School textbooks in Greece treated the krifó scholió as factual until the late 20th century, when it was finally removed, despite some political controversy, as a "national memory which had been, to some extent, fictitious", creating conflict with "the Church and ethnonationalism".[6]

Background

There is ample evidence that Greek-language schools operated in many places of the Ottoman Empire, especially after mid 18th century.[7] However, thera are indications that local Ottoman authorities in the periphery were unfavorable toward schools. For example, a 1820 article referring to the formidable school of Melies (Central Greece) describes it as "favorable to a retreat of the Muses [because] It is remote from the jealous eye of the Turkish governor, and still more secured from his encroachments by certain privileges and immunities, which have been granted to the town by the government."[8] There were restrictions; in Ottoman Epirus in 1913, for example, the authorities required that books come from Ottoman Constantinople rather than from Athens in independent Greece, so some teachers gave political instruction in secret.[9]

Nonetheless, it is sometimes said in Greece today that the Ottoman authorities prohibited education in the languages of non-Muslim subject peoples, obliging Greeks to organize small, secret schools in monasteries and churches. Supposed sites of such secret schools are today shown in many places in Greece, notably at the Philosophou Monastery in Dimitsana.[10] These schools are often credited with having played a decisive role in keeping Greek language and literacy alive through the period of Turkish rule. An early claim of repressed education of Greeks is found in a speech of Konstantinos Oikonomou, in 1821. He says that schools in Ottoman Empire operated under the pretext of teaching religion and commerce, some of them were kept open through bribing influential Turks, and that the official school of Smyrna was persecuted because it taught mathematics and philosophy.[11][12]

Τhe narrative of the secret schools became popular after Greece had begun its War of Independence in 1821. The first mention of such schools has been traced to 1825, in a work of the German scholar Carl Iken, quoting information given to him by a Greek scholar, Stephanos Kanellos. Gritsopoulos has also published works supporting their existence, though allowing for the continuation of Greek-language higher education in Constantinople in the early Ottoman Empire.

The notion of the secret school became more popular and more entrenched in the collective memory of Greeks through a painting of that name by Nikolaos Gyzis, of 1885-86 (today in the Emphietzoglou Collection, Athens). It depicts a romanticized scene of such a school, with the venerable figure of an old orthodox priest reading by candlelight to a group of boys and young men in the traditional attire of Greek klephts.[13]

Equally popular was a poem, of the same title, by Ioannis Polemis (1900). Its first stanza runs:[14]

Απ' έξω μαυροφόρ' απελπισιά,
πικρής σκλαβιάς χειροπιαστό σκοτάδι,
και μέσα στη θολόκτιστη εκκλησιά,
στην εκκλησιά, που παίρνει κάθε βράδυ
την όψη του σχολειού,
το φοβισμένο φως του καντηλιού
τρεμάμενο τα ονείρατα αναδεύει,
και γύρω τα σκλαβόπουλα μαζεύει.

Outside, black desperation,
tangible shadow of bitter slavery,
but inside in the vaulted church,
the church which assumes every night
the shape of a school,
there is the shivering light of the candle
lighting up the dreams
and collecting the children of the slaves from all around.

Krifo scholio as a myth

Among scholars who argued against the existence of the "secret schools" as early as the first half of the 20th century, were the historians Dimitrios Kambouroglou, Manuel Gedeon, and Yannis Vlachoyannis.[1]

Within the Ottoman millet system, the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople was responsible for most aspects of civil administration for the Christian population, and it had a high degree of autonomy in running its own affairs. Hence the church was free to run schools wherever it desired. The existence of many public, legally operated Greek schools is in fact well attested,[15] especially in the larger towns after the 17th century, although the church never went so far as to organize a full-scale school programme for the whole of the population.

Outside the scholarly literature, there continues to be considerable support for the existence of these schools.[16][17][18]

Another approach accepts that Ottoman administration did not try to forbid Greek or Christian schools, but argues that patriotic ideas, national consciousness and modern Greek history were spread through secret lessons given in secret places, by teachers propagating the idea of national liberation.[19]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Alkis Angelou, Κρυφό Σχολείο: το χρονικό ενός μύθου (Secret school: the chronicle of a myth), Athens: Estia, 1997.
    Angelou's work was first published in 1977.
  2. ↑ Christos G. Patrinelis: "Η διδασκαλία της γλώσσας στα σχολεία της Τουρκοκρατίας" ("Language [i.e. Greek] teaching in schools of the Turkish period"). In: M. Z. Kopidakis (ed.), Ιστορία της Ελληνικης Γλώσσας (History of the Greek Language) Athens: Elliniko Logotechniko kai Istoriko Archeio. 216-217.
  3. ↑ Veremis Thanos, interview, "Sky" TV Channel, Greece, Feb. 28, 2011, in Greek.
  4. ↑ Meselidis Stylianos, Teachers, History Wars and Teaching History Grade 6 in Greece, in Joseph Zajda, Globalisation, Ideology and Education Policy Reforms, Springer, 2010, p. 47.. Quotation marks as in the source.
  5. ↑ Diamantis Apostolos, "The meaning of Krifo Scholio in the Turcocracy era" (Η έννοια του Κρυφού Σχολειού στην περίοδο της Τουρκοκρατίας), Journal "Neos Hermes ho Logios" (Νέος Ερμής ο Λόγιος), 4 (2012), pp. 143-146. In Greek language.
  6. ↑ Meselidis Stylianos, Teachers, History Wars and Teaching History Grade 6 in Greece, in Joseph Zajda, Globalisation, Ideology and Education Policy Reforms, Springer, 2010, pp. 39-48
  7. ↑ Georges Chassiotis, L'instruction publique chez les Grecs, 1881, pp. 13-33 (full text) "Depuis 1453 jusqu'en 1821"
  8. ↑ Noehden (G. H.), "On the Instruction and Civilisation of Modern Greece», The Classical Journal 21 (1820), p. 192.
  9. ↑ René Puaux, The sorrows of Epirus, Hurst & Blackett, London, 1918, p. 103: (referring to Greeks in Epirus under Ottoman rule, 1913) "No Greek book printed at Athens was allowed into schools. Everything had to come from Constantinople. Greek history was forbidden. Accordingly, they gave extra lessons in secret, and at these, without book or paper, the little Epirote learnt to know his motherland, its national hymn, ..."
  10. ↑ Theodore G. Zervas , The Making of a Modern Greek Identity: Education, Nationalism, and the Teaching of a Greek National Past, ISBN 0880336935, 2012, p. 89
  11. ↑ Λόγος προτρεπτικός προς Έλληνας (Inspirational speech to the Greeks)», in Λόγοι εκκλησιαστικοί εκφωνηθέντες εν τη γραικική εκκλησία της Οδησσού, κατά το 1821-1822 έτος (Religious speeches declaimed in the greek church of Odessa, in the year 1821-1822), Berlin, 1833, p. 252. In Greek language.
  12. ↑ Chalkiadakis E., Ecclesiastical History of Greece. University Ecclesiastical Academy of Crete, Herakleion, Krete, 2013, p. 29. In Greek language.
  13. ↑ Antonis Danos "Nikolaos Gyzis's The Secret School and an ongoing national discourse". Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide 1 (2002).
  14. ↑ Ioannis Polemis: "Το κρυφό σχολειό" Online text of the poem (in Greek).
  15. ↑ Hellinomnimon Project: "Greek Higher Schools (1620-1821)". University of Athens. Archived January 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ↑ Apostoliki Diakonia of the Church of Greece, Το Κρυφό Σχολειό: Μύθος ή Πραγματικότητα;, 2007
  17. ↑ Giorgos Kekavmenos, Το Κρυφό Σχολειό κι η Ιστορία: Οι πηγές, οι μαρτυρίες, η αλήθεια, 2008. ("The Secret School and the History: The sources, the testimonies, the truth")
  18. ↑ Kyriakos I. Finas, Το Κρυφό Σχολειό: Μύθος ή Πραγματικότητα; (The Secret School: Myth or Reality?), 2007 Archived January 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ↑ Fanis Kakridis, Άσκηση από-απομυθοποίησης: Το Κρυφό Σχολειό, Δωδώνη: Φιλολογία (University of Ioannina) 308-309:279-295 full text

References

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