Joly (crater)

Joly Crater is an impact crater in the Mare Australe quadrangle of Mars, located at 74.7°S latitude and 42.7°W longitude. It is 79.9  km in diameter and was named after John Joly, and the name was approved in 1973 by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN).[1]

This picture was taken in the spring season on Mars when the temperature was rising.

Spiders

During the winter, much frost accumulates. It freezes out directly onto the surface of the permanent polar cap, which is made of water ice covered with layers of dust and sand. The deposit begins as a layer of dusty CO2 frost. Over the winter, it recrystalizes and becomes denser. The dust and sand particles caught in the frost slowly sink. By the time temperatures rise in the spring, the frost layer has become a slab of semi-transparent ice about 3 feet thick, lying on a substrate of dark sand and dust. This dark material absorbs light and causes the ice to sublimate (turn directly into a gas) Eventually much gas accumulates and becomes pressurized. When it finds a weak spot, the gas escapes and blows out the dust. Speeds can reach 100 miles per hour.[2] Dark channels can sometimes be seen; they are called "spiders."[3][4][5] The surface appears covered with dark spots when this process is occurring.[2][6]

Many ideas have been advanced to explain these features.[7][8][9][10][11][12] These features can be seen in some of the pictures below.

Why craters are important

The density of impact craters is used to determine the surface ages of Mars and other solar system bodies.[13] The older the surface, the more craters present. Crater shapes can reveal the presence of ground ice.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature | Joly". usgs.gov. International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  2. 1 2 http://themis.asu.edu/news/gas-jets-spawn-dark-spiders-and-spots-mars-icecap
  3. ↑ Benson, M. 2012. Planetfall: New Solar System Visions
  4. ↑ http://www.astrobio.net/topic/solar-system/mars/spiders-invade-mars/
  5. ↑ Kieffer H, Christensen P, Titus T. 2006 Aug 17. CO2 jets formed by sublimation beneath translucent slab ice in Mars' seasonal south polar ice cap. Nature: 442(7104):793-6.
  6. ↑ http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-034
  7. ↑ Kieffer, H. H. (2000). "Mars Polar Science 2000 - Annual Punctuated CO2 Slab-ice and Jets on Mars." (PDF). Retrieved 6 September 2009.
  8. ↑ Kieffer, Hugh H. (2003). "Third Mars Polar Science Conference (2003)- Behavior of Solid CO" (PDF). Retrieved 6 September 2009.
  9. ↑ Portyankina, G., ed. (2006). "Fourth Mars Polar Science Conference - Simulations of Geyser-Type Eruptions in Cryptic Region of Martian South" (PDF). Retrieved 11 August 2009.
  10. ↑ Sz. Bérczi; et al., eds. (2004). "Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV (2004) - Stratigraphy of Special Layers – Transient Oones on Permeable Ones: Examples" (PDF). Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  11. ↑ "NASA Findings Suggest Jets Bursting From Martian Ice Cap". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. 16 August 2006. Retrieved 11 August 2009.
  12. ↑ C.J. Hansen; N. Thomas; G. Portyankina; A. McEwen; T. Becker; S. Byrne; et al. (2010). "HiRISE observations of gas sublimation-driven activity in Mars' southern polar regions: I. Erosion of the surface" (PDF). Icarus. 205: 283–295. Bibcode:2010Icar..205..283H. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2009.07.021. Retrieved 26 July 2010.
  13. ↑ http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/slidesets/stones/
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