John Ireland (composer)

John Ireland

John Ireland in 1917, by Jane Emmet de Glehn
Born (1879-08-13)13 August 1879
Bowdon, Cheshire, UK
Died 12 June 1962(1962-06-12) (aged 82)
Rock Mill, Washington, Sussex, UK
Occupation Composer and teacher

John Nicholson Ireland (13 August 1879 – 12 June 1962) was an English composer and teacher of classical music. The majority of his output consists of piano miniatures and of songs with piano. His best-known works include the hymn "The Holy Boy" and a setting of the poem "Sea Fever" by John Masefield.

Life

John Ireland was born in Bowdon, near Altrincham, Cheshire, into a family of Scottish descent and some cultural distinction. His father, Alexander Ireland, a publisher and newspaper proprietor, was aged 70 at John's birth. John was the youngest of the five children from Alexander's second marriage (his first wife had died). His mother, Annie (née Nicholson), was 30 years younger than Alexander. She died in October 1893, when John was 14, and Alexander died the following year, when John was 15.[1] John Ireland was described as "a self-critical, introspective man, haunted by memories of a sad childhood".[2]

Ireland entered the Royal College of Music in 1893, studying piano with Frederic Cliffe,[3] and organ, his second study, under Walter Parratt.[4] From 1897 he studied composition under Charles Villiers Stanford.[3] In 1896 Ireland was appointed sub-organist at Holy Trinity, Sloane Street, London SW1, and later, from 1904 until 1926, was organist and choirmaster at St Luke's Church, Chelsea.[5]

Ireland began to make his name in the early 1900s as a composer of songs and chamber music. His Violin Sonata No. 1 of 1909 won first prize in an international competition organised by the well-known patron of chamber music W. W. Cobbett. Even more successful was his Violin Sonata No. 2: completed in January 1917, he submitted this to a competition organised to assist musicians in wartime. The jury included the violinist Albert Sammons and the pianist William Murdoch, who together gave the work its first performance at Aeolian Hall in New Bond Street on 6 March that year. As Ireland recalled, "It was probably the first and only occasion when a British composer was lifted from relative obscurity in a single night by a work cast in a chamber-music medium." The work was enthusiastically reviewed, and the publisher Winthrop Rogers offered immediate publication (the first edition was sold out even before it had been processed by the printers). A subsequent performance of the Violin Sonata by Ireland and the violinist Désiré Defauw drew a packed audience to the Wigmore Hall in London.[6]

Ireland frequently visited the Channel Islands and was inspired by the landscape. In 1912 he composed the piano piece The Island Spell (the first of the three pieces in his set Decorations) while staying on Jersey, and his set of three pieces for piano Sarnia: An Island Sequence was written there in 1940. He was evacuated from the islands just before the German invasion during World War II.

From 1923 he taught at the Royal College of Music.[7] His pupils there included Richard Arnell, Ernest John Moeran, Benjamin Britten (who later described Ireland as possessing "a strong personality but a weak character"),[8] composer Alan Bush,[7] Geoffrey Bush (no relation to Alan), who subsequently edited or arranged many of Ireland's works for publication, and Anthony Bernard.

John Ireland was a lifelong bachelor, except for a brief interlude when, in quick succession, he married, separated, and divorced. On 17 December 1926, aged 47, he married a 17-year pupil, Dorothy Phillips. This marriage was dissolved on 18 September 1928,[1] and it is believed not to have been consummated.[9] He took a similar interest in another young student, Helen Perkin (1909–1996), a pianist and composer, to whom he dedicated both the Piano Concerto in E-flat major and the Legend for piano and orchestra (which began life as a second concerto). She gave the premiere performance of both works,[1] but any thoughts he had for a deeper relationship with her came to nothing when she married George Mountford Adie, a disciple of George Gurdjieff, and she later moved with Adie to Australia.[10] Subsequently, Ireland withdrew the dedications. In 1947 Ireland acquired a personal assistant and companion, Mrs Norah Kirkby, who remained with him till his death.[1] Despite these associations with women, it is clear from his private papers that his sexual proclivities lay elsewhere and many commentators support this view.[11][12]

A headstone made of an irregularly-shaped rock, with a lead plaque on it, in front of a hedge
John Ireland's grave in the churchyard of St. Mary the Virgin in Shipley, West Sussex, photographed in 2014

On 10 September 1949, his 70th birthday was celebrated in a special Prom concert, at which his Piano Concerto was played by Eileen Joyce,[13] who was also the first pianist to record the concerto, in 1942.

Ireland retired in 1953, settling in the hamlet of Rock in Sussex, where he lived in a converted windmill for the rest of his life. It was there he met the young pianist Alan Rowlands who would be Ireland's choice to record his complete piano music.[14]

He died of heart failure aged 82 at Rock Mill in Washington, Sussex,[15] and is buried at St. Mary the Virgin in Shipley, near his home.[16][17] His epitaph reads "Many waters cannot quench love" and "One of God's noblest works lies here."

Music

From Stanford, Ireland inherited a thorough knowledge of the music of Beethoven, Brahms and other German classical composers, but as a young man he was also strongly influenced by Debussy and Ravel as well as by the earlier works of Stravinsky and Bartók. From these influences, he developed his own brand of "English Impressionism", related more closely to French and Russian models than to the folk-song style then prevailing in English music.

Like most other Impressionist composers, Ireland favoured small forms and wrote neither symphonies nor operas, although his Piano Concerto is considered among his best works. His output includes some chamber music and a substantial body of piano works, including his best-known piece The Holy Boy, known in numerous arrangements. His songs to poems by A. E. Housman, Thomas Hardy, Christina Rossetti, John Masefield, Rupert Brooke and others are a valuable addition to English vocal repertoire. Due to his job at St Luke's Church, he also wrote hymns, carols, and other sacred choral music; among choirs he is probably best known for the anthem Greater love hath no man, often sung in services that commemorate the victims of war. The hymn tune My Song Is Love Unknown is sung in churches throughout the English-speaking world, as is his Communion Service in C major.

His works have been recorded and performed by Choir of Westminster Abbey, The Choir of Wells Cathedral and many others.

He appears as pianist in a recording of his Fantasy-Sonata for Clarinet and Piano with Frederick Thurston,[18] his Cello Sonata (1923) with cellist Antoni Sala [lower-alpha 1] [19] and his Violin Sonata No. 1 (1909) with Frederick Grinke,[20] who performed and recorded several of his chamber works. His Piano Sonatina (1926–27) and a number from his cycle Songs Sacred and Profane (1929) were dedicated to his friend the conductor and BBC music producer Edward Clark.[21][22][23]

Ireland wrote his only film score for the 1946 Australian film The Overlanders, from which an orchestral suite was extracted posthumously by Charles Mackerras. Some of his pieces, such as the popular A Downland Suite and Themes from Julius Caesar, were completed or re-transcribed after his death by his student Geoffrey Bush.

Works

Chamber works

A to R
  • Bagatelle for violin and piano (1911)
  • Berceuse for violin and piano (1902) [24]
  • Fantasy-Sonata in E-flat major for clarinet and piano (1943)
  • Cavatina for violin and piano (1904)
  • The Holy Boy: A Carol of the Nativity for cello and piano (arr. 1919)
  • The Holy Boy: A Carol of the Nativity for violin and piano (arr. 1919)
  • The Holy Boy: A Carol of the Nativity for string quartet (arr. 1941)
  • Phantasie, Trio No. 1 in A minor for violin, cello and piano (1909) [25]
S to Z
  • Sextet for clarinet, horn and string quartet (1898)
  • Sonata in G minor for cello and piano (1923) [26]
  • Sonata No. 1 in D minor for violin and piano [27]
  • Sonata No. 2 in A minor for violin and piano (1915–1917) [28]
  • String Quartet No. 1 in D minor (1897)
  • String Quartet No. 2 in C minor (1897)
  • Trio No. 2 in One Movement for violin, cello and piano (1917)
  • Trio No. 3 in E for violin, cello and piano (1938)
  • Trio in D minor for clarinet, cello and piano (1912–1914)

Church music

A to G
  • Benedictus in F [29]
  • Communion Service in A flat (Treble voices and organ)
  • Communion service in C
  • Evening Service in A (SATB and organ)
  • Evening Service in C (SATB and organ)
  • Evening Service in F
  • Ex Ore Innocentium (treble voices and organ or piano)
  • "Greater Love Hath No Man" (motet) [30]
H to Z
  • The Hills (chorus a capella)
  • Jubilate Deo in F major [31]
  • Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis in C major [32]
  • Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis in F major [33]
  • "My Song Is Love Unknown" (hymn)
  • Te Deum in F major [34]
  • Vexilla Regis (anthem)

Film score

Orchestra

A to L
M to Z
  • Mai-Dun, A Symphonic Rhapsody (1921)
  • Meditation on John Keble's Rogation Hymn (1958)
  • Orchestral Poem
  • Poem
  • Satyricon – Overture (1946)
  • Symphonic Studies
  • Tritons (1899)
  • Two Symphonic Studies

Organ

A to G
  • Alla marcia
  • Capriccio [35]
  • Cavatina (arr. of Cavatina for violin and piano, 1904)
  • Elegiac Romance [36]
  • Elegy (from Downlands Suite – arr. Alec Rowley)
  • Epic March (arr. Robert Gower)
H to Z
  • The Holy Boy (1913, arr. 1919 by Alec Rowley)
  • Marcia Popolare
  • Meditation on John Keble's Rogation Hymn
  • Miniature Suite [37]
  • Sursum Corda

Piano

A to L
  1. The Island Spell
  2. Moonglade
  3. The Scarlet Ceremonies
  1. The Cherry Tree
  2. Cypress
  3. The Palm and May
  • In Those Days (1895)
  1. Daydream
  2. Meridian
  1. By the Mere
  2. In the Meadow
  3. The Hunt's Up
  1. Chelsea Reach
  2. Ragamuffin
  3. Soho Forenoons
M to S
  1. The Undertone
  2. Obsession
  3. The Holy Boy
  4. Fire of Spring
  1. Le Catioroc
  2. In a May Morning
  3. Song of the Springtides
  • A Sea Idyll (1920)
  • Soliloquy (1922)
  • Sonata in E (1920; premiered by Frederic Lamond on 12 June 1920, the only time he ever played it)[38][39]
  • Sonatina (1926–27)
  • Summer Evening (1920)
T to Z
  1. For Remembrance
  2. Amberley Wild Brooks
  1. April
  2. Bergomask
  1. February's Child
  2. Aubade
  • Three Dances (1913) [40]
  1. Gypsy Dance
  2. Country Dance
  3. Reaper's Dance
  1. A Grecian Lad
  2. The Boy Bishop
  3. Puck's Birthday

Piano and orchestra

Songs

A to S
  1. "A Thanksgiving" (William Cornysh)
  2. "All in a Garden Green" (Thomas Howell)
  3. "An Aside" (Anon.)
  4. "A Report Song" (Nicholas Breton)
  5. "The Sweet Season" (Richard Edwardes)
  1. "The Lent Lily"
  2. "Ladslove" ("Look not in my eyes")
  3. "Goal and Wicket" ("Twice a week the winter thorough")
  4. "The Vain Desire" ("If truth in hearts that perish")
  5. "The Encounter" ("The street sounds to the soldiers' tread")
  6. "Epilogue" ("You smile upon your friend today")
  1. "Newborn"
  2. "The Only child"
  3. "Hope"
  4. "Skylark and Nightingale"
  5. "The Blind Boy"
  6. "Baby"
  7. "Death Parting"
  8. "The Garland"
  1. "Memory" (William Blake, "Memory, hither come")
  2. "When Daffodils Begin to Peer" (William Shakespeare)
  3. "English May" (Dante Gabriel Rossetti)
  4. "I Was Not Sorrowful" (Ernest Dowson, "Spleen")
  5. "I Will Walk on the Earth" (James Vila Blake)
  1. "The Advent" (Alice Meynell)
  2. "Hymn for a Child" (Sylvia Townsend Warner)
  3. "My Fair" (Meynell)
  4. "The Salley Gardens" (W. B. Yeats)
  5. "The Soldier's Return" (Warner)
  6. "The Scapegoat" (Warner)
  • "Spring sorrow" (1918) [52]
  • Spring Will Not Wait
T to Z
  1. "The Adoration"
  2. "The Rat"
  3. "Rest"
  1. "Love and Friendship" (Emily Brontë)
  2. "Friendship in Misfortune" (poet not identified)
  3. "The One Hope" (Dante Gabriel Rossetti)
  1. "Summer Schemes"
  2. "Her Song"
  3. "Weathers"
  • "The Three Ravens" (1920)
  • "There is a Garden in Her Face" (two voices and piano) [53]
  • "Three Variations on 'Cadet Rousselle'" (1919)
  • Two Songs (Eric Thirkell Cooper, 1916)
  1. "Blind"
  2. "The Cost"
  1. "The Soldier"
  2. "Blow Out, You Bugles"
  1. "The Trellis" (Aldous Huxley)
  2. "My True Love Hath My Heart" (Sir Philip Sidney)
  1. "Tryst" (Arthur Symons)
  2. "During Music (Dante Gabriel Rossetti)
  1. "We'll to the Woods No More"
  2. "In Boyhood" ("When I would muse in boyhood")
  3. "Spring Will Not Wait" ("'Tis time, I think, by Wenlock town")
  • "What Are You Thinking Of?" (1924)
  • "When I Am Dead, My Dearest" (1924)

Chorus and orchestra

Other (unclassified)

References

  1. ↑ Recorded by Columbia in 1928
  1. 1 2 3 4 Stewart R. Craggs, John Ireland. Ashgate Publishing (2007).
  2. ↑ John Ireland: Biography from. Answers.com. Retrieved on 27 August 2011.
  3. 1 2 Hugh Ottaway. " Ireland, John (Nicholson)", Grove Music Online, Oxford Music Online, Oxford University Press, accessed 6 June 2014 (subscription required)
  4. ↑ Le Prevost, Stephen. "The Organ Music" in Foreman (2011): p. 4
  5. ↑ Scott-Sutherland, Colin. "John Ireland: A Life in Music" in Foreman (2011): p. 4
  6. ↑ Phillips, Bruce. "John Ireland's Chamber Music" in Foreman (2011): p. 227
  7. 1 2 Scott-Sutherland, Colin. "John Ireland: A Life in Music" in Foreman (2011): p. 5
  8. ↑ Paul Kildea, Benjamin Britten: A Life in the Twentieth Century, p. 63
  9. ↑ Hyperion: The Romantic Concerto 39. Hyperion-records.com. Retrieved on 27 August 2011.
  10. ↑ Review of Lane’s recording. Amazon.com. Retrieved on 27 August 2011.
  11. ↑ George E. Haggerty (2000) "Ireland, John", Gay Histories and Cultures: An Encyclopedia, Vol. 2, p, 477, Garland Publishing Inc., New York ISBN 978-0-81531-880-4
  12. ↑ Hyperion, The Songs of John Ireland. Hyperion-records.co.uk. Retrieved on 27 August 2011.
  13. ↑ Alan Bush Music Trust: The Correspondence of Alan Bush and John Ireland. Alanbushtrust.org.uk. Retrieved on 27 August 2011.
  14. ↑ The John Ireland Companion. Boydell Pr. ISBN 1-84383-686-6.
  15. ↑ Randel, Don Michael (1996). The Harvard Biographical Dictionary of Music. Harvard University Press. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-674-37299-3.
  16. ↑ Lewis Foreman. "The John Ireland Companion". Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  17. ↑ "Shipley Church Photos, West Sussex". Gravelroots.net. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  18. ↑ CD: Symposium 1259, "probably recorded in 1948", http://www.arkivmusic.com/classical/Name/John-Ireland/Performer/5769-2.
  19. ↑ Foreman, Lewis, ed. (2011). The John Ireland Companion. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 317. ISBN 978-1-84383-686-5.
  20. ↑ ASIN: B00002MXU8
  21. ↑ Lewis Foreman, The John Ireland Companion
  22. ↑ IMSLP
  23. ↑ Stewart R Craggs, John Ireland: A Catalogue, Discography and Bibliography
  24. ↑ Berceuse (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  25. ↑ Phantasie (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  26. ↑ Cello Sonata (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  27. ↑ Violin Sonata No.1 in D minor (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  28. ↑ Violin Sonata No.2 in A minor (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  29. ↑ Benedictus in C major (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project [sic]
  30. ↑ Greater Love Hath No Man (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  31. ↑ Jubilate Deo in C major (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project [sic]
  32. ↑ Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis in C major (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  33. ↑ Magnificat and Nunc Dimittis in F major (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  34. ↑ Te Deum Laudamus in F major (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  35. ↑ Capriccio (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  36. ↑ Elegiac Romance (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  37. ↑ Miniature Suite (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  38. ↑ Lisa Hardy, The British Piano Sonata 1870–1945
  39. ↑ Piano Sonata (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  40. ↑ 3 Dances (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  41. ↑ "Alpine song". recmusic.org. Retrieved 30 April 2015.
  42. ↑ Earth's Call (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  43. ↑ Full Fathom Five (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  44. ↑ Hawthorne Time (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  45. ↑ The Heart's Desire (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  46. ↑ Hope the Hornblower (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  47. ↑ I Have 12 Oxen (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  48. ↑ If There were Dreams to Sell (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  49. ↑ Love is a Sickness Full of Woes (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  50. ↑ The Sacred Flame (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  51. ↑ Sea Fever (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  52. ↑ Spring Sorrow (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project
  53. ↑ There is a Garden in Her Face (Ireland, John): Scores at the International Music Score Library Project

Bibliography

External links

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