Central Artery

Central Artery
John F. Fitzgerald Expressway
Route information
Maintained by MassDOT
Length:	3.18 mi[1] (5.12 km)
Existed:	1959 – present
Component highways:	I‑93 / US 1 / Route 3
Major junctions
South end:	I‑93 / US 1 / Route 3 in Boston
	I‑90 (Mass Pike) in Boston Route 3 / Route 28 in Boston
North end:	I‑93 / US 1 at the Zakim Bridge in Charlestown
Highway system
Interstate Highway System Main Auxiliary Suffixed Business Massachusetts State Highway System Interstate US State

The Central Artery (officially the John F. Fitzgerald Expressway) is a section of freeway in downtown Boston, Massachusetts; it is designated as Interstate 93, U.S. Route 1 and Massachusetts Route 3.

The original Artery, constructed in the 1950s, was named after John F. Fitzgerald; it was partly-elevated and partly-tunneled. Its disruption of previously-interrupted travel within the city inspired the local nicknames "The Distressway," "the largest parking lot in the world," and "the other Green Monster" (referencing Fenway Park and the paint color of the highway girders.)^[2] The Artery was majorly rerouted during a 10-year period from the mid-1990s through the early 2000s as part of the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, more widely called the Big Dig. The present-day Artery is almost entirely directed through the newly-constructed O'Neill Tunnel, while the original Artery was demolished and replaced with the Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy Greenway, named after the daughter of John F. Fitzgerald and the mother of John F. Kennedy.

According to Massachusetts Executive Office of Transportation data, the Central Artery runs from the Massachusetts Avenue Connector just beyond Andrew Square in South Boston north to the split with U.S. Route 1 in Charlestown.^[3] Along with the harbor tunnels and the Turnpike from Route 128 to East Boston, it is part of the Metropolitan Highway System.

History

A 1920 plan for Boston's Central Artery, based on the West Side Elevated Highway

Traffic on the former Central Artery at mid-day (Demolished in 2003)

The highway itself was planned as early as the 1920s. The above-ground Artery was built in two sections. First was the part north of High Street and Broad Street, to the Tobin Bridge built between 1951 and 1954.^[4] Immediately, residents began to hate the new highway and the way it towered over and separated neighborhoods. Due to this opposition, the southern end of the Central Artery through the South Station area was built underground, through what became known as the Dewey Square Tunnel. Eventually, the entire highway was moved underground as part of the Big Dig Project. The Dewey Square Tunnel was the one part of the original Artery not torn down; it now serves southbound traffic. The idea of building the entire Artery underground was first floated in the 1970s emanating from the central artery depression concept developed by the Boston Transportation Planning Review. The final section through the Dewey Square Tunnel and on to the Southeast Expressway at Massachusetts Avenue opened in 1959.

The highway gradually became more and more congested as other highway projects meant to complement the Artery were canceled. These included the Inner Belt project, which would have taken through traffic off the Artery and the Massachusetts Turnpike Extension coming in from the west. The Southwest Expressway would have been the route of Interstate 95 from Canton into Boston, and would have tied into the Inner Belt of I-695.

Modifications of the above-ground Artery until the time it was demolished in 2003, included an additional interchange for the Massachusetts Turnpike (Mass Pike) extension which was completed in 1965, the removal of several on and off-ramps and the reworking in the late 1980s of the Tobin Bridge interchange. The Central Artery North Area (CANA) project placed the above ground ramps from the Artery underground into the City Square Tunnel in Charlestown and resulted in a reworking of the interchange at the north end, placing the northbound offramp from the east side to the west side, and eliminating dangerous weaving across the lanes of the Charlestown High Bridge which required traffic coming from Storrow Drive and wanting to go to Charlestown to cross three lanes of traffic in only a tenth of a mile.

Exit lists

Southbound Interstate 93 beneath the streets of Boston

The original Central Artery did not have any exit numbers. These were added after I-93 was placed onto the roadway in 1974. Many of these exits either do not exist or no longer resemble their original forms. Exits 19, 21, and 25 were completely eliminated. 20 and 26 were separated northbound and southbound; 20 northbound uses the old exit 19 location in South Bay, while southbound begins at the portal to the renovated Dewey Square Tunnel (now completely enclosed by Big Dig construction; 26 northbound begins just shy of the tunnel exit onto the Zakim Bridge, while 26 southbound is located in Charlestown's Sullivan Square near northbound exit 28 at the portal to the double decked section of I-93 and feeds onto the Leverett Circle Connector bridge. 22 continued to exist as an offramp to Chinatown from the southbound (former northbound) Dewey Square tunnel until the ramp was closed off in 2004. 23 exists both northbound and southbound and leads to the Scollay Square area. 24 now exits to Haymarket Square and MA-1A (the Callahan Tunnel). Much of the reconfiguration of on and offramps (particularly the wide separations of the ramps for exits 20 and 26) was done to move exiting traffic off the mainline of the road, reducing stress on the mainline.

Pre-Big Dig

The entire route was in Boston, Suffolk County.

mi	km	Exit	Destinations	Notes
		18	Massachusetts Avenue / Roxbury / Andrew Square / South Bay Center	Southbound exit and northbound left entrance
		19	East Berkeley Street / Broadway Albany Street / East Berkeley Street	East Berkeley Street was Dover Street; signed for Broadway northbound and Albany Street southbound
		20	I‑90 west – Downtown Crossing, Worcester	Northbound and southbound entrances; before I-90 was built, the northbound exit was for Kneeland Street only, and southbound was for Albany Street/Broadway
		21		Kneeland Street – Chinatown
		22	South Station	No northbound exit
		23	Atlantic Avenue / Northern Avenue / High Street / State Street	Southbound signed for High and Congress streets only
		—	Dock Square / Clinton Street	Southbound exit and northbound entrance
		24	Route 1A north (Callahan Tunnel) – Logan Airport, Government Center
		25	Causeway Street / North Station Haymarket Square / Government Center	No northbound entrance; signed for Causeway Street northbound and Haymarket Square southbound
		26	Route 3 north (Storrow Drive) – Cambridge Storrow Drive / North Station	Northbound left entrance; signed southbound for Storrow Drive only
		Charlestown High Bridge over the Charles River
		27	US 1 north (Tobin Bridge)	Northbound left exit, formerly a right exit until around 1990; southbound entrance was on the left until around 1990
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi       Closed/former       Incomplete access

Post-Big Dig

The entire route is in Boston, Suffolk County.

mi	km	Old exit	New exit	Destinations	Notes
15.340	24.687		20	I‑90 / Mass Pike – Logan Airport, Worcester, South Station	Northbound exit and southbound entrance; Exits 24A/C on I-90
		South end of the Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel
17.253	27.766	22	20A	South Station	Southbound exit and northbound left entrance; Exit 24C on I-90
			20B	I‑90 / Mass Pike west / Albany Street[5]	Southbound exit and northbound entrance; Exit 24B on I-90
16.694	26.866		22	Surface Road – Chinatown	Southbound entrance only
17.340	27.906		23	Government Center	Northbound exit and southbound entrance
17.487	28.143		23	Purchase Street	Southbound exit and entrance only
17.874	28.765		24A	Government Center	Southbound exit only
			24B	Route 1A north – Logan Airport	Southbound exit and northbound entrance
		North end of the Thomas P. O'Neill Jr. Tunnel Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge over the Charles River
17.892– 19.585	28.794– 31.519		26	Route 3 north / Route 28 (Storrow Drive) – Leverett Circle, Cambridge, North Station[6]	Leverett Connector; signed as Storrow Drive northbound; northern terminus of concurrency with Route 3
18.603	29.939		27	US 1 north (Tobin Bridge) – Revere	Northbound left exit and southbound entrance; northern terminus of concurrency with US 1
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi       Closed/former       Concurrency terminus       Incomplete access

Numbering

The elevated Central Artery, on the right, has since been demolished.

Currently, the Artery is numbered I-93 and US 1 on the whole route, and Route 3 on all but the northernmost section–it leaves at Exit 26.

The Artery has had many different route numbers through its history. When first built, the section between the Sumner Tunnel and Storrow Drive received the numbers C1 and C9 (city routes of US 1 and Route 9), which were rerouted off local streets. The rest of the highway was unnumbered, despite being closely paralleled by C37 south from the Sumner Tunnel.

By 1969, I-95 was assigned to the whole Artery as part of its never-built route through Boston. The C routes were removed in 1971, with Route C1 becoming part of a realigned US 1, using the Artery between Storrow Drive and the Sumner Tunnel. Additionally in 1971, Route 3 was moved from a bypass around downtown to use the Artery south of Storrow Drive and the Southeast Expressway.

In 1974, I-95 was canceled through Boston and rerouted around the city using part of Route 128. US 1 was realigned to use the Tobin Bridge and Northeast Expressway, which had been signed as part of I-95; thus US 1 used the Artery north of Storrow Drive. The former alignment of US 1 from Storrow Drive south along the Artery to the Sumner Tunnel became an extended 1A, and I-93 was extended south from Charlestown along the Artery, Southeast Expressway and Route 128 from Braintree to Canton. In 1989, US 1 was moved off the MDC Parkways onto its current alignment along the full Artery. Route 1A was then truncated to the Sumner Tunnel interchange.

Signs put up for the new underground Artery only mention I-93, since it is the best-known designation. Older signs may mention only I-93 and US 1 or I-93 and Route 3. A winter 2008/2009 project to update this signage helped to clear up this potentially confusing situation.

See also

• U.S. Roads portal
• Massachusetts portal
• Boston portal

Notes

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to John F. Fitzgerald Expressway.

• National Bridge Inventory database