Ndonga dialect
Ndonga | |
---|---|
ndonga | |
Native to | Namibia and southern Angola |
Region | Ovamboland |
Native speakers | 810,000 (2006)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 |
ng |
ISO 639-2 |
ndo |
ISO 639-3 |
ndo |
Glottolog |
ndon1254 [2] |
R.22 [3] | |
Linguasphere |
99-AUR-lc |
Ndonga, also called Oshindonga, is a Bantu language spoken in Namibia and parts of Angola. It is a standardized dialect of the Ovambo language, and is mutually intelligible with Kwanyama, the other Ovambo dialect with a standard written form. With 281,500 speakers, the language has the largest number of speakers in Namibia.
Martti Rautanen translated the Bible into the Ndonga standard.[4]
Phonology
Vowels
Oshindonga uses a five-vowel system:
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | i | u |
Mid | e | o |
Open | a |
Consonants
Oshindonga contains the following consonant phonemes:
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | voiceless | m̥ | n̥ | ŋ̊ | ||
voiced | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
voiced | b | d | g | |||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | h |
voiced | v | z | ʒ | ɣ | ||
Approximant | central | w | ð | j | ||
lateral | l |
Oshindonga also contains many consonant compounds, listed below:
- m̥pʰ
- n̥tʰ
- n̥kʰ
- m̥pʰw
- n̥tʰw
- n̥kʰw
- n̥th
- n̥dz
- n̥tsʰ
- xw
- tsˈ (voiceless, ejective, alveolor affricate)
- psʲˈ (voiceless, palatalized, labio-alveolar affricate)
References
- ↑ Ndonga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Ndonga". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- ↑ "Namiweb.com". Namibweb.com. Retrieved 2013-03-16.
- Fivaz, Derek (2003). A Reference Grammar of Oshindonga (2 ed.). Windhoek: Out of Africa Publishers.
External links
Ndonga dialect test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator |
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