Lele language (Chad)
| Lele | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Chad |
Native speakers | (26,000 cited 1991)[1] |
|
Afro-Asiatic
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
lln |
| Glottolog |
lele1276[2] |
Lele is an East Chadic language spoken in the Tandjilé Region, in the Tandjilé Ouest department, south of Kélo.[1]
Phonology
Vowels
Lele has five underlying vowels. The mid vowels are lower mid rather than higher mid. All vowels may have long variants.[3]
Consonants
There are some asymmetries in Lele's consonant inventory.
Lele consonants Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labio-velar Glottal Nasal [m] [n] [ɲ] [ŋ] Plosive voiceless [p] [t] [k] [kp] voiced [b] [d] [a] [ɡb] implosive [ɓ] [ɗ] prenasalized [mb] [nd] [ŋb] Fricative [s] [h] Trill [ɲ] Approximant central [w] [j] lateral [l]
Grammar
Nouns
Nouns are grammatically masculine or feminine, but there are no morphological markings of gender on the nouns.[3]:55 This distinction is only seen in the agreement system (covert gender). Only a subset of nouns are marked for plural: large animals, kinship terms and a few inanimate objects. Plurals nouns are marked in a variety of ways including a suffix /-e/ or /-we/ and an infix /-a-/.[3]:56 There are three nouns that have irregular plural forms: "woman", "hen" and "person".[3]:58
There is a grammatical distinction between alienable and inalienable possession in the noun phrase. In inalienable possession, a singular possessor is marked by a suffix on the noun indexing the possessor (possessor agreement suffix). In plural inalienable possession and all alienable, the possessor is indexed by a pronominal word following the noun.[3]:61
Verbs
The tense-aspect-mood system includes four verbal forms labeled "past", "future", "nominal" and "imperative". The "past" form normally has a stem-final vowel /i/. The "future" and "nominal" forms both have a stem-final vowel /e/. They are distinguished from each other by a high tone on the first syllable of the "future" form. The imperative form normally has a stem-final vowel /a/ or /u/.[3]:44
Some verbs also have a plural form indicated by a suffix /-wi/ or a devoiced initial consonant. The plural form of the verb can indicate the plurality of an action, a plural intransitive subject, or a plural object.[3]:124 Verbs can also be modified by adverbs, including a class of ideophones,[3]:164 by a "ventive" marker (derived from the verb "come") following the verb, or an "inceptive" marker (derived from the verb "leave") preceding the verb.
Pronouns
The reference system makes a 10-way distinction. Gender is distinguished in second and third person singular pronouns. The first person non-singular pronouns include a dual inclusive form, a plural inclusive form, and a plural exclusive form. The plural inclusive form is a bimorphemic pronoun which combines the first person dual inclusive form with the second person plural form.[3]:100
Word order
In a pragmatically neutral sentence, nominal arguments occur in a SVO word order. However, third person subject pronouns usually follow the verb.
References
- 1 2 Lele at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Lele (Chad)". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Frajzyngier, Zygmunt (2001). A Grammar of Lele. Stanford, California: CSLI Publications.
Bibliography
Cope, Pamela Simons. 1993. The plural in Lele. JWAL 23(1)
Cope, Pamela Simons and Donald A. Burquest. 1986. Some comments on nasalization in Lele. JWAL 16(2)
Cope; Pamela Simons. 2010. Dictionnaire lélé-français : suivi d'un index français-lélé : essai de description lexicale de la langue tchadique parlée dans la région de Kélo, Tchad, L'Harmattan, Paris, 163 p. (ISBN 978-2-296-10335-1)
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt. 1995. Two complementizers in Lele. In Ibriszimow, Dymitr and Leger, Rudolf (eds.), Studia chadica et hamitosemitica: Akten des internationalen Symposions zur Tschadsprachenforschung Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, 6.-8. Mai 1991, 163-170. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
Frajzyngier, Zygmunt. 2001. A grammar of Lele. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Lami, Pierre. 1942. Etude succincte de la langue lélé et du dialecte nantchoa. Beirut: Imprimérie Catholique. 197pp.
Lami, Pierre. 1951. Le nombre et le genre dans la langue lélé. In Comptes rendus du première conférence international des africanistes de l'ouest, Dakar 1945, 197-208. Dakar: Inst. Français de l'Afrique Noire (IFAN).
Simons, Pamela. 1982. Nè... be marking in Lele: a cleft construction. Studies in African Linguistics 13. 217-229.
External links
- Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Lele". World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.