IBM 2741
.png)
The IBM 2741 is a printing computer terminal that was introduced in 1965. Compared to the teletypewriter machines that were commonly used as printing terminals at the time, the 2741 offers slightly higher speed, much higher quality printing, quieter operation, interchangeable type fonts, and both upper and lower case letters.
It was used primarily with the IBM System/360 series of computers, but was used with other IBM and non-IBM systems where its combination of higher speed and letter-quality output was desirable.[1][2][3] It was influential in the development and popularity of the APL programming language.
It was supplanted, starting in the mid-1970s, primarily by printing terminals using daisy wheel mechanisms.
Design
The IBM 2741 combines a ruggedized Selectric typewriter mechanism with IBM SLT electronics and an RS-232-C serial interface. It operates at about 14.1 characters per second with a data rate of 134.5 bits/second (one start bit, six data bits, an odd parity bit, and one and a half stop bits). In contrast to serial terminals employing ASCII code, the most significant data bit of each character is sent first. As with the standard office Selectrics of the day, there were 88 printing characters (not quite enough for the entire EBCDIC or ASCII printing character set including the lower case alphabet) plus space and a few nonprinting control codes, more than can be represented with six data bits, so shift characters are used to allow the machine's entire character set to be used.
The machine was packaged into its own small desk, giving the appearance of square tabletop with a Selectric typewriter partly sunken into the surface, with the electronics in a vertically oriented chassis at the rear. It supplanted the earlier IBM 1050, which was more expensive and cumbersome, in remote terminal applications. The IBM 1050 and its variations were designed for a higher duty cycle and so were frequently used as console devices for computers such as the IBM 1130 and IBM System/360. By contrast, the 2741 was primarily focused on remote terminal applications.
The IBM 2741 came in two different varieties, one using "correspondence coding" and the other using "PTT/BCD coding." These referred to the positioning of the characters around the typeball and, therefore, the tilt/rotate codes that had to be applied to the mechanism to produce a given character. A "correspondence coding" machine could use type elements from a standard office Selectric (i.e. elements used for "office correspondence"). "PTT/BCD coding" machines needed special elements, and did not have as wide a variety of fonts available. The IBM 1050 and its derivatives were only available in PTT/BCD coding. The two element types were physically interchangeable, but code-incompatible, so a type element from, say, a System/360 console printer (a variety of IBM 1050) would produce gibberish on a "correspondence coding" 2741 or an office Selectric, and vice versa.
The two varieties of IBM 2741 used different character codes on the serial interface as well, so software in the host computer needed to have a way to distinguish which type of machine each user had. One way this was accomplished was by having the user type a standard command such as "login" immediately after connecting. The host software would recognize which code was used by the value of the characters it received.[4]
The protocol is simple and symmetric. Each message begins with a control character called "circle D" in the documentation, shown as
When the other end is sending, the local keyboard is locked. An "attention feature" allows the operator to interrupt the sending machine and regain control (much in the manner of "control-C" in many ASCII systems) by pressing a special key.
Protocol symmetry allows two people using 2741s to communicate with each other with no computer in between, but this was a rare configuration.
Applications
The 2741 was initially developed and marketed for use with the IBM Administrative Terminal System (ATS/360). ATS is an interactive, multi-user text editing and storage system implemented in the mid-1960s using IBM System/360 assembly language.
The 2741's existence encouraged the development of other remote terminal systems for the IBM System/360, particularly systems that could benefit from the high print quality, interchangeable typing elements, and other advantages of its Selectric mechanism.
APL\360 and ALGOL 68 are two early languages that took advantage of the Selectric print mechanism with its relatively large character set and changeable fonts.
APL\360
The IBM 2741 became closely associated with the APL programming language. As originally proposed by Dr. Kenneth Iverson, APL required a large variety of special characters. IBM implemented it as a timesharing system on the IBM System/360, calling it APL\360. It required the use of an IBM 2741 or IBM 1050 with an APL typeball. There were only 26 alphabet characters, all displayed as upper case italic, even though they were typed with the machine in lower case mode. The "shifted" keystroke characters provided many of the special symbols with the remainder being handled by overstrike.
Keyboard layout with the APL typeball print head inserted:
ALGOL 68
Similar to APL, ALGOL 68 was defined with a large number of special characters. Many of them ( ∨, ∧, ¬, ≠, ≤, ≥, ×, ÷, ⌷, ↑, ↓, ⌊, ⌈ and ⊥ ) were available on the APL Selectric typeball, so this element was used to prepare the ALGOL 68 programming language standard Final Report (August 1968), even though APL and ALGOL had no direct relationship.
Related machines
The IBM 2740 is a similar terminal that lackd the interrupt feature and dialup capability, but is capable of operating in point-to-point, multipoint or broadcast mode.[5]
Some later IBM Selectric-based machines, such as the Communicating Magnetic Card Selectric Typewriter, can emulate the 2741 and be used in its place.
IBM sold the underlying Selectric mechanism to other manufacturers, who produced 2741 clones at lower cost. Some of these were integrated into larger systems instead of being sold as standalone terminals. For example, a 2741-type mechanism formed the principal user interface for a series of machines from the 1960s and 1970s built in the United Kingdom by Business Computers Ltd.
Decline
The 2741 and similar Selectric-based machines were supplanted by ASCII terminals using the Xerox Diablo 630 "daisy wheel" and similar print mechanisms where hard copy was required. These offered equivalent print quality, better reliability, twice the speed (30 char/s), and lower cost than the 2741. They could use a variety of fonts (including APL) via interchangeable print wheels and unlike the 2741 supported the entire ASCII printing character set. When hard copy wasn't needed, video terminals often replaced them. The IBM 3767 terminal, which used a dot-matrix printer capable of 80 or 120 char/s, was an alternate replacement.
Character sets
Function codes
The function codes were independent of the character set used and the shift state.
| Bit value | Code | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| C 8 4 | PN | Punch On |
| A 8 4 | BY | Bypass |
| B 8 4 | RES | Restore |
| B A C 8 4 | PF | Punch Off |
| 8 4 1 | RS | Reader stop |
| A C 8 4 1 | LF | Line feed |
| B C 8 4 1 | NL | New line |
| B A 8 4 1 | HT | Horizontal tab |
| 8 4 2 | UC | Upper case |
| A C 8 4 2 | EOB | End of block |
| B C 8 4 2 | BS | Backspace |
| B A 8 4 2 | LC | Lower case |
| C 8 4 2 1 | EOT | End of transmission |
| A 8 4 2 1 | PRE | Prefix |
| B 8 4 2 1 | IL | Idle |
| B A C 8 4 2 1 | DEL | Delete |
| C | Space | Space |
Circle-D
PTTC/EBCD code
| Bit value | Lower case | Upper case |
|---|---|---|
| B A 8 2 1 | . | ¬ |
| B C 8 2 1 | $ | ! |
| A C 8 2 1 | , | | |
| 8 2 1 | # | " |
| A | @ | ¢ |
| B A C | & | + |
| B | - | _ |
| A C | / | ? |
| 1 | 1 | = |
| 2 | 2 | < |
| 4 | 4 | : |
| C 4 1 | 5 | % |
| C 4 2 | 6 | ' |
| 4 2 1 | 7 | > |
| 8 | 8 | * |
| C 8 1 | 9 | ( |
| C 8 2 | 0 | ) |
| B A 1 | a | A |
| B A 2 | b | B |
| B A C 2 1 | c | C |
| B A 4 | d | D |
| B A C 4 1 | e | E |
| B A C 4 2 | f | F |
| B A 4 2 1 | g | G |
| B A 8 | h | H |
| B A C 8 1 | i | I |
| B C 1 | j | J |
| B C 2 | k | K |
| B 2 1 | l | L |
| B C 4 | m | M |
| B 4 1 | n | N |
| B 4 2 | o | O |
| B C 4 2 1 | p | P |
| B C 8 | q | Q |
| B 8 1 | r | R |
| A C 2 | s | S |
| A 2 1 | t | T |
| A C 4 | u | U |
| A 4 1 | v | V |
| A 4 2 | w | W |
| A C 4 2 1 | x | X |
| A C 8 | y | Y |
| A 8 1 | z | Z |
See also
References
- ↑ Van Vleck, Thomas. "Home Terminals". Multicians.org. Retrieved Sep 20, 2013.
- ↑ Einett, J. "RFC 110: Conventions for Using an IBM 2741 Terminal as a User Console for Access to Network Server Hosts". IETF. Retrieved Sep 20, 2013.
- ↑ IBM Corporation. "DPD Chronology: 1970". Retrieved Sep 20, 2013.
- ↑ Van Vleck, Thomas. "Multics Glossary -A- (2741)".
- ↑ IBM Corporation. 2740 Communications Terminal 2741 Communications Terminal Field Engineering Announcement (PDF).
External links
- IBM 2741 Communications Terminal manual
- A picture and some information about IBM 2741
- New York Courts history mentioning IBM 2741
- Information on terminals including the IBM 2741
- IBM 2741 in use at Queen's University
- IBM 2741 mechanism as the console typewriter for BCL machines