Hanny's Voorwerp

Hanny's Voorwerp
Object type Quasar ionization echo
Other designations SDSS J094103.80+344334.2
Observation data
(Epoch J2000)
Constellation Leo Minor
09h 41m 03.81s
Declination +34° 43′ 34.3″
Distance 6.5×108 ly

In visual light (V)

19
Notable features
 Associated with spiral galaxy IC 2497
Designations
SDSS J094103.80+344334.2
Related media on Wikimedia Commons

Hanny's Voorwerp /ˈhʌn.nis ˈvɔːr.wɛrp/, (Dutch for Hanny's object) is a rare type of astronomical object called a quasar ionization echo.[1][2][3][4] It was discovered in 2007 by Dutch schoolteacher Hanny van Arkel, while she was participating as a volunteer in the Galaxy Zoo project. Photographically, it appears as a bright blob close to spiral galaxy IC 2497 in the constellation Leo Minor.

Description

Hanny's Voorwerp (HsV) is about the size of a small galaxy and has a central hole over 16,000 light years across. In an image taken with the HST, HsV is colored green, a standard false color that is used to represent the presence of several luminous emission lines of glowing oxygen. HsV has been shown to be at the same distance from Earth as the adjacent galaxy IC 2497, which is about 650 million light-years away.

Star birth is occurring in the region of HsV that faces IC 2497. Radio observations indicate that this is due to an outflow of gas arising from the IC 2497's core which is interacting with a small region of HsV to collapse and form stars. The youngest stars are several million years old.[5]

A 40-page comic and associated promotional offers about HsV and the story surrounding it were presented at the 24th Dragon Con in Atlanta on 3 September 2010, as well as first pictures of HsV from the Hubble Space Telescope.[6][7][8] The launch was streamed live on UStream.[8]

Hypotheses

HST zooms in on a space oddity

One hypothesis suggests that HsV consists of remnants of a small galaxy showing the impact of radiation from a bright quasar event that occurred in the center of IC 2497 about 100,000 years before how it is observed today.[9] The quasar event is thought to have stimulated the bright emission that characterizes HsV. The quasar might have switched off in the last 200,000 years and is not visible in the available images.[5] This might well be due to a process known as AGN feedback.[10]

One possible explanation for the missing light-source is that illumination from the assumed quasar was a transient phenomenon. In this case, its effects on HsV would be still visible because of the distance of several tens of thousands of light years between HsV and the quasar in the nearby galaxy: HsV would show a "light echo" or "ghost image" of events that are older than those currently seen in the galaxy.[11]

On 17 June 2010, a group of researchers at the European VLBI Network (EVN) and the UK’s Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN), proposed another related explanation. They hypothesized that the light comes from two sources: (1) a supermassive black hole at the center of IC 2497, and (2) light produced by an interaction of an energetic jet from the black hole and the gas surrounding IC 2497.[12]

Voorwerpjes

A Hubble Space Telescope combined image of eight quasar ionisation echoes, or Voorwerpjes. CREDITS: NASA, ESA and Prof. William Keel

In February 2012, W. C. Keel and others published a paper in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.[13] As a result of the interest in similar ionized clouds for the study of both the history and obscuration of Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN), participants in the Galaxy Zoo (GZ) project carried out a wide search for such clouds using data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). This search yielded a list of 19 galaxies with AGN-photoionized clouds detected to beyond 10 kiloparsecs from the nuclei.[13] These were nicknamed 'Voorwerpjes' from the Dutch for 'small objects'.

A Hubble Space Telescope image of the Teacup Galaxy SDSS 1430 +13, a Voowerpje. CREDITS: NASA, ESA and William Keel

In May 2015, W.C. Keel and others published a study in the Astrophysical Journal.[14] This studies 8 of the original 19 Voorwerpjes in greater detail, focusing on 'the host-galaxy properties and origin of the gas.' Among the telescopes used was the 6 meter BTA-6 at the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science.

In August 2013, F. Schweizer and others published a paper in the Astrophysical Journal.[15] This reports the finding of a Voorwerpje on the outskirts of the well-studied NGC 7252.

NGC 7252. This picture was taken by the Wide Field Imager on the MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope at ESO's La Silla Observatory.

Other examples of Voorwerpjes include the galaxies UGC 12914 and 12915, which are merging. While in the process of merging, the smaller UGC 12915 has formed a small voorwerpje near it.

Extended X-ray emission in IC 2497

In April 2016, a study was published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society using data gathered by the Chandra X-ray Observatory in January 2012.[16] The study found extended soft X-ray emission in IC 2497 which suggested the presence of a bubble or cavity surrounding the AGN. The authors hypothesize that this could be due to the bubble being inflated by the AGN, or by a past luminous quasar.

See also

References

  1. ↑ G.I.G Józsa; M.A. Garrett; T.A. Oosterloo; H. Rampadarath; H. van Arkel; C. Lintott; W.C. Keel; K. Schawinski; E. Edmondson (July 2009). "Revealing Hanny's Voorwerp: radio observations of IC 2497". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 500 (2): 33–36. arXiv:0905.1851Freely accessible. Bibcode:2009A&A...500L..33J. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200912402.
  2. ↑ C.J Lintott; K. Schawinski; W. Keel; H. van Arkel; N. Bennert; E. Edmondson; D. Thomas; D.J.B. Smith; P.D. Herbert; M.J. Jarvis; S. Virani; D. Andreescu; S.P. Bamford; K. Land; P. Murray; R.C. Nichol; M.J. Raddick; A. Slosar; A. Szalay; J. Vandenberg (September 2009). "Galaxy Zoo: 'Hanny's Voorwerp', a quasar light echo?". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 399 (1): 129–140. arXiv:0906.5304Freely accessible. Bibcode:2009MNRAS.399..129L. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15299.x.
  3. ↑ Keel, W. C.; Lintott, C. J.; Schawinski, K.; Bennert, V. N.; Thomas, D.; Manning, A.; Chojnowski, S. D.; van Arkel, H.; Lynn, S. (August 2012). "The History and Environment of a Faded Quasar: Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Hanny's Voorwerp and IC 2497". The Astronomical Journal. 144 (2): 16. arXiv:1206.3797Freely accessible. Bibcode:2012AJ....144...66K. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/144/2/66.
  4. ↑ Rincon, P. (5 August 2008). "Teacher finds new cosmic object". BBC News. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  5. 1 2 "Hubble Zooms in on a Space Oddity". European Southern Observatory. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  6. ↑ "Dragon Con 2010 Pocket Program Guide". Dragon Con. 3 September 2010. p. 52. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  7. ↑ "Hanny and the Mystery of the Voorwerp". Zooniverse. September 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  8. 1 2 "The Comic about The Voorwerp!". Hanny van Arkel. 20 August 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  9. ↑ "Stars in their eyes: An armchair astronomer discovers something very odd". The Economist. 26 June 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2008.
  10. ↑ Fabian, A. C. (2012). "Observational Evidence of Active Galactic Nuclei Feedback". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 50: 455. arXiv:1204.4114Freely accessible. Bibcode:2012ARA&A..50..455F. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125521.
  11. ↑ "'Cosmic ghost' discovered by volunteer astronomer". Phys.org. 5 August 2008.
  12. ↑ Baldwin, E. (25 June 2010). "Radio observations shed new light on Hanny's Voorwerp". Astronomy Now.
  13. 1 2 W.C Keel; S.D. Chojnowski; V.N. Bennert; K. Schawinski; C.J. Lintott; S. Lynn; A. Pancoast; C. Harris; A.M. Nierenberg; A. Sonnenfeld; R. Proctor (February 2012). "The Galaxy Zoo survey for giant AGN-ionized clouds: past and present black hole accretion events". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 420 (1): 878–900. arXiv:1110.6921Freely accessible. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.420..878K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.20101.x.
  14. ↑ W.C. Keel; W.P. Maksym; V.N. Bennert; C.J. Lintott; S.D.Chojnowski; A. Moiseev; A. Smirnova; K. Schawinski; C.M. Urry; D.A. Evans; A. Pancoast; B. Scott; C. Showley; K. Flatland (May 2015). "HST Imaging of Fading AGN Candidates. I. Host-galaxy Properties and Origin of the Extended Gas". The Astronomical Journal. 149 (5): 23. arXiv:1408.5159Freely accessible. Bibcode:2015AJ....149..155K. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/149/5/155.
  15. ↑ F. Schweizer; P. Seitzer; D. Kelson; E. Villanueva; G. Walth (August 2013). "The [O III] Nebula of the Merger Remnant NGC 7252: A Likely Faint Ionization Echo". The Astrophysical Journal. 773 (2): 19. arXiv:1307.2233Freely accessible. Bibcode:2013ApJ...773..148S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/773/2/148.
  16. ↑ L.F. Sartori; K. Schawinski; M. Koss; E. Treister; W.P. Maksym; W.C. Keel; C.M. Urry; C.J. Lintott; O.I. Wong (2016). "Extended X-ray emission in the IC 2497 - Hanny's Voorwerp system: energy injection in the gas around a fading AGN". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 457 (4): 3629–3636. arXiv:1601.07550Freely accessible. Bibcode:2016MNRAS.457.3629S. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw230.

Further reading

External links

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