HMS Levant (1758)

For other ships with the same name, see HMS Levant.
History
Great Britain
Name: HMS Levant
Ordered: 6 May 1757
Builder: Henry Adams, Buckler's Hard
Laid down: June 1757
Launched: 6 July 1758 at Buckler's Hard
Completed: 16 June 1759 at Portsmouth Dockyard
Commissioned: October 1758
In service:
  • 1758–1763
  • 1766–1770
  • 1771–1779
Honours and
awards:		 Expedition against Martinique, 1762
Fate: Broken up at Deptford Dockyard, September 1780
General characteristics
Class and type: 28-gun Coventry-class sixth-rate frigate
Tons burthen: 595  34⁄94 bm
Length:
  • 118 ft 5 in (36.1 m) (gundeck)
  • 97 ft 3.625 in (29.7 m) (keel)
Beam: 33 ft 11 in (10.3 m)
Depth of hold: 10 ft 6 in (3.20 m)
Sail plan: Full-rigged ship
Complement: 200 officers and crew
Armament:
  • 28 guns comprising:
  • Upperdeck: 24 × 9-pounder guns
  • Quarterdeck: 4 × 3-pounder guns
  • 12 × ½-pdr swivel guns

HMS Levant was a 28-gun Coventry-class sixth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy, which saw active service in both the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War. Launched in 1758 during a period of war with France, Levant was assigned to the Royal Navy's Jamaica station and proved her worth in defeating nine French vessels during her first three years at sea. She was also part of the fleet for the British expedition against Martinique in 1762 but played no role in the landings or subsequent defeat of French forces at Fort Royal.

She was decommissioned following Britain's declaration of peace with France in 1763, but returned to active service during the American Revolutionary War. For this conflict she was assigned to the Mediterranean as part of a small British squadron based at Gibraltar. Over the next three years she captured or sank a total of fourteen enemy craft including an 18-gun American privateer. In 1779 she brought home news of an impending Spanish assault on Gibraltar, ahead of Spain's declaration of war on Great Britain. The ageing frigate was again decommissioned later that year and her crew discharged to other vessels. She was broken up at Deptford Dockyard in 1780, having secured a total of 24 victories over 21 years at sea.

Construction

Levant was an oak-built 28-gun sixth-rate, one of 18 vessels forming part of the Coventry-class of frigates. As with others in her class she was loosely modelled on the design and dimensions of HMS Tartar, launched in 1756 and responsible for capturing five French privateers in her first twelve months at sea.[1] Admiralty contracts for Levant's construction were issued on 20 May 1757 to a commercial shipwright, Henry Adams of Buckler's Hard. The contracts stipulated that work should be completed within ten months, for a vessel measuring approximately 586 tons burthen at a fee of £9.5s a ton. The keel was laid down in June 1757 but work proceeded slowly and the vessel was not ready for launch until July 1758. In final construction her hull was also larger than contracted, at 595 34⁄94 tons.[2]

Operating independently of the Royal Dockyards, Adams made several changes to the Tartar design. In Levant the ship's wheel was moved from behind the mizzen mast to before it, and the tiller shifted from the quarterdeck to an internal location in the hold.[3] The hawseholes were shifted from the lower to the upper deck to allow additional storage space inside the hull.[4] Finally, in recognition of the vessels' likely role in chasing small enemy craft, the leading pair of gunports were moved from the sides of the vessel to the bow to form a battery of chase guns.[3]

As built, Levant was 118 ft 5 in (36.1 m) long with a 97 ft 4 in (29.7 m) keel, a beam of 33 ft 11 in (10.34 m), and a hold depth of 10 ft 6 in (3.2 m).[2] Her armament comprised 24 nine-pounder cannons located along her gun deck, supported by four three-pounder cannons on the quarterdeck and twelve  1⁄2-pounder swivel guns ranged along her sides. Her complement was 200 officers and ratings.[1]

Seven Years' War

Guadeloupe, where Levant was stationed in 1759.

1758–1760

Levant was launched on 6 July 1758 and sailed to Portsmouth Dockyard for fitout and to take on armament and crew. She was formally commissioned in October under the command of Captain William Tucker, entering Royal Navy service during the early stages of the Seven Years' War against France and Spain. There were delays in mustering sufficient crew, and the frigate was not finally ready to put to sea until June 1759. On 14 June Captain Tucker received orders to take position off Guadaloupe and the Leeward Islands,[2] there to join a squadron commanded by Commodore John Moore.[5] Levant set sail for this assignment on 23 July.[2][6]

The British squadron of which Levant was part was tasked with disrupting French trade through the Caribbean, and with hunting privateers. However the frigate saw little action in her first six months in the region; French trade had virtually ceased since the outbreak of war with Britain, while a smallpox outbreak killed some among Levant's crew. It was not until early 1760 that Levant defeated her first opponent, a 14-gun French privateer which was sunk with the loss of 120 of her crew.[7] Thereafter combat was more frequent. Two small privateers were captured in early 1760 - the 8-gun Poissan Volante and the 12-gun St Pierre - and these vessels and their crews delivered into British custody on the Leeward Islands.[5] In June Pickering, a British merchantman previously captured by the French, was retaken and sailed to Antigua as Levant's prize.[8] A further victory followed on 29 June with the capture of French privateer Le Scipio,[2][9] after which Levant was put into harbour in Antigua for resupply. One contemporary source at this time records her as carrying only 20 of her 28 guns.[10] She returned to sea before the end of the year, capturing the privateer L'Union on 18 December.[2]

1761–62

"The Clerk of our Ship is dead, and several others of the Ship's Company; many people die daily of the Small Pox, which distemper is all over the island of Antigua ...

[The French] dependence is on their privateers; the seas swarm with them."

— Extract of a letter from a crew member of Levant, describing conditions aboard in 1759–60.[7]

British military successes in European waters in 1760 offered freedom for the Navy to support offensive operations in the Caribbean in the following year. In January Major General Robert Monckton set sail from North America to the Caribbean with 2,000 men and four ships of the line, for a planned invasion of French Dominica.[11] Levant saw little action in advance of Monckton's arrival and captured only one vessel, the privateer La Catherine, on 15 February.[12] Monckton arrived in Antigua shortly after this capture; Captain Tucker was then deputised to carry the general aboard Levant for a visit to the various Leeward Island settlements while the invasion force assembled at Guadeloupe.[13] Monckton departed the Leeward Islands in April and Levant resumed her hunt for privateers, capturing La Dulcinée on 13 July and L'Aventurier six days later.[2]

Dominica having fallen to Monckton's forces in June, the British then set their sights on the French stronghold of Martinique. Britain's Secretary of State for the Southern Department, Sir William Pitt, considered that Martinique's capture would be the decisive battle for control of the Caribbean, and instructed that all available resources be committed to its invasion. An army of 13,000 troops was assembled, supported by a fleet under Admiral George Rodney.[14] Levant was added to Rodney's sizeable command in late 1761 and sailed as part of the expedition in January 1762.[2][15] She saw no engagement with enemy vessels during the landings or the assault on Fort Royal between 25 January and 3 February.[2]

Levant then returned to her station off the Leeward Islands, arriving there on 10 February. Ten days later, Tucker received orders from Admiral Rodney transferring Levant to the command of Captain John Laforey, previously of the fifth-rate HMS Echo.[2][16] Under Laforey's command the vessel made one final capture, seizing the French privateer La Fier on 13 May.[2][17]

Peace with France was established in March 1763 and Levant was declared surplus to the Navy's needs. Captain Laforey departed the vessel and command transferred to a Captain Shouldham for the voyage back to England. Levant reached Portsmouth Dockyard in August 1763, where she was decommissioned and most of her crew discharged or reassigned.[2][18]

Vessels captured or sunk by Levant during the Seven Years' War
Date Ship Nationality Type Fate
March 1760 Not recorded French Privateer, 14 guns Sunk
By April 1760 Poissan Volante French Privateer, 8 guns Captured
29 April 1760 Le Saint Pierre French Privateer, 12 guns Captured
June 1760 Pickering British Merchant vessel Recaptured
29 June 1760 Le Scipio French Privateer, 10 guns Captured
18 December 1760 L'Union French Privateer Captured
15 February 1761 La Catherine French Privateer, 10 guns Captured
13 July 1761 La Dulcinée French Privateer Captured
19 July 1761 L'Aventurier French Privateer Captured
13 May 1762 Le Fier French Privateer Captured

Peacetime service

Despite the declaration of peace there were rumours that Levant would swiftly return to active service.[19] However these proved unfounded and she remained tied up at Portsmouth. Her hull and fittings were surveyed in late 1763 to determine maintenance requirements, but no repairs were made.[2] In September 1763 a member of her skeleton crew was robbed and murdered at Liphook, a village some distance from Portsmouth.[20]

Levant returned to Navy service in 1766 under the command of Captain Basil Keith, and was assigned to patrol and convoy duties on the Navy's Jamaica Station. In August she was relocated to Deptford to take on crew and supplies, setting sail for the Caribbean on 28 November.[2][21] She held her Jamaica post for three years, but this extensive service in tropical waters had left her in poor condition. In 1770 she returned to Deptford Dockyard where she was decommissioned and hauled out of the water for rebuilding. The work was granted to shipwright John Dudman and took six months from November 1770 to April 1771. Repair and rebuilding expenses were £5,869 with an additional £3,059 for fitout, amounting to considerably more than the vessel's original construction cost of £5,423.[2]

The rebuilt frigate was recommissioned in August 1771 under Captain Samuel Thompson. After four months in home waters she was assigned to the Navy's Mediterranean squadron and took up position off Gibraltar in January 1772. Levant remained at this station for three years, her uneventful service broken only by a 1773 transfer of command from Captain Thompson to Captain George Murray, the son of former Jacobite commander Lord Murray.[2]

American Revolutionary War

1775–1777

"Levant ordered her to strike; the Captain of the Privateer said she would not, upon which he was told by the Levant's people that they would in a few minutes sink her ... the Privateer immediately struck without firing a gun."

— A contemporaneous account of the capture of the 14-gun American privateer General Montgomery, March 1777.[22]

Levant was returned to Portsmouth in early 1775 but put to sea again at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War.[2] Captain Murray's orders were to join a Mediterranean squadron under the overall command of Captain Robert Mann, there to intercept and capture American merchant shipping. While at sea Murray also took the opportunity to train his crew in seamanship and battle techniques, in preparation for future enemy engagement.[23] In March 1776 she anchored in the Bay of Algiers where the Dey received her warmly and provided the crew with supplies including bread, vegetables, and three live sheep.[23]

Mediterranean trade was busy, and Levant took part in the halting and examination of vessels with crews of various nationalities including Dutch, Genoese, Spanish, and the British Caribbean.[23] Neutral shipping was permitted to continue on its way. However Levant detained a South Carolina merchantman named Dolphin in October 1776 on suspicion of being a supply vessel for the rebels, and sent her into Gibraltar along with her cargo of rice.[24] In November 1776 Levant secured a substantial prize with the capture of another South Carolina vessel, Argo,[25] carrying rice and indigo worth £37,200, or £4.5 million in 2015 terms.[26][27] Argo was to have exchanged her cargo in Bordeaux for clothing and medicine to supply the American rebellion.[28]

Further success followed in early 1777 with the capture of the 18-gun American privateer General Montgomery.[2] News had reached England that this vessel was off the island of Madeira in March, having sailed from Philadelphia in February with a crew of 100 men. Levant was sent in pursuit, with her crew sighting the General Montgomery at midday on 8 March. Captain Murray ordered Levant to fly false colours, hoisting a Dutch flag to avoid alerting the privateer's crew.[22] General Montgomery had also disguised herself by flying a British flag. For several hours the Americans allowed Levant to draw near, but turned to flee when Murray fired a warning shot. A seven-hour chase ensued, extending into the night with the two ships within musket shot but unable to bring their broadside cannons to bear. At around 1:00 am the wind strengthened and Levant was able to overhaul her prey, forcing the out-gunned Americans to surrender. Nine of General Montgomery's crew enlisted aboard Levant, with the remainder being conveyed to Portsmouth where they remained imprisoned in poor conditions until the end of the war.[29][30]

1778–1780

The American privateer USS Revenge. In 1778 she narrowly escaped from Levant and found safe harbour in Cadiz.

Levant continued her Mediterranean patrols in 1778 and was rewarded on 24 March with the recapture of a British merchantman which had been bound for Newfoundland when seized by an American privateer off Gibraltar.[31] On the same day as this capture, Levant fell into company with the 28-gun frigate HMS Enterprise. Her captain, Sir Thomas Rich, advised that he was pursuing the USS Revenge, a 22-gun American privateer with three captured merchant ships in tow. On 21 March the privateer had surprised and destroyed Enterprise's tender before escaping into the night. Rich had given chase for the next three days; Murray now added Levant to the hunt and the two British frigates set courses to windward and leeward of the Americans' likely path. Both sailed through the night without sighting their prey. In the morning of 25 March they encountered one of Revenge's prizes - the 16-gun British merchantman Hope - which promptly surrendered and was returned to Gibraltar.[31] Revenge herself eluded capture and was later reported as having escaped to the neutral Spanish port of Cadiz.[32]

France entered the War against Britain after signing a formal Treaty with the United States in March 1778. There was a subsequent reorganization of Royal Navy forces in the Mediterranean, with Levant joining a squadron of four other vessels based in Gibraltar and under the overall direction of Admiral Robert Duff. Of this squadron, Levant was the second largest, behind only Duff's 60-gun flagship HMS Panther.[33] In July Levant encountered and captured Robert, an American merchant vessel that had been bound for Boston with a cargo of salt.[34] In August she took her first French prize of the War - a merchantman with a cargo of tobacco - and recaptured the British schooner Lively, which had previously been seized by an American privateer off Scotland's Western Islands.[35] Two more French prizes followed; Victorieux seized en route to Marseilles, and Duchess of Grumont, which surrendered off Toulon. Levant sent both captured vessels in to Gibraltar with their cargoes.[36]

These ongoing victories belied the changing conditions applicable to Levant's hunt for enemy vessels off Gibraltar. American vessels had become scarce, especially since Spain had closed her ports to them in the winter of 1777 in retaliation for privateer attacks on Spanish ships.[37] French trading vessels remained at sea but were occasionally accompanied by naval escorts large enough to prevent their capture by Gibraltar's small Royal Navy squadron.[38] Levant was careened on a beach at Gibraltar over Christmas 1778 and then returned to sea, but her next capture was not until 1 April 1779 when, in company with Captain Rich's Enterprise, she seized a French ship carrying wine and brandy from Marseilles.[38][39][40]

That same month Spain signed the Treaty of Aranjuez with France, setting terms for a military alliance against Britain. Despite the Treaty, Spain delayed the issue of a formal declaration of war.[41] In the interim Levant engaged and defeated a Spanish privateer whose crew Levant caught in the act of boarding a British merchant ship. A brief exchange of cannon fire holed the Spanish vessel below the waterline, sinking her; Levant rescued the majority of her crew and transported them to prison in Gibraltar.[42]

Captain Murray then took Levant on a cruise to hunt for French or American vessels off Cadiz. While pursuing this task in late June 1779 he ran across the Spanish battle fleet, comprising 32 ships of the line and two frigates, heading south towards an unknown destination.[43] Spain was still nominally a neutral power and after a brief exchange of pleasantries the Spanish fleet left Levant unmolested and continued on its way. Murray immediately set sail for England to report that the Spanish were at sea, pausing off Land's End on 17 July to capture the French privateer La Revanche.[44] Levant finally reached Portsmouth in late July but by this time Murray's news of the Spanish fleet was out of date; Spain had already declared war on Britain and her fleet had reached Gibraltar to commence an extended siege.[41][45]

Vessels captured or sunk by Levant during the American Revolutionary War
Date Ship Nationality Type Fate
October 1776 Dolphin American Merchant vessel Captured
November 1776 Argo American Merchant vessel Captured
March 1777 General Montgomery American Privateer, 18 guns Captured
March 1778 Not recorded British Merchant vessel Recaptured
March 1778 Hope British Merchant vessel Recaptured
July 1778 Robert American Merchant vessel Captured
August 1778 Not recorded French Merchant vessel Captured
August 1778 Lively British Merchant vessel Recaptured
September 1778 Victorieux French Merchant vessel Captured
September 1778 Duchess of Grumont French Merchant vessel Captured
April 1779 Not recorded French Merchant vessel Captured
By June 1779 Not recorded Spanish Privateer Sunk
July 1779 La Revanche French Privateer Captured
October 1779 Velenza de Alcantara Spanish Privateer Captured

Final voyages

"[t]he Levant was, after the commencement of the American war, extremely successful, having captured so considerable a number of prizes that few vessels, perhaps, have ever quitted a station with more éclat respecting herself, and more regret from the officers and other persons concerned, who derived advantage from her good fortune and the activity of her people"

— First Lieutenant Erasmus Gower, reflecting on Levant's role in the American Revolutionary War.[23]

Murray was ordered to take Levant back to sea immediately, departing Portsmouth on 27 July as escort to a convoy of merchant vessels bound for the Yorkshire port of Kingston upon Hull.[46] The ageing frigate then briefly joined a small Navy squadron on patrol off Brighton before setting sail for the Spanish coast.[47][48] She was off Cadiz in October 1779 when she won her final victory of the war, capturing the 20-gun Spanish privateer Velenza de Alcantara along with 200 of her crew.[48]

By month's end Levant was back in Portsmouth, where she was decommissioned and her crew discharged to other vessels.[2] She had been at sea for 21 years, outlasting all but four of her sister ships in the Coventry class.[49] Her erstwhile captain, George Murray, was assigned to the newly built HMS Cleopatra; after extended further service he was promoted to admiral in 1794 and died in 1796.[50]

Despite Levant's age there was some consideration to restoring her to active service, and as late as 1 August 1780 she was listed as "repairing and will soon be fit for sea."[51] However, in practice no repairs were made, and on 16 August the Admiralty issued orders that she be sailed to Deptford Dockyard to be broken up. This was enacted, and Levant was broken up at Deptford by 27 September 1780.[2] Her passing was mourned by her former crew, with their sentiments recorded by First Lieutenant Erasmus Gower in 1800, "having captured so considerable a number of prizes ... few vessels, perhaps, have ever quitted a station with more éclat respecting herself, and more regret from the officers and other persons concerned."[23]

References

  1. 1 2 Winfield 2007, p. 227
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Winfield 2007, pp. 229–230
  3. 1 2 Gardiner 1992, p. 76
  4. ↑ Gardiner 1992, p.18
  5. 1 2 "London". The Caledonian Mercury. Edinburgh: Walter Ruddiman, John Richardson and Company. 19 July 1760. p. 1. Retrieved 20 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  6. ↑ "London". The Newcastle Courant. Newcastle, United Kingdom: John White. 23 June 1759. p. 1. Retrieved 17 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  7. 1 2 "Extract of a Letter from on board the Levant Man of War, at Antigua, dated March 20". The Manchester Mercury. Manchester, United Kingdom: Joseph Harrop. 6 May 1760. p. 1. Retrieved 19 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  8. ↑ "London". The Caledonian Mercury. Edinburgh: Walter Ruddiman, John Richardson and Company. 6 September 1760. p. 2. Retrieved 22 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  9. ↑ "Admiralty Office, February 28". The Derby Mercury. Derby, United Kingdom: S. Drewry. 27 February 1761. p. 3. Retrieved 22 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  10. ↑ "Extract of a Letter from St John's in Antigua, to a Merchant in Cork, July 23, 1760". The Derby Mercury. Derby, United Kingdom: S. Drewry. 17 October 1760. p. 1. Retrieved 22 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  11. ↑ Robson 2016, p. 173
  12. ↑ "Extract of a Letter from St Christopher's". The Caledonian Mercury. Edinburgh: Walter Ruddiman, John Richardson & Company. 27 April 1761. p. 2. Retrieved 19 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  13. ↑ "Extract of a Letter from St John's, Antigua, March 11". The Caledonian Mercury. Edinburgh: Walter Ruddiman, John Richardson and Company. 9 May 1761. p. 2. Retrieved 22 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  14. ↑ Robson 2016, pp. 174–175
  15. ↑ "Extract of a Letter from Guadeloupe, December 7". The Derby Mercury. Derby, United Kingdom: S. Drewry. 5 February 1762. p. 1. Retrieved 23 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  16. ↑ Winfield 2007, p.276
  17. ↑ "Letter from Charlestown, South-Carolina, July '14". The Caledonian Mercury. Edinburgh: Walter Ruddiman, John Richardson and Company. 23 August 1762. p. 3. Retrieved 23 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  18. ↑ "Extract of a Letter from Portsmouth, August 14". The Caledonian Mercury. Edinburgh: Walter Ruddiman, John Richardson and Company. 20 August 1763. p. 2. Retrieved 23 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  19. ↑ "London". The Derby Mercury. Derby, United Kingdom: S. Drewry. 19 August 1763. p. 3. Retrieved 23 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  20. ↑ "Conditions". The Derby Mercury. Derby, United Kingdom: S. Drewry. 23 September 1763. p. 2. Retrieved 23 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  21. ↑ "Edinburgh". The Caledonian Mercury. Edinburgh: Walter Ruddiman, John Richardson and Company. 1 September 1766. p. 3. Retrieved 30 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  22. 1 2 "London, Saturday April 12". The Derby Mercury. Derby, United Kingdom: John Drewry. 11 April 1777. p. 2. Retrieved 31 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 "Finding aid for HMS Levant and HMS Arethusa Log Book, 1775–1777". William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan. 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  24. ↑ Clark (ed.) et. al 2012, p. 939
  25. ↑ "Admiralty-Office". Saunders's News Letter. J. Poris. 20 December 1776. p. 1. Retrieved 31 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  26. ↑ "Admiralty-Office, December 13". The Hampshire Chronicle. Southampton: J. Linden and J. Hodson. 16 December 1776. p. 3. Retrieved 31 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  27. ↑ "Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present". Measuring Worth. 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2016.
  28. ↑ "Extract of a Letter from a merchant at Lisbon, to his Brother in Birmingham, dated December 1, 1776". The Derby Mercury. Derby, United Kingdom: John Drewry. 13 December 1776. p. 4. Retrieved 31 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  29. ↑ Captain George Murray RN to Captain William Hay, HMS Alarm, 14 March 1777. Cited in Clark (ed.) et. al. volume 8, 1980, pp. 676–677
  30. ↑ Clark (ed.) et. al. volume 11, 2005, pp. 888–892
  31. 1 2 "Extract of a letter from Gibraltar, March 27". The Ipswich Journal. Ipswich, United Kingdom: J. Shave, E. Craighton and S. Jackson. 2 May 1778. p. 2. Retrieved 1 August 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  32. ↑ Clark (ed.) et. al. volume 12, p. 525
  33. ↑ "The Following is a Correct List of the Marine Forces of Great Britain with their present Stations". The Hampshire Chronicle. Winchester: J. Wilkes. 14 September 1778. p. 4. Retrieved 4 August 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  34. ↑ "Dublin". Hibernian Journal: Or, Chronicle of Liberty. Dublin: T. M'Donnell. 27 July 1778. p. 3. Retrieved 4 August 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  35. ↑ "Extract of a letter from Gibraltar, August 19". The Caledonian Mercury. Edinburgh: John Robertson. 28 September 1778. p. 3. Retrieved 20 July 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  36. ↑ "Dublin". Saunders's News Letter. J. Poris. 1 October 1778. p. 2. Retrieved 4 August 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  37. ↑ Clark (ed.) et. al volume 11, p. 860
  38. 1 2 "Extract of a Letter from Gibraltar, January 31". The Manchester Mercury. Manchester, United Kingdom: Joseph Harrop. 16 March 1779. p. 1. Retrieved 6 August 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  39. ↑ "Ships taken from the French and Americans". The Leeds Intelligencer. Leeds, United Kingdom: Griffith Wright and Son. 11 May 1779. p. 3. Retrieved 6 August 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  40. ↑ "Foreign Intelligence". Saunders's News Letter. J. Poris. 26 May 1779. p. 1. Retrieved 6 August 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  41. 1 2 Dull 2009, pp. 102–103
  42. ↑ "London, June 18". Saunders's News Letter. J. Poris. 24 June 1779. p. 1. Retrieved 6 August 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  43. ↑ "Sunday's Post". The Ipswich Journal. J. Shave and S. Jackson. 31 July 1779. p. 1. Retrieved 13 August 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  44. ↑ "Home News". The Hampshire Chronicle. Southampton, United Kingdom: J. Linden and J. Hodson. 2 August 1779. p. 3. Retrieved 13 August 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  45. ↑ "London, July 24". Saunders's News Letter. J. Poris. 30 July 1779. p. 1. Retrieved 13 August 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  46. ↑ "London, July 30". Saunders's News Letter. J. Poris. 5 August 1779. p. 1. Retrieved 13 August 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  47. ↑ "London, August 27". Saunders's News Letter. J. Poris. 2 September 1779. p. 1. Retrieved 13 August 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  48. 1 2 "London, October 21". Cumberland Pacquet, and Ware's Whitehaven Advertiser. John Ware & Son. 26 October 1779. p. 2. Retrieved 13 August 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).
  49. ↑ Winfield 2007, pp. 227–232
  50. ↑ George Murray at Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  51. ↑ "A Complete List of the Navy of Great Britain, with the names of the Captains of each ship, the Fleets on the different stations, and the Ships fitting out, in ordinary and building". The Scots Magazine. 1 August 1780. p. 4. Retrieved 14 August 2016 – via British Newspaper Archive. (subscription required (help)).

Bibliography

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/4/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.