Grytviken

Grytviken

South Georgia settlements
Coordinates: 54°16′53.4″S 36°30′28.8″W / 54.281500°S 36.508000°W / -54.281500; -36.508000Coordinates: 54°16′53.4″S 36°30′28.8″W / 54.281500°S 36.508000°W / -54.281500; -36.508000
Country  United Kingdom
British Overseas Territory  South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Population (2008)
 • Total 20
Time zone GST (UTC−2)

Grytviken (Swedish for "the Pot Bay")[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] is a settlement on the island of South Georgia, part of a British Overseas Territory in the South Atlantic. It was so named in 1902 by the Swedish surveyor Johan Gunnar Andersson who found old English try pots used to render seal oil at the site. It is the best harbour on the island, consisting of a bay (King Edward Cove) within a bay (Cumberland East Bay). The site is quite sheltered, provides a substantial area of flat land suitable for building, and has a good supply of fresh water.

History

Carl Anton Larsen

Photograph of Solveig Jacobsen standing (with her dog) in front of a whale on the Grytviken flensing plan, taken by Magistrate Edward Binnie in 1916.

The settlement at Grytviken was established on 16 November 1904 by the Norwegian sea captain Carl Anton Larsen, as a whaling station for his Compañía Argentina de Pesca (Argentine Fishing Company).[9] It was phenomenally successful, with 195 whales taken in the first season alone. The whalers used every part of the animals – the blubber, meat, bones and viscera were rendered to extract the oil, and the bones and meat were turned into fertilizer and fodder. Elephant seals were also hunted for their blubber. Around 300 men worked at the station during its heyday, operating during the southern summer from October to March. A few remained over the winter to maintain the boats and factory. Every few months a transport ship would bring essential supplies to the station and take away the oil and other produce. The following year the Argentine Government established a meteorological station.

Carl Anton Larsen, the founder of Grytviken, was a naturalised Briton born in Sandefjord, Norway. In his application for British citizenship, filed with the magistrate of South Georgia and granted in 1910, Captain Larsen wrote: "I have given up my Norwegian citizen's rights and have resided here since I started whaling in this colony on the 16 November 1904 and have no reason to be of any other citizenship than British, as I have had and intend to have my residence here still for a long time." His family in Grytviken included his wife, three daughters and two sons.

As the manager of Compañía Argentina de Pesca, Larsen organised the construction of Grytviken, a remarkable undertaking accomplished by a team of sixty Norwegians between their arrival on 16 November and commencement of production at the newly built whale-oil factory on 24 December 1904.

Whaling station Grytviken in 1989.

Larsen chose the whaling station's site during his 1902 visit while in command of the ship Antarctic of the Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1901–03) led by Otto Nordenskjöld. On that occasion, the name Grytviken ("The Pot Cove") was given by the Swedish archaeologist and geologist Johan Gunnar Andersson who surveyed part of Thatcher Peninsula and found numerous artefacts and features from sealers’ habitation and industry, including a shallop (a type of small boat) and several try-pots used to boil seal oil. One of those try-pots, having the inscription ‘Johnson and Sons, Wapping Dock, London’ is preserved at the South Georgia Museum in Grytviken.[10]

Managers and other senior officers of the whaling stations often had their families living together with them. Among them was Fridthjof Jacobsen whose wife Klara Olette Jacobsen gave birth to two of their children in Grytviken; their daughter Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen was the first child ever born south of the Antarctic Convergence, on 8 October 1913. Several more children have been born on South Georgia: recently even aboard visiting private yachts.

The whale population in the seas around the island was substantially reduced over the following sixty years until the station closed in December 1966, by which time the whale stocks were so low that their continued exploitation was unviable. Even now, the shore around Grytviken is littered with whale bones and the rusting remains of whale oil processing plants and abandoned whaling ships.

Shackleton

Shackleton's grave in Grytviken.

Grytviken is closely associated with the explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton. Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition set out from London on 1 August 1914, to reach the Weddell Sea on 10 January 1915, where the pack ice closed in on their ship, Endurance. The ship was broken by the ice on 27 October 1915. The 28 crew members managed to flee to Elephant Island off Antarctica, bringing three small boats with them. Shackleton and five other men managed to reach the southern coast of South Georgia in the James Caird. They arrived at Cave Cove, and camped at Peggotty Bluff, from where they trekked to Stromness on the northeast coast. From Grytviken, Shackleton organised a rescue operation to bring home the remaining men.

He again returned to Grytviken, but posthumously. In 1922 he had died unexpectedly from a heart attack at the beginning of another Antarctic expedition. His widow chose South Georgia as his final resting place. His grave is located south of Grytviken, alongside those of whalers who had died on the island.

On 27 November 2011, the ashes of Frank Wild, Shackleton's 'right-hand man', were interred on the right side of Shackleton's grave-site. The inscription on the rough-hewn granite block set to mark the spot reads "Frank Wild 1873–1939, Shackleton's right-hand man." Wild's relatives and Shackleton's only granddaughter, the Hon Alexandra Shackleton, attended a service conducted by the Rev Dr Richard Hines, rector of the Falkland Islands. The writer Angie Butler discovered the ashes in the vault of Braamfontein Cemetery, Johannesburg, while researching her book The Quest For Frank Wild. She said "His ashes will now be where they were always supposed to be. It just took them a long time getting there".[11]

Falklands War

During the Falklands War, Grytviken was captured by Argentine forces in early April 1982 following a brief battle with Royal Marines. The Royal Marines, SAS and SBS retook the settlement three weeks later without a shot being fired in return.

Supported by the corvette ARA Guerrico on 3 April 1982, the ARA Bahía Paraíso landed a party of Argentine marines who attacked the platoon of 22 Royal Marines deployed at Grytviken. The two-hour battle resulted in the ARA Guerrico being damaged and an Argentine Puma helicopter shot down. The Argentine forces sustained 3 men killed and a similar number of wounded, with one wounded on the British side. The British commanding officer Lieutenant Keith Mills was awarded a Distinguished Service Cross for the defence of South Georgia. While the British Magistrate and other civilians and military present in Grytviken were removed from South Georgia, another 15 Britons remained beyond Argentine reach. The losses suffered at Grytviken prevented Argentina from occupying the rest of the island, with Bird Island base, and field camps at Schlieper Bay, Lyell Glacier and St. Andrew's Bay remaining under British control.

On 25 April, the Royal Navy damaged and captured the Argentine submarine ARA Santa Fe at South Georgia. The Argentine garrison in Grytviken surrendered without returning fire. The following day the detachment in Leith Harbour commanded by Captain Alfredo Astiz also surrendered. Finally, the Argentine personnel were removed from the South Sandwich Islands by HMS Endurance on 20 June. Due to evidence of an unauthorised visit, the closed station Corbeta Uruguay was destroyed in January 1983.

Current situation

Panorama view of Grytviken
South Georgia Museum, Grytviken

Along with the surrounding area, the station has been declared an Area of Special Tourist Interest (ASTI).

Grytviken is a popular stop for cruise ships visiting Antarctica, and tourists usually land to visit Shackleton's grave. The South Georgia Museum is housed in the manager's house of the former whaling station, and is open during the summer tourist season.

The station's church is the only building which retains its original purpose, and is still used occasionally for services. There have been several marriages in Grytviken, the first being registered on 24 February 1932, between A.G.N. Jones and Vera Riches, more recently on 19 February 2006, between Peter W. Damisch and Lesley J. Friedsam.[12] and most recently on 18 November 2009, between Remco Masmeijer and Sabine Lokin from the Netherlands, who are said to be the 12th couple ever to get married here. On 28 January 2007, a service was conducted in remembrance of Anders Hansen (a Norwegian whaler buried at Grytviken Cemetery in 1943) and to celebrate his great-great-grandson Axel Wattø Eide's baptism occurring in Oslo the same day.

Geography

Climate

Grytviken has a tundra climate (Köppen ET).

Climate data for Grytviken, South Georgia, 1901–1950 (Sunshine 1931–1960)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 24.5
(76.1)		 26.5
(79.7)		 28.8
(83.8)		 19.1
(66.4)		 17.5
(63.5)		 14.0
(57.2)		 13.6
(56.5)		 13.2
(55.8)		 17.0
(62.6)		 20.0
(68)		 22.5
(72.5)		 21.5
(70.7)		 28.8
(83.8)
Average high °C (°F) 8.4
(47.1)		 9.1
(48.4)		 8.4
(47.1)		 5.6
(42.1)		 2.9
(37.2)		 0.9
(33.6)		 1.2
(34.2)		 1.5
(34.7)		 3.5
(38.3)		 5.4
(41.7)		 6.5
(43.7)		 7.5
(45.5)		 5.08
(41.13)
Average low °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5)		 1.7
(35.1)		 1.0
(33.8)		 −0.8
(30.6)		 −3.1
(26.4)		 −4.6
(23.7)		 −4.7
(23.5)		 −4.9
(23.2)		 −3.3
(26.1)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 −0.5
(31.1)		 0.4
(32.7)		 −1.6
(29.13)
Record low °C (°F) −4.1
(24.6)		 −3.7
(25.3)		 −6.3
(20.7)		 −9.8
(14.4)		 −11.4
(11.5)		 −14.6
(5.7)		 −15.2
(4.6)		 −19.2
(−2.6)		 −18.4
(−1.1)		 −11
(12)		 −6.4
(20.5)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 −19.2
(−2.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 92.0
(3.622)		 114.0
(4.488)		 136.0
(5.354)		 139.0
(5.472)		 137.0
(5.394)		 135.0
(5.315)		 149.0
(5.866)		 149.0
(5.866)		 92.0
(3.622)		 80.0
(3.15)		 93.0
(3.661)		 88.0
(3.465)		 1,394
(54.882)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 152 160 127 66 34 12 22 74 123 171 174 167 1,282
Percent possible sunshine - - - - - - - - - - - - 29
Source #1: Globalbioclimatics/S.Rivas-Martínez[13]
Source #2: DMI/Danish Meteorology Institute[14]

See also

References

  1. ↑ J.G.Andersson. Antarctic. Stockholm: Saxon & Lindström, 1944. pp. 192.
  2. ↑ H. J. G. Dartnall; E. D. Hollowday (1985). Antarctic Rotifers. British Antarctic Survey.
  3. ↑ Robert Headland (21 May 1992). The Island of South Georgia. CUP Archive. pp. 63–. ISBN 978-0-521-42474-5.
  4. ↑ Tony Wheeler (2004). The Falklands & South Georgia Island. Lonely Planet. pp. 149–. ISBN 978-1-74059-643-5.
  5. ↑ Gordon Gray (4 March 2015). Polar Voyages. Amberley Publishing Limited. pp. 118–. ISBN 978-1-4456-4749-4.
  6. ↑ René Kœhler (1923). Astéries Et Ophiures. P.A. Norstedt & söner. p. 36.
  7. ↑ Melanie Challenger (6 October 2011). On Extinction: How We Became Estranged from Nature. Granta Publications. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-1-84708-392-0.
  8. ↑ Ian B. Hart (2001). Pesca: The History of Compañia Argentina de Pesca Sociedad Anónima of Buenos Aires : an Account of the Pioneer Modern Whaling and Sealing Company in the Antarctic. Aidan Ellis. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-85628-299-7.
  9. ↑ R.K. Headland, The Island of South Georgia, Cambridge University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-521-25274-1
  10. ↑ British Antarctic Survey (1962), Scientific reports, vol. 101–105, British Antarctic Survey, p. 44, OCLC 10362390
  11. ↑ "Forgotten hero Frank Wild of Antarctic exploration finally laid to rest, beside his 'boss' Sir Ernest Shackleton". Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-06-13.
  12. ↑ "Vows – Lesley Friedsam and Peter Damisch". New York Times. 2006-03-19. Retrieved 2014-07-09.
  13. ↑ "Temp/Rain 1901–1950". Globalbioclimatics. Apr 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  14. ↑ "Sunshine 1931–1960 [page 242]" (PDF). DMI.DK. Apr 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
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