Pappy Boyington

Pappy Boyington
     A light blue neck ribbon with a gold star shaped medallion hanging from it. The ribbon is similar in shape to a bowtie with 13 white stars in the center of the ribbon.
Major Gregory "Pappy" Boyington (World War II photo)
Birth name Gregory Boyington
Other name(s) Gregory Hallenbeck
Nickname(s) Pappy, Gramps
Born (1912-12-04)December 4, 1912
Coeur d'Alene, Idaho
Died January 11, 1988(1988-01-11) (aged 75)
Fresno, California
Place of burial Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance  United States of America
 China
Service/branch  United States Marine Corps
 Republic of China Air Force
Years of service 1934–1947
Rank  Colonel
Commands held VMF-112
VMF-214
Battles/wars Second Sino-Japanese War
World War II  (Solomon Islands)
Awards Medal of Honor
Navy Cross
Purple Heart Medal
Presidential Unit Citation (2)

Gregory "Pappy" Boyington (December 4, 1912 – January 11, 1988) was an American combat pilot who was a United States Marine Corps fighter ace during World War II. He received both the Medal of Honor and the Navy Cross.

Boyington was initially a P-40 Warhawk fighter pilot with the legendary "Flying Tigers" (1st American Volunteer Group) in the Republic of China Air Force in Burma at the end of 1941 and part of 1942, during the military conflict between China and Japan, and the beginning of World War II.

In September 1942, he rejoined the Marine Corps (he had been an aviator before the war). In early 1943, he deployed to the South Pacific and began flying combat missions as a Marine F4U Corsair fighter pilot. In September 1943, he took command of U.S. Marine Corps fighter squadron VMF-214 ("Black Sheep"). In January 1944, Boyington, outnumbered by Japanese "Zero" planes, was shot down into the Pacific Ocean after downing one of the enemy planes. He was captured by a Japanese submarine crew and was held as a prisoner of war for more than a year and a half. He was released shortly after the surrender of Japan, and a few days before the official surrender documents were signed.

The television series Baa Baa Black Sheep was inspired by Boyington and his men in the "Black Sheep" squadron. It ran for two seasons in the late 1970s.

Early life

Born on December 4, 1912 in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho,[1][2] He moved with his family to the logging town of St. Maries at age three and lived there until age twelve.[3] He then lived in Tacoma, Washington, where he was a wrestler at Lincoln High School.[1] He took his first flight at St. Maries when he was six years old, with Clyde Pangborn,[4] who later flew the Pacific non-stop.[1]

After graduation from high school in 1930, Boyington attended the University of Washington in Seattle, where he was a member of the Army ROTC and joined the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity.[1] He was on the Husky wrestling and swimming teams, and for a time he held the Pacific Northwest Intercollegiate middleweight wrestling title. He spent his summers working in Washington in a mining camp and at a logging camp, and with the Coeur d'Alene Fire Protective Association in road construction. He graduated in 1934 with a B.S. in aeronautical engineering. Boyington married shortly after graduation and worked as a draftsman and engineer for Boeing in Seattle.[1]

In the spring of 1935, he applied for flight training under the Aviation Cadet Act, but he discovered that it excluded married men.[5] Boyington had grown up as Gregory Hallenbeck, and assumed his stepfather, Ellsworth J. Hallenbeck, was his father.[2][6][7]

When he obtained a copy of his birth certificate, however, he learned that his father was actually Charles Boyington, a dentist, and that his parents had divorced when he was an infant.[3] As there was no record that someone named Gregory Boyington had ever been married, he enrolled as U.S. Marine Corps aviation cadet using that name.[8]

Military career

Boyington had begun his military training in college as a member of Army ROTC and became a cadet captain. He was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army Coast Artillery Reserve in June 1934, and then served two months of active duty with the 630th Coast Artillery at Fort Worden, Washington.

U.S. Marine Corps

On June 13, 1935, he managed to transfer to the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve. He returned to inactive duty on July 16 that year.[1] On February 18, 1936, Boyington accepted an appointment as an aviation cadet in the Marine Corps Reserve. He was assigned to Naval Air Station, Pensacola, Florida, for flight training. Boyington was designated a Naval Aviator on March 11, 1937, then transferred to Quantico, Virginia, for duty with Aircraft One, Fleet Marine Force. He was discharged from the Marine Corps Reserve on July 1, 1937 in order to accept a second lieutenant's commission in the regular Marine Corps the following day.[1]

Boyington attended the Basic School in Philadelphia from July 1938 to January 1939. On completion of the course, he was assigned to the 2nd Marine Aircraft Group at the San Diego Naval Air Station. He took part in fleet problems off the aircraft carriers USS Lexington and USS Yorktown. Promoted to first lieutenant on November 4, 1940, Boyington returned to Pensacola as an instructor in December.[1]

Flying Tigers

Boyington resigned his commission in the Marine Corps on August 26, 1941, to accept a position with the Central Aircraft Manufacturing Company (CAMCO). CAMCO was a civilian firm that contracted to staff a Special Air Unit to defend China and the Burma Road. This later became known as the American Volunteer Group (AVG), the famed Flying Tigers in Burma. During his time with the Tigers, Boyington became a flight leader. He was frequently in trouble with the commander of the outfit, Claire Chennault. Boyington was officially credited with 2 Japanese aircraft destroyed in the air and 1.5 on the ground, but AVG records suggest that one additional ground "kill" may have been due to him. (He afterward claimed six victories as a Tiger, but there is no substantiation for that figure, and aircraft destroyed on the ground normally do not count as victories.) In April 1942, he broke his contract with the American Volunteer Group and returned on his own to the United States.

Vought F4U-1A Corsair, BuNo 17883, of Gregory "Pappy" Boyington, the commander of VMF-214, Vella Lavella end of 1943

U.S. Marine Corps

On September 29, 1942, he rejoined the Marine Corps and managed to gain a major's commission.[1] The Marine Corps needed experienced combat pilots and in early 1943, he was assigned to Marine Aircraft Group 11 of the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing and deployed to the South Pacific as Executive Officer of Marine Fighter Squadron 122 operating from Guadalcanal until April 1943. While assigned to VMF-122, Boyington did not gain any victories. He became commander of Marine Fighter Squadron 112 from July to August 1943. In September 1943, he became Commanding Officer (CO) of Marine Fighter Squadron 214, better known by its nickname, the "Black Sheep Squadron."[1]

Boyington received the nickname "Gramps", because at age 31, he was a decade older than most of the Marines serving under him. The name "Gramps" was changed to "Pappy" in a variation on "The Whiffenpoof Song" whose new lyrics had been written by Paul "Moon" Mullen, one of his pilots, and this version was picked up by war correspondents.[1]

Boyington is best known for his exploits in the Vought F4U Corsair in VMF-214. During periods of intense activity in the Russell Islands-New Georgia and Bougainville-New Britain-New Ireland areas, Boyington added to his total almost daily. During his squadron's first tour of combat duty, he shot down 14 enemy fighter planes in 32 days. By December 27, his record had climbed to 25.[1]

A typical feat was his attack on Kahili airdrome at the southern tip of Bougainville on October 17, 1943. Boyington and 24 fighters circled the field, where 60 hostile aircraft were based, goading the enemy into sending up a large force. In the fierce battle that followed, 20 enemy aircraft were shot down, while the Black Sheep returned to their base without loss.[1]

Boyington’s squadron, flying from the island of Vella Lavella, offered to down a Japanese Zero for every baseball cap sent to them by major league players in the World Series. They received 20 caps and shot down more than that number of enemy aircraft.

On January 3, 1944, he tied World War I ace Eddie Rickenbacker's record of 26 enemy planes destroyed, before he was himself shot down.[4][9][10]

On that mission, forty-eight American fighters, including four planes from the Black Sheep Squadron, were sent on a sweep over Rabaul. Boyington was tactical commander of the flight and arrived over the target at eight o'clock AM. He was seen to shoot down his 26th plane, but he then became mixed in the general melee of dogfighting planes and was not seen or heard from during the battle, nor did he return with his squadron. Boyington's wingman, Captain George Ashmun, was killed in action.[1] In later years, Masajiro "Mike" Kawato claimed to have been the pilot who shot down Boyington. He described the combat in two books and numerous public appearances (often with Boyington), but this claim was eventually "disproven," though Kawato repeated his story until his death. Kawato was present during the action in which Boyington was shot down, as one of 70 Japanese fighters which engaged about 30 American fighters.[11]

POW

Following a determined but futile search, Boyington was declared missing in action (MIA).[10] He had been picked up by a Japanese submarine and became a prisoner of war. (The submarine was sunk 13 days after picking him up.) According to Boyington's autobiography, he was never accorded official P.O.W. status by the Japanese and his captivity was not reported to the Red Cross.[12] He spent the rest of the war, some 20 months, in Japanese prison camps. After being held temporarily at Rabaul and then Truk, where he survived the massive U.S. Navy raid known as "Operation Hailstone", he was transported first to Ōfuna and finally to Ōmori Prison Camp near Tokyo. During that time he was selected for temporary promotion to the rank of lieutenant colonel. A fellow American prisoner of war was Medal of Honor recipient submarine captain Richard O'Kane.[1] At Ōfuna Boyington was interned with the former Olympic distance runner and downed aviator lieutenant Louis Zamperini.[13]

On August 29, 1945,[12] after the atomic bombs and the Japanese capitulation, Boyington was liberated from Japanese custody at Omori Prison Camp. Boyington returned to the United States at Naval Air Station Alameda on September 12, 1945, where he was met by 21 former squadron members from VMF-214.[14][15] That night a party for him was held at the St. Francis Hotel in downtown San Francisco that was covered by Life Magazine in its issue Oct. 1, 1945. The coverage of the party marked the first time that the magazine had ever shown people consuming alcohol.[16] Prior to his arrival, on September 6, he accepted his temporary lieutenant colonel's commission in the Marine Corps.[1]

Post World War II

Boyington shortly after receiving the Medal of Honor

Shortly after his return to the U.S., as a lieutenant colonel,[14][17] Boyington was ordered to Washington to receive the nation's highest honor — the Medal of Honor — from the President. The medal had been awarded by the late president, Franklin D. Roosevelt in March 1944 and held in the capital until such time as he could receive it. On October 4, 1945, Boyington received the Navy Cross from the Commandant of the Marine Corps for the Rabaul raid. On October 5, "Nimitz Day," he and some other sailors and Marines who were also awarded the Medal of Honor, were presented their medals at the White House by President Harry S. Truman.[1]

Following the receipt of his Medal of Honor and Navy Cross, Boyington made a Victory Bond Tour. Originally ordered to the Marine Corps Schools, Quantico, he was later directed to report to the Commanding General, Marine Air West Coast, Marine Corps Air Depot, Miramar, San Diego, California. He retired from the Marine Corps on August 1, 1947, and because he was specially commended for the performance of duty in actual combat, he was promoted to colonel.[1]

Later life

Boyington was a tough, hard-living character known for being unorthodox. He was also a heavy drinker, which plagued him in the years after the war, and possibly contributed to his multiple divorces. He freely admitted that during the two years he spent as a P.O.W. his health improved, due to the enforced sobriety. He worked various civilian jobs, including refereeing and participating in professional wrestling matches.[1]

Author

Boyington wrote his autobiography, Baa Baa Black Sheep, published in 1958.[18][19] He also wrote a novel about the AVG. Tonya is a spy story with characters who evoked actual individuals, sometimes by transposing the syllables of their names ("Ross Dicky" for Dick Rossi, for example).[1][20]

TV series

Many people know him from the mid-1970s television show Baa Baa Black Sheep, a drama about the Black Sheep squadron based very loosely on Boyington's memoir, with Boyington portrayed by Robert Conrad.[21][22] Like Chuck Yeager in the movie The Right Stuff (1983), Pappy had a short walk-on role, as a visiting general for two episodes in the first season ("The Deadliest Enemy of All: Part 2" and "The Fastest Gun") and one episode in the second season ("Ten'll Get You Five") of the show.

Many of Boyington's men were irate over the show, charging it was mostly fiction and presented a glamorized portrayal of Boyington. On the television show, Boyington was depicted as owning a bull terrier dog, named "Meatball". However, he was heard commenting at a 1970s Experimental Aircraft Association air show book signing that if he did have a dog at the time, it wouldn't have been such "an ugly" dog. Boyington frequently told interviewers and audiences that the television series was fiction and only slightly related to fact, calling it "hogwash and Hollywood hokum".[23]

Publicity

While paintings and publicity photographs often show Boyington with aircraft number 86 "LuluBelle" covered in victory flags, he had not flown this in combat. In fact, he rarely flew the same aircraft more than a few times. Reportedly, he would choose the F4U in the worst shape, so that none of his pilots would be afraid to fly their own aircraft.[1]

A publicity photo taken of Boyington in F4U-1A Corsair number 86 was taken at Espiritu Santo (code named BUTTON), in the New Hebrides on 26 November 1943. It was taken while VMF-214 was on R&R, between VMF-214s first and second combat tours with Boyington as the commanding officer. Though Boyington claimed after the war that the name of the plane was "LuluBelle", according to Bruce Gamble's analysis, it was most likely called "LucyBelle". VMF-214 had previously served two combat tours in the Solomon Islands before Boyington assumed command of the squadron.[1]

Museum Corsair

He visited the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility, coincidentally just as the Museum's F4U Corsair left the restoration shop. According to docents who witnessed the occasion, Boyington climbed into the cockpit "for old time's sake" and attempted to start the engine. He autographed the Corsair with a magic marker in one of the landing gear wells, saying, in effect, that it was a Corsair in the best condition he'd ever seen. Years later that same Corsair hangs from the ceiling at the NASM Dulles Annex, and Boyington's autograph is visible from floor level to the sharp-eyed.[1]

TV appearance

In 1957, he appeared as a guest contestant on the television panel show To Tell The Truth. In 1976 Boyington appeared on NBC's Today Show with actor Robert Conrad and was interviewed about the new NBC drama Baa Baa Black Sheep.[24]

Family

Boyington had three children by his first wife.[17] One daughter (Janet Boyington) committed suicide;[25] one son (Gregory Boyington, Jr.) graduated from the U.S. Air Force Academy in 1960 and retired from the U.S. Air Force as a lieutenant colonel.[26]

Death

A heavy smoker for years, Boyington died in his sleep on January 11, 1988, at the age of 75 in Fresno, California. He had battled cancer since the 1960s.[27]

He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery on January 15 in plot 7A-150 with full honors accorded to a Medal of Honor recipient, including a missing man fly-by conducted by the F-4 Phantom IIs of the Marine detachment at Andrews Air Force Base.[28] Before his flight from Fresno, VMA-214 (the current incarnation of the Black Sheep Squadron) did a flyby. They intended to perform a missing man formation, but one of the four aircraft suffered a mechanical problem.[29]

After the burial service for Boyington, one of his friends, Fred Losch, looked down at the headstone next to which he was standing, that of boxing legend Joe Louis, and remarked that "Ol' Pappy wouldn't have to go far to find a good fight."[30]

Military awards

Boyington's military decorations and awards include:

A light blue ribbon with five white five pointed stars
Bronze star
Bronze star
Silver star
Naval Aviator insignia
Medal of Honor Navy Cross Purple Heart Medal
Presidential Unit Citation w/  3⁄16" bronze star Prisoner of War Medal American Defense Service Medal w/  3⁄16" bronze star
American Campaign Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal w/  3⁄16" silver star World War II Victory Medal

Medal of Honor citation

Boyington's Medal of Honor citation reads:

"The President of the United States in the name of The Congress takes pleasure in presenting the MEDAL OF HONOR to

MAJOR GREGORY BOYINGTON

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE

for service as set forth in the following

CITATION:

For extraordinary heroism above and beyond the call of duty as Commanding Officer of Marine Fighting Squadron TWO FOURTEEN in action against enemy Japanese forces in Central Solomons Area from September 12, 1943 to January 3, 1944. Consistently outnumbered throughout successive hazardous flights over heavily defended hostile territory, Major Boyington struck at the enemy with daring and courageous persistence, leading his squadron into combat with devastating results to Japanese shipping, shore installations and aerial forces. Resolute in his efforts to inflict crippling damage on the enemy, Major BOYINGTON led a formation of twenty-four fighters over Kahili on October 17, and, persistently circling the airdrome where sixty hostile aircraft were grounded, boldly challenged the Japanese to send up planes. Under his brilliant command, our fighters shot down twenty enemy craft in the ensuing action without the loss of a single ship. A superb airman and determined fighter against overwhelming odds, Major BOYINGTON personally destroyed 26 of the many Japanese planes shot down by his squadron and by his forceful leadership developed the combat readiness in his command which was a distinctive factor in the Allied aerial achievements in this vitally strategic area.

FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT

Source:[31]

Personal honors

Boyington's personal honors include:

Airport renaming

In August 2007, the Coeur d'Alene airport was renamed the "Coeur d'Alene Airport–Pappy Boyington Field" in his honor and dedicated the following month.[32][33][34][35] An independent documentary film called Pappy Boyington Field was produced by filmmaker Kevin Gonzalez in 2008, chronicling the grassroots campaign to add the commemorative name.[36] The film showcases many of the local veterans who were involved with the campaign, as well as the personal insights into Boyington's life provided by his son, Gregory Boyington, Jr., and the actor Robert Conrad, who portrayed him in the television series. The documentary film has been reviewed by the Marines.

University of Washington Medal of Honor Memorial

In February 2006, a resolution recommending a memorial be erected to honor Boyington for his service during World War II was raised and defeated at the University of Washington[37] (Boyington's alma mater) during a meeting of the Associated Students of the University of Washington's Student Senate.[38] Some people did not believe the resolution's sponsor had fully addressed the financial and logistical problems of installing a memorial, and some were questioning the widely held assumption that all warriors and acts of war are automatically worthy of memorialization. The story was picked up by some blogs and conservative news outlets, focusing on two statements made by student senators during the meeting.[39] One student senator, Ashley Miller, said that the UW already had many monuments to "rich, white men" (Boyington claimed partial Sioux ancestry[40] and was not rich);[2] another, Jill Edwards, questioned whether the UW should memorialize a person who killed others, summarized in the minutes as saying "she didn't believe a member of the Marine Corps was an example of the sort of person UW wanted to produce."[41]

After its defeat, a new version of the original resolution was submitted that called for a memorial to all eight UW alumni who received the Medal of Honor.[42][43] On April 4, 2006, the resolution passed by a vote of 64 to 14 with several abstentions, on a roll call vote. The University of Washington Medal of Honor memorial was constructed at the south end of Memorial Way (17th Ave NE), north of Red Square, in the interior of a traffic circle between Parrington and Kane Halls (47°39′26″N 122°18′35″W / 47.6573°N 122.3097°W / 47.6573; -122.3097). Privately funded, it was completed in time for a Veterans Day dedication in November 2009.[44] In addition to Boyington, it honors Deming Bronson, Bruce Crandall, Robert Galer, John Hawk, Robert Leisy, William Nakamura, and Archie Van Winkle.[45][46][47]

Ordinary individuals
facing extraordinary circumstances
with courage and selflessness
answer the call
and change the course of destiny.
                               Medal of Honor

Boyington was inducted into the Naval Aviation Hall of Honor in 1994, located at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida.

See also

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps.

Specific
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 "Colonel Gregory Boyington, USMCR". Who's Who in Marine Corps History. History Division, United States Marine Corps. Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2007-10-21.
  2. 1 2 3 Muir, Florabel (July 16, 1967). "Pappy Boiyngton is ill, destitute". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. (New York News). p. 12.
  3. 1 2 Geissler, Jessie (January 10, 1944). "Missing Marine ace made first flight when only 8". Milwaukee Journal. Associated Press.
  4. 1 2 Price, Bem (February 22, 1944). "Who'll break the 26 jinx, shoot down more planes?". Milwaukee Journal. (U.S. Marine Corps).
  5. ↑ Gamble, Bruce. Black Sheep One: The Life of Gregory "Pappy" Boyington. p. 49.
  6. ↑ "Pappy's mother visitor in city". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Washington. November 17, 1945. p. 3.
  7. ↑ "Ace 'Pappy' Boyington dies at 75". Spokane Chronicle. Washington. January 11, 1988. p. C5.
  8. ↑ Gamble, Bruce. Black Sheep One: The Life of Gregory "Pappy" Boyington. p. 51.
  9. ↑ "Major Boyington, Marine air hero, missing in action". The Evening Independent. St. Petersburg, Florida. Associated Press. January 7, 1944. p. 9.
  10. 1 2 Hampson, Fred (May 23, 1944). "Boyington still alive, rumor over Pacific". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. p. 5.
  11. ↑ "Kawato Masajiro: The man who didn't shoot down Pappy Boyington", warbirdforum.com; retrieved April 11, 2006.
  12. 1 2 "Boyington, Marine ace, reported alive in Japan". Ellensburg Daily Record. Associated Press. August 29, 1945. p. 1.
  13. ↑ As recounted by Boyington in his book Baa baa, black sheep.
  14. 1 2 "Boyington welcomed by his "Black Sheep"". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Washington. United Press. September 12, 1945. p. 1.
  15. ↑ "'Pappy' Boyington meets old gang on his return". Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah. Associated Press. September 12, 1945. p. 5.
  16. ↑ Reed, Lost Black Sheep, p.86-7.
  17. 1 2 Starmont, Leon (September 24, 1945). "Okanogan crowd hails Boyington". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. p. 1.
  18. ↑ Cannel, Ward (October 2, 1958). "Brass irk Pappy Boyington, famed Marine pilot of war". Evening Independent. St. Petersburg, Florida. NEA. p. 3A.
  19. ↑ Boyington, Gregory "Pappy" (1958). Baa Baa BlackSheep. Wilson Press. ISBN 978-0686111092.
  20. ↑ Boyington, Colonel Gregory (1960). Tonya: A Novel (First ed.). The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc. ASIN B00225DQ20.
  21. ↑ "Ace 'Pappy' Boyington hero of new series". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Florida. UPI. April 25, 1976. p. 5B.
  22. ↑ "Black Sheep doing well: Boyington". Ocala Star-Banner. Florida. Associated Press. December 15, 1976. p. 8B.
  23. ↑ Bates, Tom (December 1986). "Black Sheep of the South Pacific". SOF's Action Series. Vol. II no. 6: Valor. Omega Group, Ltd. pp. 56–57.
  24. ↑ "This Day in History". mrdsneighborhood.com. 3 January 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
  25. ↑ Gamble, Bruce. Black Sheep One: The Life of Gregory "Pappy" Boyington. p. 423.
  26. ↑ "Marine ace 'Pappy' Boyington, North Idaho native, dies at 75". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. January 12, 1988. p. A8.
  27. ↑ Folkart, Burt A. (January 12, 1988). "Flying Ace Pappy Boyington, Who Shot Down 28 Zeros, Dies at 75". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 August 2011.
  28. ↑ "Boyington, Pappy Gregory". ww2gravestone.com.
  29. ↑ Gamble, Bruce. Black Sheep One: The Life of Gregory "Pappy" Boyington. p. 415.
  30. ↑ Gamble, Bruce. Black Sheep One: The Life of Gregory "Pappy" Boyington. p. 416.
  31. ↑ "Medal of Honor recipients". World War II (A–F). United States Army Center of Military History. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
  32. ↑ Curless, Erica (June 19, 2007). "Persistent Boyington backers try again". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. p. B1.
  33. ↑ Curless, Erica (August 8, 2007). "CdA airport renamed for 'Pappy'". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. p. B3.
  34. ↑ Prager, Mike (September 23, 2007). "In proud landing, it's Pappy Boyington Field". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. p. B1.
  35. ↑ Hagengruber, James (October 6, 2007). "Marines proud of airport's name". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. p. B1.
  36. ↑ Nicholas K. Geranios (2008-02-09). "Film tracks effort to honor 'Black Sheep' figure". Associated Press/USA Today.
  37. ↑ "A Resolution to Calling for a Tribute for Col. Gregory 'Pappy' Boyington, USMC", Resolution R-12-18, Associated Students of the University of Washington Student Senate, submitted 01/11/2006. (retrieved February 24, 2006)
  38. ↑ Boyington memorial — A word from the Senate, The Daily, February 17, 2006. (retrieved February 24, 2006)
  39. ↑ Flickinger, Christopher. "Marines Not Welcome at University of Washington", Human Events ", February 20, 2006.
  40. ↑ "Great Sioux Nation Medal of Honor Recipients". Lower Brule Sioux Tribe. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  41. ↑ UW Senate minutes
  42. ↑ Frey, Christine (February 21, 2006). "Boyington memorial for UW revisited". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  43. ↑ "A Resolution Calling a Memorial for UW Alumni awarded the Medal of Honor", Resolution R-12-16, Associated Students of the University of Washington Student Senate, submitted 02/17/2006.
  44. ↑ "Honoring the men behind the Medals of Honor with ceremony, exhibit ", University of Washington News, 10 November 2009.
  45. ↑ O'Donnell, Catherine (October 21, 2009). "New UW memorial honors alumni who hold the Congressional Medal of Honor". University of Washington. UW News. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  46. ↑ Broom, Jack (November 10, 2009). "UW to honor war heroes with Medal of Honor memorial". Seattle Times. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  47. ↑ "University of Washington Medal of Honor Memorial Dedication". U.S. Militaria Forum. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
Bibliography
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