West African giraffe

West African giraffe
Niger giraffe
Nigerian giraffe
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Giraffidae
Genus: Giraffa
Species: G. camelopardalis
Subspecies: G. c. peralta
Trinomial name
Giraffa camelopardalis peralta
Thomas, 1898
Range in blue-green (to the northwest)

The West African giraffe, Niger giraffe[1] or Nigerian giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis peralta) is a subspecies of the Northern giraffe distinguished by its light colored spots, which is found in the Sahel regions of West Africa.

In the 19th century it ranged from Senegal to Lake Chad,[2] yet in 2011 this subspecies only survives in a few isolated pockets containing about 400 individuals in total.[3] Its last self-sustaining herd is in southwest Niger, supported by a series of refuges in Dosso Region, and the tourist center at Kouré, some 80 km southeast of Niamey.[4][5][6] All captive so-called "West African giraffe" are now known to be the Kordofan giraffe (G. c. antiquorum).[2] The subspecies is listed as Endangered by the IUCN.

Evolutionary history

Older studies on giraffe subspecies have caused some researchers to question the separate status of G. c. peralta and the Kordofan giraffe (G. c. antiquorum). Genetic testing published in 2007[2][7] confirmed the distinctiveness of the West African giraffe. One of these publications revealed results, that have been interpreted to show that there may have been at least six cryptic species of giraffe that are reproductively isolated and not interbreeding, even though no natural obstacles, like mountain ranges or impassable rivers block their mutual access. In 2016, a comprehensive genetic analysis of all distinct phenotypes of giraffe indicated in the existence of four extant Giraffa species- the West African giraffe was thus placed as a subspecies into the new Northern giraffe species.[3]

Most captive giraffes from northwestern Africa are in French zoological parks, a result of the history of French colonialism in what was French West Africa. Those giraffes were formerly treated as G. c. peralta. However, since genetic analysis revealed that only giraffes to the west of Lake Chad belong to this subspecies, the populations in European zoos are in fact Kordofan giraffes (G. c. antiquorum). The West African giraffe is more closely related to the giraffes of East Africa than to those of Central Africa. Its ancestor may have migrated from East to North Africa during the Quaternary and then to West Africa with the development of the Sahara desert. At its largest, Lake Chad may have acted as a barrier between West African and Kordofan giraffes during the Holocene.[2]

Distribution and habitat

The Nigerian giraffe population relies upon seasonal migration between the relatively drought-resistant lowlands of the Niger River valley and the drier highlands near Kouré. In this area, Tiger bush habitat allows for bands of trees to thrive in climates which might otherwise become more typical desert.

Former range

Before World War I, at the time of European colonial administrations, West African giraffe lived in pockets right across the Sahel and savanna regions of West Africa. Population growth, involving more intensive farming and hunting, a series of dramatic droughts since the late 19th century, and environment destruction (both natural and human made) have all contributed to their dramatic decline. As late as the 1960s, prior to the Sahel drought that lasted right into the early 1980s, populations identified as G. c. peralta existed in Senegal, Niger, eastern Mali, northern Benin, northern Nigeria, southwest Chad and northern Cameroon. However, recent genetic research has shown that the populations from northern Cameroon and southern Chad actually are the Kordofan giraffe (G. c. antiquorum).[2] Therefore, the giraffes that remain in Waza National Park (Cameroon) belong to the Kordofan giraffe, while the only remaining viable population of the West African giraffe is in Niger.[2] In Niger, herds have been reported from the Agadez Region, and across the west and south of the country. Herds regularly traveled into the Gao Region of Mali as well and throughout the Niger River valley of Niger. Drought struck again in the 1980s and 1990s, and in 1991 there were less than 100 in the nation, with the largest herd in the western Dosso Region numbering less than 50, and scattered individuals along the Niger River valley moving from Benin to Mali, and clinging to the W National Park and nearby reserves.[6]

Ecology and behaviour

The West African giraffe survive primarily on a diet of leaves from Acacia albida and Hyphaene thebaica as well as Annona senegalensis, Parinari macrophylla, Piliostigma reticulatum, and Balanites aegyptiaca.[6] In the late 1990s, an anti-desertification project for the area around Niamey encouraged the development of woodcutting businesses. An unintended effect of this was the destruction of much Tiger bush and giraffe habitat within the region. The Nigerian government has since moved to limit woodcutting in the area.[8]

Conservation

West African giraffe near Kouré, Niger

Conservation efforts since the 1990s have led to a sizable growth in population, though largely limited to the single Dosso herd. From a low of 50 individuals, in 2007 there were some 175 wild individuals,[9] 250 in 2010, and 310 in the Nigerien government's 2011 count.[4] There are now about 400 to 450 wild individuals as of 2016.[3][10] Intensive efforts have been made within Niger, especially in the area just north of the Dosso Partial Faunal Reserve. From there, the largest existing herd migrate seasonally to the drier highlands along the Dallol Bosso valley, as far north as Kouré, some 80 km southeast of Niamey. This area, though under little formal regulation, is the centre for Nigerien and international efforts to maintain habitat, smooth relations between the herd and area farmers, and provide opportunities for tourism, organised by the Association to Safeguard Giraffes in Niger.[5]

References

  1. 1 2 IUCN 2008 Red List - Giraffa camelopardalis ssp. peralta
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alexandre Hassanin, Anne Ropiquet, Anne-Laure Gourmand, Bertrand Chardonnet, Jacques Rigoulet : Mitochondrial DNA variability in Giraffa camelopardalis: consequences for taxonomy, phylogeography and conservation of giraffes in West and central Africa. C. R. Biologies 330 (2007) 265–274. online abstract
  3. 1 2 3 http://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(16)30787-4
  4. 1 2 Niger : la population des girafes augmente de 24% en 2011 (officiel), Xinhua, 2012-03-01.
  5. 1 2 Giraffe Preservation in Niger - Courtesy of the A.S.G.N. (n.d.)
  6. 1 2 3 Mariama Galadima (2008-07-16). "Le Sanctuaire des Girafes". Centre d'Echange d'Informations sur la Biodiversité du Niger.
  7. ↑ David Brown, Rick A Brenneman, et al., "Extensive Population Genetic Structure in the Giraffe", BioMedCentral Biology. Reported in BBC News, "Not one but 'six giraffe species'", 21 December 2007 and in ScienceDaily, "Giraffes and Frogs Provide More Evidence of New Species Hidden in Plain Sight", 21 December 2007
  8. ↑ Jolijn Geels. Niger. Bradt UK/ Globe Pequot Press USA (2006) ISBN 978-1-84162-152-4
  9. ↑ Projet d’étude et de conservation des Girafes du Niger, Association pour la Sauvegarde des Girafes du Niger (2007).
  10. ↑ Friederike Müller-Jung (26 September 2016). "Niger: Giraffes Make an Impressive Comeback in Niger". AllAfrica.com. Retrieved 27 September 2016.

External links

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