George W. Randolph

George Randolph
3rd Confederate States Secretary of War
In office March 24, 1862 – November 15, 1862
President	Jefferson Davis
Preceded by	Judah Benjamin
Succeeded by	James Seddon
Personal details
Born	(1818-03-10)March 10, 1818 Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.
Died	April 3, 1867(1867-04-03) (aged 49) Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Alma mater	University of Virginia
Religion	Episcopal

George Wythe Randolph (March 10, 1818 – April 3, 1867) was a lawyer, planter, and Confederate general. He served for eight months in 1862 as the Confederate States Secretary of War during the American Civil War, when he reformed procurement, wrote the conscription law, and strengthened western defenses. He was President Thomas Jefferson's youngest grandson by his daughter Martha Jefferson Randolph.

Biography

Randolph was born in 1818 at Monticello near Charlottesville, Virginia, to Martha Jefferson Randolph, the daughter of U.S. President Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., a descendant of Pocahontas and John Rolfe' son, Thomas Rolfe. Their youngest son, he was named in honor of George Wythe, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and law professor of his grandfather Thomas Jefferson. He was also related to the seventh governor of Virginia, Edmund Randolph, who served in George Washington's cabinet as the first Attorney General of the United States, as well as colonist William Randolph through both his mother and father's sides of the family.

Randolph briefly attended preparatory schools in Cambridge, Massachusetts and Washington, DC, where his mother sent him for distance from family troubles. His father had incurred much debt. He served as a midshipman in the United States Navy from 1831 to 1839 and began attending the University of Virginia while in the service.

Marriage and family

On April 10, 1852, he married the young widow Mary Elizabeth Adams Pope (1830–1867). They had no children.^[1]

Career

After studying at the University of Virginia, Randolph "read the law" with an established firm and was admitted to the bar in 1840. He practiced law in Charlottesville, Virginia, and he and Mary lived at his plantation of Edgehill. They moved to the capital of Richmond in 1849. He became active in the community as well as having his law practice. He founded the Richmond Mechanics' Institute and was an officer in the Virginia Historical Society.^[2]

As the Confederacy formed after southern states' secession, the United States divided into two hostile camps and the sections moved toward open conflict. A special delegation, composed of Randolph, William B. Preston and Alexander H.H. Stuart, traveled to Washington, D.C. where they met President Abraham Lincoln on April 12, 1861. Finding the President firm in his resolve to hold the Federal forts in the South, the three men returned to Richmond on April 15.^[2]

George W. Randolph depicted on a 1863 Confederate $100 banknote (with Lucy Pickens).

Randolph was commissioned a major in the Confederate Army, and later served as a colonel of the artillery in the Battle of Big Bethel. He was promoted to brigadier general on February 12, 1862. Mary Randolph was active in the Richmond Ladies Association, which organized welfare and relief for the war effort.^[2]

Randolph was appointed by Jefferson Davis as Secretary of War on March 18, 1862, and he took office on March 24, 1862. He helped reform the department, improving procurement and writing a conscription law similar to one he had created for Virginia. He was most well known for his strengthening the Confederacy's western and southern defenses, but came into conflict with Jefferson Davis over this. With weakening health due to tuberculosis (TB), he resigned on November 17, 1862.^[2]

Post-Civil War

In 1864, Randolph took his family to exile in Europe, staying in England and France. They returned to Virginia in 1866. He died of tuberculosis in March 1867 at his Edgehill plantation.^[2] He is buried at Monticello in the Jefferson family graveyard.

Legacy and honors

• Randolph was portrayed on the $100 bill printed by the Confederate States of America.

See also

List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)

Notes

References

• Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
• Goldberg, David E. "George Wythe Randolph (1818–1867).", Encyclopedia Virginia, Ed. Brendan Wolfe. 6 Apr. 2011. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities, accessed 6 April 2011.
• Moore, Richard Channing. "Genealogy of the Page Family in Virginia."
• Sifakis, Stewart. Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8160-1055-4.
• Warner, Ezra J. Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959. ISBN 978-0-8071-0823-9.

Further reading

• Daniels, Jonathan. The Randolphs of Virginia: America's Foremost Family, Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1972.
• Janney, Caroline E. Burying the Dead but Not the Past: Ladies' Memorial Associations and the Lost Cause, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2008.
• Shackelford, George. George Wythe Randolph and the Confederate Elite, Athens, Georgia and London: University of Georgia Press, 1988.

External links

• Media related to George W. Randolph at Wikimedia Commons
• "George W. Randolph". Find a Grave. Retrieved 2008-02-13. 

Cabinet of President Jefferson Davis (1861–65)
Vice President	Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65)
Secretary of State	Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65)
Secretary of the Treasury	Christopher Memminger (1861–64) George A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865)
Secretary of War	Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865)
Secretary of the Navy	Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65)
Postmaster General	John H. Reagan (1861–65)
Attorney General	Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65)