Gardena Willows Wetland Preserve

The Gardena Willows Wetland Preserve occupies 13.6 acres (55,000 m²) of land owned by the City of Gardena, in Los Angeles County, California. The preserve is the last intact remnant of the former Dominguez Slough, an important vernal marsh that once covered as much as 400 acres (1,600,000 m²) of this area, known as the South Bay region of Los Angeles County. The preserve has 9.4 acres (38,000 m²) of wetland and 4.2 acres (17,000 m²) of upland.^[1] The wetlands have a natural depression where water remains for such a significant time that plants and animals not adapted to water and saturated soils cannot survive.^[2] The upland, which remains dry outside of the rainy season, supports plants which thrive with these drier conditions. The slough is a part of the Dominguez Watershed, 96% of which is now covered with concrete and man-made structures.^[3] It is believed that the Tongva, the native people of this region, were able to commute by canoe around much of the area.^[4] Tongva villages were located throughout much of what is now Los Angeles and Orange Counties as well as islands just off the coast.^[5]

History

In 1918 a drainage canal off the Los Angeles River was the first construction project which ultimately led to the end of the Dominguez Slough. After the completion of this canal, during the next fifty years the slough was filled for various construction projects of the growing megalopolis of Los Angeles County.^[1] The Dominguez Channel was built in the 1920s to replace natural drainage provided by the slough; today the Channel drains about 62% of the area of the former Dominguez Watershed, focusing water into the Los Angeles Harbor.^[3][6] In the 1970s, two young Gardena residents became concerned about the mass destruction of willow trees they had witnessed during their short life-times. They sought a way to protect the remaining willows and ultimately contacted the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The Corps recognized the area as a waterway under their jurisdiction and provided federal protection against further destruction of the wetland and the upland immediately surrounding it.^[4] Today, eight of the preserve’s wetland acres remain under jurisdiction of the Corps while all 9.4 of the wetland acres are under California Department of Fish and Game jurisdiction. The hydrology, soils and native vegetation of the preserve determine these jurisdictional markers.^[1] The preserve was federally protected from exploitation by environmental laws of the 1960s and 1970s specific to the protection of wetlands.^[2] These environmental laws, such as the Clean Water Act, enacted in 1948 and substantially revised in 1972,^[7] reflected growing awareness of the unique ecology and environmental significance of wetlands.

Ecology

The preserve, a remnant wetland of a once-great watershed, is now surrounded by urbanity: 2 major freeways, 2 major boulevards and a large strip mall define its southern and eastern boundaries. A large residential area, 2 Senior housing complexes and a city park hug its northern and western boundaries.^[8] Today the Dominguez Watershed is a complex system of storm drains and flood control channels.^[9] The preserve’s wetlands are now fed by these storm drains, as well as by urban runoff and rain. It is possible that urban runoff, from activities such as excessive landscape irrigation and car washing, now brings water into the preserve in greater quantities and with greater regularity than occurred naturally. These factors may be favoring the growth of the "willow dominated riparian forest" (p I-8)^[1] and moving the preserve away from being a vernal marsh. Conversely, with this high density of urban markers, storm drains and urban runoff entering the preserve bring in nutrient-rich water, perfect for aquatic invasive species, such as water primrose (Ludwigia), a management challenge. If allowed to continue to invade the preserve, water primrose will soak up the water in the wetland and ultimately destroy the willows.^[10] Storm drains, boulevards and parking lots also bring in trash, which volunteers regularly clear out. In return, the native plants and soil of the preserve clean the storm drained water before sending it on to the Dominguez Channel which feeds to the Los Angeles Harbor and the Pacific Ocean.^[1]

The preserve's 9.4 wetland acres (38,000 m²) host three vegetative communities: willow riparian forest, freshwater emergent marsh and transition zone. Three species of willows are native to the preserve: Goodding's black willow (Salix gooddingii), which provides important canopy habitat, as well as arroyo willow (Salix lasiolepis) and narrow leaf willow (Salix exigua).^[11] On the 4.2 upland acres (17,000 m²), coastal prairie and scrublands are the native communities. With this much needed native vegetation, the preserve provides valuable habitat for various insects, amphibians—such as Pacific tree frogs, and reptiles—such as alligator lizards.^[1] It also provides a beacon for birds. At the 2010 Christmas Bird Count, a total of 315 birds representing 32 species were identified, including mallards, a peregrine falcon, a red-shouldered hawk and a downy woodpecker.^[8] While bird counts remain strong, any birds nesting at or near ground level at the preserve risk losing young to raccoons, nonnative squirrels and semi-feral cats. These predatory ground mammals may also reduce populations of amphibians and reptiles.

Visitor experience

Today, human activity in the preserve is focused on the upland acres which surround the wetlands, located in the center. The upland includes the Perimeter Trail, about  ³⁄₄ mile (1.2 km) long, from which the public can view the upland, wetlands and wildlife. From the Trail, the public can access the Overlook Deck and ZigZag Bridge, both of which afford closer views, without disturbing wetlands and wildlife. This basic infrastructure was built around 2001.^[1]

Since the 1970s the preserve has been federally protected under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. From then until 2006, occasional volunteer work days were organized at the preserve. However, dedicated management of the preserve did not begin until 2007, with the formation of the non-profit corporation, Friends of Gardena Willows Wetland Preserve, Inc. In January 2011, there were nine all-volunteer members of the board of directors. The preserve has no revenue stream, so there is no staff. As a result, the preserve is closed to the public except for two monthly events. The first event is Second Sunday Stroll. On the Second Sunday of every month, Board members open the preserve for the public from 1:00 – 4:00 pm. The Board sponsors a variety of activities on the Sunday Strolls to attract both children and adults into the preserve.^[8]

The second monthly event is 3rd Saturday Restoration, held from 8:00 – 11:00 am. For this event, Board members work with volunteers of all ages on removing invasive non-native species and tending newly planted natives.^[8] The Board has had great success at monoculture management. For example, a team of students from nearby California State University, Dominguez Hills has been trained to manage fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and castor bean (Ricinus communis), two formerly very invasive plants at the preserve. Monoculture management was begun in 2009. Within two years, all old stands of both fennel and castor bean had been cut to the ground. Since then, on Restoration days, the university students roam the preserve looking for new shoots of fennel and castor bean to cut to the ground.

In addition to these two monthly events held at the preserve, one board member, a biologist at CSU Dominguez Hills, teaches a native plant gardening class in Arthur Johnson Memorial Park, which is adjacent to the preserve. These classes are offered most months. All three of these regularly scheduled events are offered free of charge. The events are held with the stated goal of educating the public as to the importance of the preserve, how it fits into the larger environmental picture and how each person can contribute to the viability and health of this wetland preserve, a vestige of a once-great watershed.^[8]

See also

• Ballona Creek
• Los Angeles River
• Madrona Marsh

References

Coordinates: 33°52′30″N 118°17′35″W / 33.875°N 118.293°W / 33.875; -118.293