Four last things
Hieronymus Bosch's 1500 painting The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things. The four outer discs depict (clockwise from top left) Death, Judgment, Heaven, and Hell.
In Christian eschatology, the Four Last Things or four last things of man (Latin: quattuor novissima[1]) are Death, Judgment, Heaven, and Hell, the four last stages of the soul in life and the afterlife.[2][3] They are often commended as a collective topic for pious meditation; Saint Philip Neri wrote, "Beginners in religion ought to exercise themselves principally in meditation on the Four Last Things."[4] Traditionally, the sermons preached on the four Sundays of Advent were on the Four Last Things.[5]
The 1909 Catholic Encyclopedia states "The eschatological summary which speaks of the 'four last things' (death, judgment, heaven, and hell) is popular rather than scientific. For systematic treatment it is best to distinguish between (A) individual and (B) universal and cosmic eschatology".[6] Pope John Paul II wrote in 1984 that the "judgment" component encompasses both particular judgment and general judgment.[7]
Books
Numerous theologians and Christian apologists have written on the Four Last Things; published accounts include:
- Cordiale quattour novissimorum (15th century) attributed to Gerardus de Vliederhoven and to Denis le Chartreux ; translated into French by J. Mielot and thence into English as Cordiale, or Four Last Things by Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers in 1479[8]
- The Four Last Things (1522) by Thomas More; published posthumously
- The Four Last Things: Death, Judgment, Hell, and Heaven (1631) by Robert Bolton; published posthumously in 1639[9]
- The four last things : death, judgment, hell, heaven by Martin of Cochem[10]
- Four Last Things (1649) by William Sheppard, whose preface supported the Rump Parliament against the Presbyterians[11][12]
- Sinnliche Beschreibung der vier letzten Dinge ("A Sensuous Representation of the Four Last Things") (1675) by Angelus Silesius
- Four Last Things–Death, Judgment, Heaven, and Hell (1691) by William Bates[13]
- Myfyrdodau bucheddol ar y pedwar peth diweddaf ("Devout musings on the four last things") (1714) by John Morgan
- Thoughts upon the Four Last Things (1734) by Joseph Trapp[14]
- Four discourses on the four last things (1751) by Thomas Greene
- The Four Last Things (1960) by Harry Williams
Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange's L'eternelle vie et la profondeur de l'ame (1947) has been published in English as Life Everlasting: A Theological Treatise on the Four Last Things: Death, Judgement, Heaven, Hell (1991); however, the sections are "Soul immensity in our present life", "Death and judgement", "Hell", "Purgatory", and "Heaven".[15]
Artworks
The Four Last Things are a common theme of artistic and literary works as well as theological works.
| Work | Type | Creator | Year | Notes | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things | Painting | Hieronymus Bosch | c.1500 | ||
| Christ painting the Four Last Things in the Christian Heart | Engraving | Anton Wierix | 1585 | One of 18 copperplate engravings published as Cor Iesu amanti sacrum | [16][17] |
| "One Thing is Needful, or Serious Meditations upon the Four Last Things" | Poem | John Bunyan | 1683 | [18] | |
| "The Four Last Things" (German: Die vier letzten Dinge) | Sculpture | Anton Neu, based on ideas from the Asam brothers | 1751 | Stucco cartouches in the vestibule of Weltenburg Abbey chapel | [19] |
| "The Four Last Things" | Sculpture | Joseph Stammel | c.1760 | In Admont Abbey | [20] |
| "The Four Last Things" | Oratorio | Joseph Leopold Eybler | 1810 | German title Die vier letzten Dinge; HV 137 | [21] |
| "Die letzten Dinge" | Oratorio | Louis Spohr | 1826 | ||
| Cantata of the Last Things of Man | Cantata | Ladislav Vycpálek | 1920–22 | Czech title Kantáta o posledních věcech člověka | [22] |
| The Four Last Things | Poetry collection | Madeleva Wolff | 1959 | Poems with theological themes | |
| Unfinished | Film | Harry Everett Smith | 1990s | Intended as his masterwork | |
| "Die vier letzten Dinge (Quasi una Sinfonia da Requiem)" | Symphony | Horst Lohse | 1996–97 | For organ and orchestra | [23] |
References
- ↑ Mühling, Markus (2015-06-18). T&T Clark Handbook of Christian Eschatology. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 9780567655684. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ↑ Martin, Regis (1998). The Last Things: Death, Judgment, Hell, Heaven. Ignatius Press. p. 15. ISBN 9780898706628. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ↑ Pohle, Joseph (2006-02-03). Eschatology: or, The Catholic Doctrine of the Last Things: A Dogmatic Treatise. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 2. ISBN 9781597525626. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ↑ Bacci, Pietro Giacomo (1847). "Maxims and sayings". The Life of Saint Philip Neri, Apostle of Rome, and Founder of the Congregation of the Oratory. T. Richardson & Son. p. 444; February 18. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ↑ Cooper, Helen (1999). "The Four Last Things in Dante and Chaucer: Ugolino in the House of Rumour". In Scase, Wendy; Lawton, David; Copeland, Rita. New Medieval Literatures. 3. Clarendon Press. p. 39. ISBN 9780198186809. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ↑ "Eschatology". Catholic Encyclopedia. 1909. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ↑ John Paul II (2 December 1984). "Reconciliatio et Paenitentia". Apostolic Exhortations. Holy See. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ↑ Cox, Michael, editor, The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0-19-860634-6
- ↑ "Mr. Boltons last and learned worke of the foure last things, death, iudgement, hell and heaven. With his assises-sermons, and notes on Iustice Nicolls his funerall. Together with the life and death of the authour : Bolton, Robert, 1572-1631 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
- ↑ "The four last things : death, judgment, hell, heaven : Martin, von Cochem, 1634-1712 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive". Internet Archive. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
- ↑ Nancy L. Matthews (8 July 2004). William Sheppard, Cromwell's Law Reformer. Cambridge University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-521-89091-5.
- ↑ Blair Worden (5 May 1977). The Rump Parliament 1648-53. Cambridge University Press. pp. 120–. ISBN 978-0-521-29213-9.
- ↑ Bates, William. The Four Last Things, Death, Judgment, Heaven and Hell. Internet Archive. Manchester: S. Johnson. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ↑ Paulson, Ronald (2003-10-29). Hogarth's Harlot: Sacred Parody in Enlightenment England. JHU Press. p. 253. ISBN 9780801873911. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ↑ Garrigou-Lagrange, Réginald; Op, Fr Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange (1991). Life Everlasting and the Immensity of the Soul: A Theological Treatise on the Four Last Things : Death, Judgment, Heaven, Hell. Tan Books. ISBN 9780895552037. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
- ↑ Koerner, Joseph Leo (2004-02-27). The Reformation of the Image. Reaktion Books. pp. 217–8. ISBN 9781861898326. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
- ↑ Smith, Jeffrey Chipps (2002). Sensuous Worship: Jesuits and the Art of the Early Catholic Reformation in Germany. Princeton University Press. p. 36, Fig.19. ISBN 9780691090726. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
- ↑ One thing is needful, or, Serious meditations upon the four last things, death, judgment and heaven, hell unto which is added Ebal and Gerizzim, or, The blessing and the curse : with prison meditations and a catalogue of all this author's books / by John Bunyan. London: Nath. Ponder. 1683. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ↑ "Die Kirche" (in German). Weltenburg Abbey. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
- ↑ "the four last things". Stift Admont. Admont Abbey. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ↑ Mathew, Nicholas (2013). Political Beethoven. Cambridge University Press. p. 127. ISBN 9781107005891. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- ↑ Newmarch, Rosa (1923). "Some Czechoslovak Choral Works. II. Vycpalek's Cantata of the 'Four Last Things,' Op. 16 (Continued)". The Musical Times. 64 (969): 762. doi:10.2307/911531. ISSN 0027-4666.
- ↑ "Archiv". Horst Lohse Komponist (in German). Retrieved 20 November 2015.
Further reading
- Göttler, Christine (2010). Last Things: Art and the Religious Imagination in the Age of Reform. Isd. ISBN 9782503523972. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
- Kowzan, Jacek (2012-01-17). "Memorare Novissima Tua; The Iconography of the Four Last Things as a Representation of the Religious Identity.". In Cardarelli, Sandra; Anderson, Emily Jane; Richards, John. Art and Identity: Visual Culture, Politics and Religion in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 97–126. ISBN 9781443836708. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
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