Forsythia

For other uses, see Forsythia (disambiguation).
Forsythia
Forsythia × intermedia
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Oleaceae
Genus: Forsythia
Vahl
Type species
Forsythia suspensa
(Thunb.) Vahl.
Synonyms[1]

Rangium Juss. in G.-F.Cuvier

Forsythia (/fɔːrˈsɪθiə/[2] or /fɔːrˈsaɪθiə/) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae (olive family). There are about 11 species, mostly native to eastern Asia, but one native to southeastern Europe.[1] The common name is also forsythia; the genus is named after William Forsyth.[3][4][5]

Description

Forsythia are deciduous shrubs typically growing to a height of 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in–9 ft 10 in) and, rarely, up to 6 m (20 ft) with rough grey-brown bark. The leaves are borne oppositely and are usually simple, though sometimes trifoliate with a basal pair of small leaflets; they range between 2 and 10 cm (0.79 and 3.94 in) in length and, rarely, up to 15 cm (5.9 in), with a margin that is serrated or entire (smooth).

The flowers are produced in the early spring before the leaves, bright yellow with a deeply four-lobed flower, the petals joined only at the base. These become pendent in rainy weather thus shielding the reproductive parts.

It is widely stated that forsythia flowers are able to produce lactose (the milk sugar). Lactose is very rarely established in other natural sources except milk. However, the presence of lactose could not be confirmed.[6] The actual fruit is a dry capsule, containing several winged seeds.[3][7]

The genus is named after William Forsyth (1737–1804), a Scottish botanist who was royal head gardener and a founding member of the Royal Horticultural Society.[8]

Species

  1. Forsythia europaea Degen & Bald. Balkans in Albania and Serbia.
  2. Forsythia giraldiana Lingelsh. Northwest China.
  3. Forsythia × intermedia. Garden hybrid between F. suspensa and F. viridissima.
  4. Forsythia japonica Makino. Japan.
  5. Forsythia koreana (Nakai) T.B.Lee. Korea.
  6. Forsythia likiangensis Ching & Feng ex P.Y.Bai. Southwest China.
  7. Forsythia × mandschurica Uyeki. Northeast China.
  8. Forsythia mira M.C.Chang. North central China.
  9. Forsythia ovata Nakai. Korea.
  10. Forsythia saxatilis (Nakai) Nakai. Korea.
  11. Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl. Eastern and central China.
  12. Forsythia togashii H.Hara. Japan (Shōdoshima).
  13. Forsythia velutina Nakai. Korea.
  14. Forsythia viridissima Lindley. Eastern China.

Sources:[3][4][5][7][9][10]

A genetic study[11] does not fully match the traditionally accepted species listed above, and groups the species in four clades: (1) F. suspensa; (2) F. europaea—F. giraldiana; (3) F. ovata—F. japonica—F. viridissima; and (4) F. koreana—F. mandschurica—F. saxatilis. Of the additional species, F. koreana is usually cited as a variety of F. viridissima, and F. saxatilis as a variety of F. japonica;[12] the genetic evidence suggests they may be better treated as distinct species.

Forsythias are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Brown-tail and The Gothic.

Garden history

Forsythia in full bloom

Two species of forsythia are at the heart of the selected forms, for both species are variable, and garden hybrids: Forsythia suspensa and F. viridissima. "These two species are, as it were, the founder-members of the forsythia family" writes Alice Coats; they were the earliest species brought into Western gardens from the Far East and they have each played a role in the modern garden shrubs.[13]

Forsythia suspensa, the first to be noticed by a Westerner, was seen in a Japanese garden by the botanist-surgeon Carl Peter Thunberg, who included it (as a lilac) in his Flora Japonica 1784. Thunberg's professional connections lay with the Dutch East India Company, and F. suspensa reached Holland first, by 1833. In England, when it was being offered by Veitch Nurseries in Exeter at mid-century, it was still considered a rarity. Not all the varieties of suspensa are splaying and drooping, best seen hanging over a retaining wall; an erect form found by Fortune near Peking in 1861 was for a time classed as a species— F. fortunei.[13]

Forsythia viridissma, meanwhile, had overtaken it in European gardens. The Scottish plant-hunter Robert Fortune "discovered" it— in a mandarin's garden of the coastal city of Chusan (Zhoushan)— before he ever saw it growing wild in the mountains in Chusan's province, Zhejiang.[13]

Forsythia × intermedia, as its name suggests, is a hybrid of F. suspensa and F. viridissima, introduced in continental Europe about 1880. Repeated crosses of the same two parents have made reiterations of F. × intermedia quite variable. A bud sport of a particularly showy (spectabilis) form is widely marketed as F. × intermedia 'Lynwood Variety'.[13] This cultivar has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit,[14] as have F. × intermedia Week End 'Courtalyn'[15] and F. MARÉE D'OR 'Courtasol'.[16]

About the time of the First World War further species were discovered by plant hunters in China: F. giraldian (found in Gansu, 1910) and F. ovata (collected from seed in Korea by E.H. "Chinese" Wilson) have been particularly useful as seed parents in 20th-century American crosses.[13]

Cultivation and uses

Autumn leaf color

The hybrids Forsythia × intermedia (F. suspensa × F. viridissima) and Forsythia × ×variabilis (F. ovata × F. suspensa) have been produced in cultivation.[7] Forsythia intermedia is a hybrid between F. suspensa and F. viridissima. Many cultivars have been selected from this cross including dwarf and compact forms.[17]

Forsythias are popular early spring flowering shrubs in gardens and parks. Two are commonly cultivated for ornament, Forsythia × intermedia and Forsythia suspensa. They are both spring flowering shrubs, with yellow flowers. They are grown and prized for being tough, reliable garden plants. Forsythia × intermedia is the more commonly grown, is smaller, has an upright habit, and produces strongly coloured flowers. Forsythia suspensa is a large to very large shrub, can be grown as a weeping shrub on banks, and has paler flowers. Many named garden cultivars can also be found.[7] Forsythia is frequently forced indoors in the early spring.

Commercial propagation is usually by cuttings, taken from green wood after flowering in late spring to early summer; alternatively, cuttings may be taken between November and February.[7] Low hanging boughs often take root, and can be removed for transplanting. A common practice (known as layering) is to place a weight over a branch to keep it on the ground and, after it has rooted, to dig up the roots and cut the rooted part from the main branch; this can then be planted.

Forsythia suspensa is considered one of the 50 fundamental herbs in Chinese herbology. Forsythia sticks are used to bow a Korean string instrument called ajaeng.

Gallery

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
  3. 1 2 3 Flora of China: Forsythia
  4. 1 2 Flora Europaea: Forsythia
  5. 1 2 St Andrews Botanic Garden: Plant of the Month: Forsythia
  6. ↑ Toba, T., Nagashima, S. and Adachi, S. (1991), Is lactose really present in plants?. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 54: 305–308. doi:10.1002/jsfa.2740540217
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  8. ↑ Forsythia by Green Deane at Eat the Weeds. Accessed April 2013
  9. ↑ University of Oxford, Oleaceae information site: Forsythia
  10. ↑ Government of Alberta, Agriculture and Rural Development
  11. ↑ Kim, K.-J. (1999). Molecular phylogeny of Forsythia (Oleaceae) based on chloroplast DNA variation. P. Syst. Evol. 218: 113-123. Abstract.
  12. ↑ Germplasm Resources Information Network: Forsythia
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Coats, Alice M. (1965). Garden shrubs and their histories. Dutton.
  14. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Forsythia × intermedia 'Lynwood Variety'". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  15. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Forsythia × intermedia Week End 'Courtalyn'". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  16. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Forsythia MARÉE D'OR 'Courtasol'". Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  17. ↑ "Arbor Day Foundation - Forsythia × intermedia". Retrieved 20 June 2013.

External links

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