FasX small RNA
In molecular biology, the FasX small RNA (fibronectin/fibrinogen-binding/haemolytic-activity/streptokinase-regulator-X) is a non-coding small RNA (sRNA) produced by all group A Streptococcus.[1] FasX has also been found in species of group D and group G Streptococcus. FasX regulates expression of secreted virulence factor streptokinase (SKA), encoded by the ska gene. FasX base pairs to the 5' end of the ska mRNA, increasing the stability of the mRNA, resulting in elevated levels of streptokinase expression.[2] FasX negatively regulates the expression of pili and fibronectin-binding proteins on the bacterial cell surface. It binds to the 5' untranslated region of genes in the FCT-region in a serotype-specific manner, reducing the stability of and inhibiting translation of the pilus biosynthesis operon mRNA by occluding the ribosome-binding site through a simple Watson-Crick base-pairing mechanism.[3][4][5]
See also
References
- ↑ Kreikemeyer, B; Boyle, MD; Buttaro, BA; Heinemann, M; Podbielski, A (Jan 2001). "Group A streptococcal growth phase-associated virulence factor regulation by a novel operon (Fas) with homologies to two-component-type regulators requires a small RNA molecule.". Molecular Microbiology. 39 (2): 392–406. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02226.x. PMID 11136460.
- ↑ Ramirez-Peña, E; Treviño, J; Liu, Z; Perez, N; Sumby, P (Dec 2010). "The group A Streptococcus small regulatory RNA FasX enhances streptokinase activity by increasing the stability of the ska mRNA transcript.". Molecular Microbiology. 78 (6): 1332–47. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07427.x. PMC 3071709
. PMID 21143309. - ↑ Liu, Z; Treviño, J; Ramirez-Peña, E; Sumby, P (Oct 2012). "The small regulatory RNA FasX controls pilus expression and adherence in the human bacterial pathogen group A Streptococcus.". Molecular Microbiology. 86 (1): 140–54. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2012.08178.x. PMID 22882718.
- ↑ Danger, JL; Cao, TN; Cao, TH; Sarkar, P; Treviño, J; Pflughoeft, KJ; Sumby, P (April 2015). "The small regulatory RNA FasX enhances group A Streptococcus virulence and inhibits pilus expression via serotype-specific targets.". Molecular Microbiology. 96 (2): 249–62. doi:10.1111/mmi.12935. PMID 25586884.
- ↑ Danger, JL; Makthal, N; Kumaraswami, M; Sumby, P (1 December 2015). "The FasX Small Regulatory RNA Negatively Regulates the Expression of Two Fibronectin-Binding Proteins in Group A Streptococcus.". Journal of Bacteriology. 197 (23): 3720–30. doi:10.1128/jb.00530-15. PMID 26391206.
Further reading
- Le Rhun, A; Charpentier, E (Apr 2012). "Small RNAs in streptococci.". RNA biology. 9 (4): 414–26. doi:10.4161/rna.20104. PMID 22546939.
- Podkaminski, D; Vogel, J (Dec 2010). "Small RNAs promote mRNA stability to activate the synthesis of virulence factors.". Molecular Microbiology. 78 (6): 1327–31. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07428.x. PMID 21143308.
- Siller, M; Janapatla, RP; Pirzada, ZA; Hassler, C; Zinkl, D; Charpentier, E (Oct 30, 2008). "Functional analysis of the group A streptococcal luxS/AI-2 system in metabolism, adaptation to stress and interaction with host cells.". BMC microbiology. 8: 188. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-8-188. PMC 2603038. PMID 18973658.
- Steiner, K; Malke, H (Jul 2002). "Dual control of streptokinase and streptolysin S production by the covRS and fasCAX two-component regulators in Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis.". Infection and immunity. 70 (7): 3627–36. doi:10.1128/iai.70.7.3627-3636.2002. PMC 128039. PMID 12065504.