FWD.us

FWD.us
Founded April 11, 2013 (official launch)[1]
Founder
  • Joe Green (Founder and first President)
  • Mark Zuckerberg (Founder and one of the main public faces of the group)
  • many others

[2]

Type Lobbying group
United States IRS exemption status: 501(c)(4)
Location
Area served
United States
Key people
  • Joe Green (Founder and first President)
  • Todd Schulte (President)
  • Mark Zuckerberg (Founder and one of the main public faces of the group)
  • Rob Jesmer (Campaign Manager)
  • Jen Martin (National Organizing Director)

[2][3]

Employees
about 50[3]
Website www.fwd.us

FWD.us is a 501(c)(4) lobbying group based in the United States that aims to lobby and advocate for its version of immigration reform, changes to the US education system to improve science and technology education, and the facilitation of scientific breakthroughs with broad public benefits. It is primarily supported and funded by Silicon Valley entrepreneurs.

The initiative is led by principal Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg. Its founding president was Joe Green, a close friend and confidant of Zuckerberg. The group aims to build a bipartisan consensus around its proposed policies,[1][4] however it has garnered criticism for its tactics in pursuing these goals.

History

Early history

The first rumors of the creation of a lobbying group on immigration reform were reported by Evelyn Rusli in the Wall Street Journal on March 26, 2013.[5] On April 4, 2013, Politico obtained a leaked prospectus prepared by Joe Green intended for prospective contributors, with a proposed name of "Human Capital" for the lobbying group. Green admitted that the prospectus was authentic but also stated that many details, including the name of the group, had changed since the time the prospectus was sent out.[6][7]

FWD.us was launched on April 11, 2013. The launch was accompanied by an op-ed by Mark Zuckerberg in the Washington Post laying out the agenda and arguing for the vision of the group.[1] There was extensive media coverage of the launch.[8][9][10][11][12]

Timeline of key developments

Month and year Key developments
March–April 2013 Early rumors of launch,[5] leaked draft prospectus,[6] official launch (April 11).[1][8]
Late April and May 2013 FWD.us subsidiaries Americans for a Conservative Direction and Council for American Job Growth launch ads (including ads on conservative radio and talk shows) supporting pro-immigration reform politicians' other political positions, including the Keystone XL oil pipeline.[13][14] FWD.us receives considerable media coverage.[15] Environmentalist, liberal, and progressive groups protest the FWD.us strategy.[16] Many pundits opine on whether FWD.us will be a long-term success.[17]
June and July 2013 FWD.us launches tools for grassroots action on immigration reform,[18] releases its Emma video,[19] and launches a Tumblr blog.[20]
September 2013 FWD.us releases a report on its effectiveness.[21] Chris Hughes explains why he is not a member of FWD.us.[22]
October and November 2013 FWD.us announces in October a hackathon for immigration reform, to be held in November.[23] It announces it will work with Grover Norquist on immigration reform.[24] It hires Darius Contractor as Chief Technology Officer.[25]
Late January 2014, continuing through February and March 2014 FWD.us launches a $750,000 ad push to get the House Republicans to pass immigration reform.[26] It also launches an app called Push4Reform to facilitate more grassroots activism.[27] An ad released on March 3, 2014 receives considerable response.[28]
September 2014 Joe Green leaves FWD.us, and Re/code claims that his departure appears forced.[29] A blog post on the FWD.us website confirmed the leadership change.[30]

Goals

The main goals of FWD.us, as outlined by Zuckerberg in his Washington Post op-ed[1] and described on the FWD.us website[4] are:

  1. Immigration reform (in the context of immigration to the United States)
  2. Improving the quality of science and technology education (again focused on the United States)
  3. Encouraging more investment in breakthrough technologies in a manner that benefits the public at large.
  4. Reducing corporate expenses for hiring employees by encouraging immigrants to compete with American citizens for employment

Immigration reform

Zuckerberg's op-ed written at launch[1] as well as the FWD.us website[31] describe the following main aspects of immigration reform that FWD.us will advocate for:

  1. Improved border security.
  2. An immigration policy that is biased in favor of attracting extremely talented and hard-working people.
  3. A path to citizenship for current and prospective immigrants to the United States, including those who are present in the United States illegally.
  4. An improved employment verification system, though not necessarily E-Verify.

A statement released on April 17, 2013, by Joe Green, the president of FWD.us, expressed approval of the preliminary immigration deal announced by the Gang of Eight.[32]

Political leaning

The FWD.us website states:

FWD.us believes the global economy is changing and America must make significant changes to stay ahead. We will work to encourage Congress to focus on policies that maximize the potential of our country’s workforce to contribute to the knowledge economy.


This campaign will harness the best of new and old organizing tactics. We will use online social organizing, which many of our founders pioneered, to build a movement in the tech community, while engaging in direct advocacy at the state and district level to support members of Congress, regardless of party.

Despite this, FWD.us appears to lean fiscally conservative and libertarian . Americans for a Conservative Direction and Council for American Job Growth, both subsidiaries of FWD.us, have run TV ads for US senators who backed immigration reform, such as Republicans Marco Rubio and Lindsey Graham, along with Democrat Mark Begich, which involved commending them for backing projects like the Keystone XL pipeline, drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, along with support for repealing Obamacare.[13] Ads from Americans for a Conservative Direction have aired on conservative talk radio, such as The Sean Hannity Show and The Rush Limbaugh Show.[14]

In protest, numerous environmentalist, liberal, and progressive groups such as the League of Conservation Voters, MoveOn.org, the Sierra Club, Democracy for America, CREDO, Daily Kos, 350.org, Presente and Progressives United agreed to either pull their Facebook ad buys or hold off on buying Facebook ads for at least two weeks.[16]

In a 2014 interview Joe Green refused to discuss any goals beyond immigration reform, which he expected to achieve in that year.[33] Green, Zuckerberg's college roommate, resigned after failing to achieve this in September 2014.[34] He was replaced by Todd Schulte who was reported to be working with Rob Jesmer, a Republican lobbyist closely involved in Senate campaigns,[35] who stated publicly that immigration reform presented a problem for a GOP President in 2016.[36] However, despite these efforts, and fiery condemnation by Jeff Sessions from the Senate floor, Zuckerberg reiterated the immigration goal in early 2015.[37]

People

Staff

The FWD.us team was initially split between the Silicon Valley, where it was led by the president, Joe Green,[38] and Washington D.C.,[3] where the team includes members such as Rob Jesmer (former executive director of the National Republican Senatorial Committee) and Kate Hansen (who worked as the communications director for the Democratic Governors Association in 2012).[39] In November 2013, FWD.us announced that it had hired Darius Contractor as its Chief Technology Officer.[25][40]

Under Joe Green resigned in favor of Todd Schulte, the organization has shifted more to emphasize Washington DC activities, recognizing its repeated failures to achieve reform and its perceived Silicon Valley elitism, e.g. in condemnations by Jeff Sessions and other lawmakers.[41]

Founders

The founders of FWD.us include Mark Zuckerberg (the public face of the group), Joe Green (founder and president of the group), Microsoft founder Bill Gates, Dropbox employees Drew Houston, Ruchi Sanghvi, and Aditya Agrawal, LinkedIn CEO and founder Reid Hoffman, Sean Parker (who played an important early role in Napster, Plaxo, and Facebook, and is on the Board of Directors of Spotify), super angel Ron Conway, and venture capitalists Jim Breyer (of Accel Partners), Matt Cohler (of Benchmark Capital), John Doerr (of Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers), and Chamath Palihapitiya (of The Social+Capital Partnership).[2]

Key supporters

Major contributors include Tim Armstrong (CEO of AOL, joined October 2013),[42] Steve Ballmer (CEO of Microsoft—was not in the original list at launch), Steve Chen (co-founder of YouTube—was not in the original list at launch), Brian Chesky (founder of Airbnb), Chris Cox, Barry Diller (chairman and senior executive at IAC), John Fisher (heir to the GAP fortune), Paul Graham (co-founder of Y Combinator), Reed Hastings (CEO of Netflix), Chad Hurley, Josh James, Max Levchin (former CTO of PayPal), Joe Lonsdale (founder of Palantir and Addepar), Andrew Mason (founder and CEO of Groupon), Marissa Mayer (CEO of Yahoo!), Mary Meeker, Dave Morin (CEO of Path), Jon Oringer, Greg Penner (Chairman of Walmart), Mark Pincus (Chairman and CEO of Zynga), Keith Rabois, Eric Schmidt (executive chairman at Google Inc), Brad Smith (Microsoft executive vice president of legal affairs), Kevin Systrom (CEO of Instagram), Padmasree Warrior (CTO of Cisco), and Fred Wilson (of Union Square Ventures).[2]

Although some earlier reports, including the leaked prospectus by Politico, had suggested that Bill Gates and Marc Andreessen would be involved with FWD.us,[6] their names did not appear on the FWD.us site at launch.[11] However, Gates' name was added to the list of founders later.[43]

Elon Musk (CEO of SpaceX and of Tesla Motors) was originally listed as a major contributor, but left the group in May 2013 in the wake of advertisements put out by FWD.us supporting some political activities that conflicted with Musk's environmentalist priorities.[44] David Sacks, who was originally listed as a major contributor, also left the group at around the same time.[15][45][46]

Funding

According to news reports, the lobbying group is raising about $50 million (USD) for its lobbying efforts.[5] As of April 2013, information about funds is not available on the official site, though a list of major contributors is available.[2] As a 501(c)(4) organization, FWD.us is not legally obliged to disclose its list of contributors or how much it has received in contributions.[47]

Methods

Plans prior to launch

The leaked prospectus obtained by Politico suggested that the lobbying group was planning to use the tremendous leverage that tech companies and their leaders had in pushing their agenda to the public, similar to the tactics used for the protests against SOPA and PIPA that were coordinated for January 18, 2012. However, in the same Politico article, Joe Green said that the prospectus used misleading language, and that various tech leaders would, "operating solely as individuals", promote the agenda of the lobbying group.[6]

According to the leaked prospectus, the tactics were described as follows:

"grassroots and grasstops" organizing in targeted congressional districts, online advocacy campaigns, paid online and television advertising that will be “critical to creating the political infrastructure we need” and “earned media.”[6]

The use of stories and media

A "Stories" section on the website features videos of FWD.us supporters featuring their personal stories. Featured videos include videos by Ruchi Sanghvi (who worked at Facebook and is now at Dropbox) and Max Levchin (co-founder of PayPal).[48]

In June 2013, FWD.us launched a new video titled "Emma" pictured on the Statue of Liberty, and with a voice-over narrating a somewhat modified version of The New Colossus by Emma Lazarus. The modification replaced lines in the poem that emphasized America as a refuge for immigrants fleeing tyranny and poverty and instead focused on welcoming talented immigrants.[19][49]

Around July 2013, FWD.us launched a blog on Tumblr to showcase its immigration stories.[20]

On 3 March 2014, FWD.us launched a nationwide ad pleading House Republicans to move forward with legislation regarding United States' immigration reform. The ad scolds House leadership for not making moves to bring a comprehensive immigration bill to the House floor. The 60-second commercial asks, "Why are House Republicans cooling, retreating and even privately saying they'd rather do nothing this year? Nothing won't do. Call House Republicans today. Tell them we've waited long enough, pass immigration reform." The commercial is set to run in all 50 states at a cost of $500,000.[28][50][51]

Political lobbying and subsidiaries

The lobbying firm Fierce, Isakowitz and Blalock reported that FWD.us had paid it 30,000 USD in March 2013 (prior to the official launch of FWD.us) to lobby for immigration reform.[52] A blog post by the Sunlight Foundation sought to put FWD.us in the context of the existing state of immigration lobbying.[53]

On April 23, 2013, Politico reported that FWD.us had created a front group called "Americans for a Conservative Direction" that would air political ads in support of Republican politicians who supported immigration policies similar to those desired by FWD.us. Video advertisements were already being aired in favor of pro-immigration and pro-amnesty conservative politicians Lindsey Graham and Marco Rubio.[13][54][55][56] The Politico report also indicated that FWD.us was planning to open another front group called "Council for American Job Growth" designed to appeal to people with progressive political sensibilities.[13] The pro-conservative advertisements met with considerable backlash from progressive friends and erstwhile supporters of Zuckerberg and the cause.[57][58][59]

In May 2013, the New York Times called the ads a "sophisticated lobbying campaign being waged by technology companies and their executives."[60]

In July 2013, Roll Call reported that FWD.us had paid $90,000 each to lobbying firms Fierce, Isakowitz and Blalock and Peck Madigan Jones in the second quarter of 2013, triple of what it had paid to each firm in the first quarter of 2013. The report was based on filings by the lobbying firms. The same article used media reports (not official filings) to estimate that FWD.us had spent about $5 million in political advertising over the period.[47]

On January 31, 2014, a number of media outlets reported that the FWD.us subsidiary Americans for a Conservative Direction was launching a $750,000 USD campaign to fund the Republican Party's "immigration reform" campaign and encourage a bipartisan deal on immigration reform.[26][61][62] It was also reported that the group had distributed a 30-page memo arguing in favor of immigration reform and critiquing the "real motivations" behind anti-immigrant groups Center for Immigration Studies, Federation for American Immigration Reform, and NumbersUSA.[63][64]

Op-eds and articles in mainstream publications

At launch, principal founder Mark Zuckerberg wrote an op-ed in the Washington Post outlining the goals of the group.[1] After the passage of a proposed immigration bill in the US Senate, FWD.us President Joe Green wrote an opinion piece on the CNN website urging the US House of Representatives to pass the bill as well.[65]

Facilitating grassroots activism

On June 6, 2013, FWD.us launched tools that enabled US residents to phone their senators and representatives to express views on the immigration bill that would soon be put to a vote.[18]

On October 18, 2013, FWD.us announced a hackathon for November 2013 where the participants would be either DREAMers or mentors, where DREAMer was the FWD.us jargon for undocumented immigrants in the United States. The hackathon would be hosted by Reid Hoffman at LinkedIn's office and Mark Zuckerberg would be one of the mentors.[66] The announcement was covered by BuzzFeed, The Daily Caller, and the Los Angeles Times.[23][67][68] The event itself received coverage in PandoDaily, The Week, and CNet.[69][70][71]

In late October 2013, it was announced that FWD.us was teaming up with pro-amnesty advocate Grover Norquist as well as evangelical groups to push its immigration agenda.[24]

In January 2014, FWD.us launched Push4Reform, an app aimed at helping supporters connect with their elected representatives and urge them to take action.[27][72][73]

Report on effectiveness

In September 2013, FWD.us released a report with some hard numbers on its impact and effectiveness.[21]

Reception

Parallels drawn with other present and past groups

The first report in the Wall Street Journal that reported rumors of the lobbying group that would eventually become FWD.us considered its possible overlap in goals and methods with Michael Bloomberg's group called the Partnership for a New American Economy as well as with the March for Innovation, a "virtual march for immigration reform."[5] An in-depth article in The New Republic likened FWD.us to the Technology CEO Council, founded 24 years before FWD.us by the heads of first-generation computing companies like Dell, Intel, Xerox, and Hewlett-Packard.[74]

Viability of the approach

The launch of FWD.us met with a wide range of reactions. Gregory Ferenstein, writing for TechCrunch, expressed skepticism regarding whether FWD.us was that different from existing lobbying groups and whether it would be able to accomplish anything.[9] Om Malik, writing for GigaOm, also expressed a mixed reaction, albeit for different reasons.[10]

The "cynical" approach taken by FWD.us in its political lobbying and campaigning has met with some criticism.[75] However, an article in The New Republic argued that the cynical approach might be necessary for FWD.us to meet its goals, while noting dissent from "Silicon Valley libertarians" such as Michael Arrington and Peter Thiel (neither of whom was listed as a contributor to FWD.us) from the idea of trying to influence politics and play the political game.[74] Chamath Palihapitiya and Jim Breyer defended the approach used by FWD.us despite the political backlash.[74][76]

Anil Dash wrote a lengthy review of FWD.us describing both the positives and negatives of the group.[77]

Hamish McKenzie critiqued the viability of the approach in a lengthy piece in May 2013.[17]

Criticism

Keystone XL oil pipeline support

At least two key members of the group and several liberal organizations withdrew support from FWD.us after revelations that the group supported the Keystone XL oil pipeline in two major ways. Elon Musk, a founder of the electric carmaker Tesla and rocket company SpaceX, and David O. Sacks, chief executive of Yammer, left the group and withdrew financial support. The Sierra Club, the League of Conservation Voters and MoveOn.org also suspended advertisements on Facebook.[15][45][46]

The controversy stemmed from the fact that FWD.us paid tens of millions of dollars for advertisements supporting three prominent lawmakers who also supported the Keystone XL oil pipeline. The lawmakers were Republican Marco Rubio, Republican Lindsey Graham, and Democrat Mark Begich.[15] In addition, FWD.us ran advertisements praising the Keystone XL pipeline through its subsidiaries. The reaction was mixed among observers.[76][78]

At least five people protesting Zuckerburg's involvement in FWD.us were arrested at Facebook's first shareholder meeting on 11 June 2013.[79]

In September 2013, Chris Hughes, one of the earliest employees at Facebook who had played an important role in the Barack Obama 2008 presidential campaign, explained to Erin Griffith in an interview the reasons for his not being involved with FWD.us despite being close to the founders. He said, "They’ve taken a stance on all kinds of things, from [the Keystone XL pipeline] to other issues, which are not reflective of my own."[22]

Elitism and endorsement of restrictionism

An article in The Verge was critical of the adaptation of The New Colossus by FWD.us in its video titled "Emma" on the grounds that the adaptation was elitist and replaced the idealism of the original poem by the self-interested position of the technology lobby.[49] Similar criticisms were echoed in a comment thread on Mark Zuckerberg's Facebook post where he shared the video. Zuckerberg replied at length, concluding with, "The bigger problem we’re trying to address is ensuring the 11 million undocumented folks living in this country now and similar folks in the future are treated fairly."[80][81]

An article in The Huffington Post was critical of FWD.us for running advertisements on the radio shows of Sean Hannity and Rush Limbaugh that claimed that US border security was in shambles and endorsed the border security provisions in the immigration bill. The Huffington Post article pointed to record deportation levels under Barack Obama's presidency as well as quoted from a report by the Migration Policy Institute to question the claims made in the advertisements.[14]

Hector Ruiz, former chairman and CEO of Advanced Micro Devices, wrote a piece critical of Mark Zuckerberg arguing that freer migration and a path to citizenship should be extended to all people, not just an elite.[82]

Shaun Raviv in an article for The Atlantic and Nathan Smith in a blog post for Open Borders: The Case (a website focused on discussing and debating open borders), critiqued Mark Zuckerberg and FWD.us for the modesty of their vision, their focus on high-skilled immigration, and their endorsement of border security.[83][84]

Poorly defined long term agenda

Josh Miller, founder and CEO of Branch Media, a startup (that would later be acquired by Facebook), was critical of Mark Zuckerberg for not clearly articulating the vision of the group on many of the issues it claimed it would eventually advocate for. Miller wrote: "To Mr. Zuckerberg, I would say this: One gets the sense that you are approaching FWD.us in the same way venture capitalists invest in start-ups. You put money and support behind a smart team tackling massive problems, with the faith that they will figure out the details along the way. However, that lack of introspection is ultimately harmful in the world of public policy. FWD.us is dealing with peoples’ principles, pocketbooks, and ultimately, livelihoods, so I urge you to take a more thoughtful, transparent approach — not to “Move Fast and Break Things.”"[85]

Hamish McKenzie wrote a lengthy piece for PandoDaily in late May 2013 that was highly critical of FWD.us, claiming that the organization was beset by problems since its inception.[17] The article noted that Ali Noorani of the National Immigration Forum defended the FWD.us strategy.

External links

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Zuckerberg, Mark (2013-04-11). "Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg: Immigration and the knowledge economy". Washington Post. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Our supporters". FWD.us. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  3. 1 2 3 "Our team". FWD.us. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  4. 1 2 "About Us". FWD.us. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Rusli, Evelyn (2013-03-26). "Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg Starting Political Group". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Epstein, Reid (2013-04-04). "Mark Zuckerberg immigration group's status: Looking for footing". Politico. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  7. ↑ Ferenstein, Gregory (2013-04-05). "Zuckerberg's Political Lobby Has Nothing To 'Regret' In Leaked Memo". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
  8. 1 2 Constine, Josh (2013-04-11). "Zuckerberg And A Team Of Tech All-Stars Launch Political Advocacy Group FWD.us". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  9. 1 2 Ferenstein, Gregory (2013-04-11). "Zuckerberg Launches A Tech Lobby, But What Will It Do Differently?". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  10. 1 2 Malik, Om (2013-04-11). "Why I have issues with Mark Zuckerberg's FWD.us". GigaOm. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  11. 1 2 Brian, Matt (2013-04-11). "Mark Zuckerberg launches FWD.us with notable Silicon Valley execs in fight for immigration reform". The Verge. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  12. ↑ McKenzie, Hamish (2013-04-11). "Mark Zuckerberg's new political action group: More field organization than lobby shop". PandoDaily. Retrieved 2013-10-12.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Burns, Alexander (2013-04-23). "Mark Zuckerberg group launches TV blitz". Politico. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
  14. 1 2 3 Terkel, Amanda (2013-05-30). "FWD.us Immigration Ad Targets Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity Fans". Huffington Post. Retrieved 2013-07-04.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Sengupta, Somini (2013-05-10). "Technology Industry Lobbying Group Loses Supporters". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
  16. 1 2 Weiner, Rachel. "Liberal groups boycotting Facebook over immigration push". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2013-08-07.
  17. 1 2 3 McKenzie, Hamish (2013-05-29). "The talented Mr Green: How FWD.us lost New York, Elon Musk, and the tech moral high ground". PandoDaily. Retrieved 2013-10-12.
  18. 1 2 Constine, Josh (2013-06-06). "FWD.us' First Big Call To Action Automatically Phones Your Senator". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2013-06-07.
  19. 1 2 "Mark Zuckerberg's FWD.us Releases New Pro-Immigration Ad". WebProNews. 2013-06-19. Retrieved 2013-07-04.
  20. 1 2 "Immigration Stories". FWD.us. Retrieved 2013-10-12.
  21. 1 2 Constine, Josh (2013-09-18). "FWD.us Gives First Clues To Its Impact On Immigration So Far". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
  22. 1 2 Griffith, Erin (2013-09-26). "Why Chris Hughes isn't part of FWD.us". PandoDaily. Retrieved 2013-10-12.
  23. 1 2 Carrasquillo, Adrian (2013-10-18). "Mark Zuckerberg Will Join LinkedIn, Dropbox Founders At "Dreamer" Hackathon To Reignite Immigration Reform". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
  24. 1 2 Marinucci, Carla (2013-10-28). "Silicon Valley advocacy group fwd.us teams up with evangelicals, business to push immigration reform". SFGate. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
  25. 1 2 Constine, Josh (2013-11-14). "FWD.us Hires CTO To Fight For Immigration Reform With Tech, Not Just Money". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2013-11-15.
  26. 1 2 Allen, Mike (January 31, 2014). "Tech group boosts GOP on immigration". Politico. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  27. 1 2 Segall, Laurie (January 23, 2014). "Immigration reform? There's an app for that". CNN Money. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  28. 1 2 Cassata, Donna (3 March 2014). "Advocacy group targets House GOP on immigration". Yahoo. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  29. ↑ Swisher, Kara (September 19, 2014). "Joe Green Pushed Out at FWD.us". Re/code. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  30. ↑ "Leadership change". FWD.us. September 19, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2014.
  31. ↑ "Immigration Reform". FWD.us. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  32. ↑ Green, Joe. "Blog". FWD.us. Retrieved 2014-12-30.
  33. ↑ http://fortune.com/2014/03/26/despite-setbacks-tech-industry-presses-on-immigration-reform/
  34. ↑ http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2014/09/20/president-of-zuckerberg-pro-amnesty-group-resigns-after-failing-to-get-amnesty-passed/
  35. ↑ http://trailblazersblog.dallasnews.com/2012/12/sen-john-cornyns-top-nrsc-aide-rob-jesmer-joins-gop-consulting-firm.html/
  36. ↑ http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/plum-line/wp/2014/02/13/waiting-on-immigration-is-a-crazy-move-for-gop/
  37. ↑ http://www.breitbart.com/big-government/2015/02/19/zuckerbergs-fwd-us-we-wont-give-up-exec-amnesty-fight-after-injunction/
  38. ↑ "Silicon Valley team". FWD.us. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  39. ↑ "Washington D.C. team". FWD.us. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  40. ↑ Cohen, David (2013-11-15). "Why Did FWD.us Add A CTO?". AllFacebook. Retrieved 2013-11-15.
  41. ↑ http://www.adweek.com/socialtimes/jeff-sessions-mark-zuckerberg-fwd-us-speech/437767
  42. ↑ MacMillan, Douglas (2013-10-24). "Armstrong, Kramlich Back Zuckerberg Advocacy Group". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2013-11-05.
  43. ↑ Hansen, Kate (2013-04-26). "We're excited to announce Bill Gates, Brad Smith, Steve Ballmer and Sean Parker have joined FWD.us". Twitter. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
  44. ↑ McBride, Sarah; Selyukh, Alyna (2013-05-10). "Exclusive: Elon Musk quits Zuckerberg's immigration advocacy group". Reuters. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
  45. 1 2 Isaac, Mike (2013-05-10). "Elon Musk and David Sacks Depart Fwd.us, Mark Zuckerberg's Political Action Group". AllThingsD. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
  46. 1 2 Fehrenbacher, Katie (2013-05-10). "Elon Musk, David Sacks ditch Zuckerberg's Fwd.us". GigaOm. Retrieved 2013-06-09.
  47. 1 2 Cooper, Kent (2013-07-28). "Zuckerberg's FWD.US Triples Insider Lobbying, but Remains Small". Retrieved 2013-07-31.
  48. ↑ "Stories". FWD.us. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
  49. 1 2 "Mark Zuckerberg's FWD.us gives the classic Statue of Liberty poem a tone deaf rewrite". The Verge. 2013-07-01. Retrieved 2013-07-04.
  50. ↑ Hattem, Julian (3 March 2014). "Zuckerberg-linked group rips House GOP on immigration reform". The Hill. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  51. ↑ "Call a House Republican". FWD.us. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
  52. ↑ Cooper, Kent (2013-04-20). "Zuckerberg's FWD.us Spends $30K on Republican Lobbyists for Immigration Reform". Roll Call. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
  53. ↑ Furnas, Alexander (2013-04-11). "Looking back to predict what FWD.us means for tech and immigration". Sunlight Foundation. Retrieved 2013-04-17.
  54. ↑ Bump, Philip (2013-04-24). "Mark Zuckerberg's Immigration Group Has Campaign Ads for Lindsey Graham". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
  55. ↑ Erickson, Erick (2013-04-23). "HAHAHAHA. Meet Americans for a Conservative Direction, the Latest GOP Scam in Washington". RedState. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
  56. ↑ Jaffe, Alexandra (2013-04-25). "Conservative Zuckerberg-backed group launching ads on immigration reform". The Hill. Retrieved 2013-04-25.
  57. ↑ Ferenstein, Gregory (2013-04-30). "Zuckerberg's Lobby Can't Stay Silent On Secretive Conservative Political Ads Forever". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
  58. ↑ Guynn, Jessica (2013-05-01). "Mark Zuckerberg's Fwd.us in heated controversy over political ads". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
  59. ↑ Smith, Kevin (2013-05-09). "The Fury Over Mark Zuckerberg's Political Committee Is Getting Louder By The Second". SFGate. Retrieved 2013-05-10.
  60. ↑ Lipton, Eric; Sengupta, Somini (2013-05-04). "Latest Product From Tech Firms: An Immigration Bill". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-05-07.
  61. ↑ Jopson, Barney (January 31, 2014). "Zuckerberg helps fund GOP leaders' immigration campaign". Financial Times. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  62. ↑ Izadi, Elahe (January 31, 2014). "Mark Zuckerberg Affiliated Group Blast Airwaves to Back House GOP on Immigration: The $750,000 worth of television ads say "House Republicans want to fix the immigration problem."". National Journal. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  63. ↑ Lewis, Matt (January 31, 2014). "Zuckerberg group distributes memo on 'The Shocking Extremism Behind Anti-Immigrant Groups'". Daily Caller. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  64. ↑ "How Everyone Is Trying to Sway the Immigration Debate". National Journal. January 31, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  65. ↑ Green, Joe (2013-07-02). "House, knowledge economy needs immigrants". CNN. Retrieved 2013-07-04.
  66. ↑ Green, Joe (2013-10-18). "A DREAMer Hackathon for Immigration Reform". FWD.us. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
  67. ↑ Peterson, Josh (2013-10-19). "Zuckerberg's lobby group announces hackathon with illegal immigrants". The Daily Caller. Retrieved 2013-10-19.
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