Eurymedon vase

The Eurymedon vase is an Attic red-figure oinochoe,[1] a wine jug attributed to the circle of the Triptolemos Painter made ca. 460 BC, which is now in the Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg (1981.173) in Hamburg, Germany. It depicts two figures; a bearded man (side A), naked except for a mantle, advances holding his erection in his right hand and reaching forward with his left, while the second figure (side B) in the traditional dress of an Oriental archer bends forward at the hips and twists his upper body to face the viewer while holding his hands open-palmed up before him, level with his head. Between these figures is an inscription that reads εύρυμέδον ειμ[í] κυβα[---] έστεκα, restored by Schauenburg as "I am Eurymedon, I stand bent forward".[2] This vase is a frequently-cited source suggestive of popular Greek attitudes during the Classical period to same-sex relations, gender roles and Greco-Persian relations.

Interpretation

The vase poses a number of problems of interpretation, such as determining the speaker. Schauenburg ascribes the utterance to the archer; his name a reference to the Battle of the Eurymedon River[3] some time in the 460s BC, at which the Athenians prevailed. Though the recipient of this act does not seem unwilling, Schauenburg takes this to embody Greek triumphalism, summed up by J.K. Dover in this way: "[t]his expresses the exaultation of the 'manly' Athenians at their victory over the 'womanish' Persians at the river Eurymedon in the early 460s BC; it proclaims, 'we’ve buggered the Persians!'"[4] Pinney, however, points out that it is odd that the site of a Hellenic victory should be singled out for such opprobrium, and that the name Eurymedon is an epithet of the Gods also given to epic characters.[5] Further there is the question of identifying the dress of the participants; the "Greek's" mantle might be a Thracian zaira and his sideburns and beard are characteristically Scythian, while the "Persian's" one-piece suit and gorytos are also typically Scythian,[6] undermining the patriotic reading of the vase by Dover and Schauenburg. Indeed, Pinney would take this as evidence that we are presented here with a burlesque mock epic, and that the comedy, such as it is, lies in the unheroic behaviour of our hero caught in a base act. Amy Smith suggests a compromise between the purely sexual and the overtly political reading with her argument that when the Greek figure announces himself as Eurymedon he adopts the role of personification of the battle in the manner of prosopopoeia or "fictive speaking" familiar from 5th-century tragedy.[7] Thus she claims; "The sexual metaphor succeeds on perhaps three levels: it reminds the viewer of the submissive position in which Kimon had put Persia in anticipation of the Battle of the Eurymedon; of the immediate outcome of the Battle; and of the consequences of the victory, i.e., that the Athenians then found themselves in a position to rape the Barbarians on the Eastern reaches of the Greek world."

The vase has been presented as evidence both for and against the theory advanced by Foucault, Dover and Paul Veyne[8] that sexual penetration is the privilege of the culturally dominant Greek citizen class over women, slaves and barbarians. And therefore this image, unique in Attic iconography of sexually pathic behaviour on the part of the Persian, was only permissible because the submissive male figure was a foreigner. James Davidson, however, offers the alternative view that the practices identified and stigmatised in the Greek literature as katapugon (κατάπυγον)[9] and with which we might characterise our archer, is better understood as not as effeminacy but sexual incontinence lacking self-discipline.[10] Thus the wine jug invites the drunken symposiast bent over in examining the vase to identify with the eimi (ειμί) of the inscription.

Notes

  1. ↑ Its form is the Beazley type 7
  2. ↑ Schauenburg 1975, restoring the third word as κυβάδε, perhaps related to κύβδα, the term connoting the bent-over, rear-entry position associated with a 3-obol prostitute, see J. Davidson, Courtesans and Fishcakes, 1998, p.170.
  3. ↑ Thucydides 1.100, possibly 466 BC
  4. ↑ J.K. Dover, Greek Homosexuality, 1978, p.105
  5. ↑ Pinney, 1984. Also the text is nearest our "armed" Greek; it is a convention in vase painting, albeit one not universally observed, that speech is adjacent to the speaker.
  6. ↑ Asserts Pinney, 1984.
  7. ↑ That such anthropomorphic representations are a novelty of early Classical art is argued in Smith, 1999
  8. ↑ In M. Foucault, The Use of Pleasure, 1985; J.K. Dover, op. cit. 1978; P. Veyne, Le Pain et le cirque, 1976.
  9. ↑ LSJ (s.v. κατάπυγος) defines it as given to unnatural lust: generally, lecherous, lewd
  10. ↑ J. Davidson, Courtesans and Fishcakes, 1998, p.170–81.

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