Ethiopia–Russia relations

Ethiopia–Russia relations

Ethiopia
Russia

Ethiopia–Russia relations (Russian: Российско-эфиопские отношения) is the relationship between the two countries, Ethiopia and Russia. Russia currently has an embassy in Addis Ababa, and Ethiopia has an embassy in Moscow. The Ethiopian ambassador to Russia is also accredited to Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgizstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.

Imperial history

The history of this relationship has its origins in the 19th century. Russia's first steps in the Horn of Africa were taken by a Cossack adventurer named N.I. Ashinov, who attempted to establish a "New Moscow" at the coastal town of Sagallo in modern-day Djibouti. This short-lived settlement came to an end in February 1889 when French authorities removed the 175 Russian settlers.[1] While Ashniov had never more than lukewarm support from the Russian Tsar, a delegation led by V.F. Mashkov to Emperor Menelik II in October 1889 was official. Mashkov discussed arms sales to Ethiopia with the Ethiopian emperor, and upon returning to Russia he was decorated by the Tsar. Mashkov made a second visit to Ethiopia early in 1891 under the sponsorship of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society.[2] Paul Henze notes that the reasons of Mashkov's visits were "no doubt political, but the fact that both countries were Orthodox encouraged favorable attitudes on both sides."[3]

Russia provided the mountain guns the Ethiopian army used in the 1895 Battle of Adwa.[4] The Soviet Union was one of only five nations which refused to acknowledge Italy's occupation of Ethiopia.[5] Official diplomatic relations between the two countries were established 21 April 1943.[6]

1974 revolution

Ethiopia established friendly relations with the Soviet Union following a 1974 uprising that forced the long serving Emperor Haile Selassie to cede power to a military council called the Derg ("Committee" in Ge'ez).[7] Despite the implementation of a series of radical socio-economic reforms, Moscow was slow to embrace the new regime for several reasons.[8] First, the Derg continued the old regime’s policy of buying arms from the United States. Second, the Soviet Union was reluctant to jeopardize its growing relationship with Somalia, Ethiopia’s traditional enemy. Third, a significant segment of the Soviet leadership was skeptical of the revolutionary credentials of the Derg, as Moscow perceived a significant number of its members to be pro-Western.[9]

Soviet backing for the Derg increased as Major Mengistu Haile Mariam emerged as its most powerful member.[8] In 1975, the first group of officers from the regime traveled to the Soviet Union for ideological training, including Lt. Colonel Fire-Selassie Wogderess, who would later become Mengistu's second in command.[10] Soviet media ran positive portrayals of the Derg and of Mengistu in particular.[9] After the execution of Mengistu's rival, Major Sisal Habte, Soviet support for the regime grew substantially, beginning with a secret $100 million arms deal in December 1976. In May 1977, Mengistu traveled to Moscow to sign a "Declaration on the Principles of Friendly Relations and Cooperation" and to conclude a second arms deal worth about $385 million.[11]

Ogaden War

Main article: Ogaden War

Moscow’s public embrace of Mengistu concerned Siad Barre's regime in Somalia, who worried about the implications of friendly Soviet-Ethiopian relations on their own alliance with the USSR.[11] After rejecting a Soviet proposal for a four-nation Marxist-Leninist confederation, the Somali government launched an offensive in July 1977 with the intent of capturing Ethiopia’s Ogaden region, starting the Ogaden War.[11] Appearing to be on the brink of victory after gaining control of 90% of the area, the Ethiopians launched a counter offensive with the help of newly arrived Soviet arms and a South Yemeni brigade.[12] Infuriated by Soviet support for the Ethiopians, Somalia annulled its treaty with the Soviet Union and expelled all Soviet advisors in the country.[11] Consequently, the USSR orchestrated a massive transport of armaments, Cuban combat troops and Soviet military advisors to Ethiopia.[12] By March 1978, Somali forces had been pushed out of the Ogaden.[11]

1978–1985

Following the Ogaden War, the Soviet Union strengthened its ties to Ethiopia.[12] Moscow provided the Derg with more than $11 billion in military aid, leading to the creation of the largest army in sub-Saharan Africa.[12] Soviet support was critical in the continuing suppression of Eritrean and Tigrean separatists.[12] The USSR established naval, air and land bases in Ethiopia, notably facilities for naval reconnaissance flights in Asmara.[12] Politically, the Soviet Union pushed Mengistu to develop a "national-democratic" regime, along the lines of the Eastern European countries.[13] This was something he did reluctantly, as the Workers' Party of Ethiopia was not established until 1984.[13] Economically, the Soviets provided limited credits to develop basic industries such as utilities.[14] A significant number of Soviet professionals such as doctors and engineers also traveled to Ethiopia.[15]

Soviet "New Thinking"

Soviet policy towards Ethiopia remained relatively unchanged until the accession of Mikhail Gorbachev to General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1985. The new Soviet leader sought to reduce East-West tensions in order to pursue domestic political and economic reforms.[16] To this end, Gorbachev called for "the just political settlement of international crisis and regional conflicts" at the 27th Congress of the Communist Party in March 1986.[17] Soviet intellectuals began to question Moscow’s support of socialist leaders who did not have popular support.[18] Gorbachev’s de-ideologization of Soviet foreign relations led many Soviet observers to view Mengistu less as the leader of a Leninist vanguard and more as an ineffective dictator struggling to maintain power at Moscow’s expense.[19]

Signs of Gorbachev's "new thinking" were evident in Ethiopian relations as early as 1986, when the Soviets pressured Mengistu to agree to face-to-face talks with Somalia's Said Barre that resulted in the signing of peace accords in 1988.[20] Similarly, Moscow indicated to Mengistu that the arms agreement reached in November 1987 was to be the last of its kind.[21] Despite the urging of Soviet advisers, Mengistu resisted implementing political and economic reforms and banned discussion of perestroika and glasnost from Ethiopian media.[22] It was not until the collapse of the hardline communist regimes in Eastern Europe in late 1989 that Mengistu proposed limited economic liberalization.[23]

At the same time Mengistu was resisting reforms, Eritrean and Tigrean insurgents were placing the regime in an increasingly tenuous position.[24] Beginning in mid-1989, Moscow began cutting back weapon deliveries and advised Mengistu to seek a negotiated settlement.[24] In July 1989, the head of the Soviet Foreign Ministry's African Department, Yuri Yukalov, met with Eritrean representatives in London in an attempt to advance the peace process.[25] In September 1989, the Soviet Deputy Minister of Defense, General V. Varennikov, delivered a message to Mengistu from Gorbachev confirming Moscow's decision to end military aid to Ethiopia.[24] In early 1990, the Soviet Union sought to further its disengagement from Ethiopia by welcoming the entry of the United States into the diplomatic process. This included mediation between the regime and the Eritrea People's Liberation Front by American Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Herman Cohen.[26] These talks collapsed when the Ethiopian insurgents, under the umbrella grouping known as the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front, seized power in May 1991 and forced Mengistu into exile in Zimbabwe.[26]

Russians in Ethiopia

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ Henze (2000), p. 158, n. 23
  2. ↑ Диссертация "Российско-эфиопские дипломатические и культурные связи в конце XIX-начале XX веков"
  3. ↑ Henze (2000), p. 163f
  4. ↑ "Russia, we may note, was in fact the only European power to champion Ethiopia at the time of Adwa. The Tsars, who saw the Ethiopians as fellow Orthodox Christians ..." Pankhurst (2005), p. 225
  5. ↑ Haile Selassie I, My Life and Ethiopia's Progress, Haile Sellassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia: Addis Abeba, 1966 E.C. translated by Ezekiel Gebissa, et alia, (Chicago: Frontline Books, 1999), vol. 2 p. 22
  6. ↑ "Soviet Foreign Ministry, Background Report on Soviet-Ethiopian Relations, 3 April 1978", Cold War International History Project Virtual Archive (accessed 6 July 2009)
  7. ↑ Korn (1986), p. 92
  8. 1 2 Patman (1993), p. 112
  9. 1 2 Patman (1993), p. 113
  10. ↑ Korn (1986), p. 76
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Patman (1993), p. 114
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Remnek (1992), p. 154
  13. 1 2 Patman (1993), p. 116
  14. ↑ Patman (1993), pp. 117–118
  15. ↑ Patman (1993), p. 118
  16. ↑ Zubok (2007), p. 280
  17. ↑ Webber (1992), p. 5
  18. ↑ Remnek (1992), p. 156
  19. ↑ Remnek (1992), pp. 158–159
  20. ↑ Patman (1993), p. 121
  21. ↑ Patman (1993), p. 122
  22. ↑ Patman (1993), p. 126
  23. ↑ Patman (1993), p. 129
  24. 1 2 3 Webber (1992), p. 13
  25. ↑ Patman (1993), p. 130
  26. 1 2 Webber (1992), p. 14

Bibliography

  • Henze, Paul B. (2000). Layers of Time: a History of Ethiopia. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 9780312227197. 
  • Korn, David A. (1986). Ethiopia, The United States and The Soviet Union. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press. ISBN 9780809313389. 
  • Pankhurst, Richard (2005). "British reactions to the Battle of Adwa: as illustrated by the Time of London for 1896". In Paulos Milkias & Getachew Metaferia. The Battle of Adwa. Algora Publishing. pp. 212–228. ISBN 978-0-87586-414-3. 
  • Patman, Robert G. (1993). "Soviet–Ethiopian relations: the horn of dilemma". In Margot Light. Troubled Friendships: Moscow's Third World Ventures. London: British Academic Press. pp. 110–139. ISBN 9781850436492. 
  • Remnek, Richard B. (1992). "Translating 'New Soviet Thinking' into practice: the case of Ethiopia". In George W. Breslauer. Soviet Policy in Africa: From the Old to the New Thinking. Berkeley, CA: University of California at Berkeley. ISBN 9780962262937. 
  • Webber, Mark (1992). "Soviet policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: the final phase". Journal of Modern African Studies. 30 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1017/S0022278X00007709. JSTOR 161044. 
  • Zubok, Vladislav M. (2007). A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union from Stalin to Gorbachev. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 9780807887592. 
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