Enigma (musical project)

For the British group, see Enigma (UK band).
Enigma
Background information
Origin Germany[1]
Genres
Years active 1990–present
Labels
Members Michael Cretu
Past members David Fairstein
Frank Peterson
Sandra Cretu
Louisa Stanley
Peter Cornelius
Jens Gad
Andreas Harde
Ruth-Ann Boyle
Andru Donalds
Elizabeth Houghton
Nanuk
Aquilo
Anggun
Mark Josher
Notable instruments
Sampler
Drum machine
Synthesizer
Keyboard
Korg M1
Alchemist
Merlin

Enigma is a German musical project founded in 1990 by Romanian-German musician and producer Michael Cretu.[1] Cretu had released several solo records, collaborated with various artists, and produced albums for his then wife, German pop singer Sandra, before he conceived the idea of a New Age, Worldbeat project. He recorded the first Enigma studio album, MCMXC a.D. (1990), with contributions from David Fairstein and Frank Peterson. The album remains Enigma's biggest, helped by the international hit single, "Sadeness (Part I)", which sold 12 million units alone.[3] According to Cretu, the inspiration for the creation of the project came from his desire to make a kind of music that did not obey "the old rules and habits" and presented a new form of artistic expression with mystic and experimental components.[4]

Enigma followed MCMXC a.D. with a series of albums that involved several musicians and producers working with Cretu. The first was The Cross of Changes (1993), which incorporated tribal and ethnic influences and sold over 8 million copies worldwide,[5] followed by Le Roi est mort, vive le Roi! (1996), which blended together the Gregorian chants reminiscent from the first album and the strong intercultural soundscapes present in the second. Enigma's fourth album was The Screen Behind the Mirror, released in 2000, which started a slight departure from the previous world music themes towards a heavier electronic atmosphere. This evolution culminated with Voyageur, its fifth and more pop-based album, and 2006's A Posteriori, a work inspired by the future collision between the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies, with distinct operatic tones and an electronic spectrum closer to Voyageur than the earlier releases.[6][7] Seven Lives Many Faces, its seventh album, was released in 2008 and contained a mixture of classical and modern elements ranging from ethnic chants to rap and dubstep influences.[8] Its eighth album, The Fall of a Rebel Angel, was released on November 2016.[9]

Enigma has sold over 70 million records worldwide, reached 60 number 1 songs at the charts around the world and achieved over 100 Gold and Platinum certificates. The project has also received 3 Grammy nominations and is one of the best-selling musical acts of all time.[10][11]

History

1988–1991: Formation and MCMXC a.D.

By the late 1980s, Romanian-born German musician and producer Michael Cretu had collaborated with several musicians, produced albums recorded by his then wife, German pop singer Sandra, and released solo albums under his own name for Polydor and Virgin Records, to varied levels of commercial success across Europe. In 1988, Cretu and Sandra married and relocated to the Spanish island of Ibiza. A home recording studio, A.R.T. Studios, was built, and Cretu began work on a new, worldbeat and new age musical project named Enigma with David Fairstein and Frank Peterson. Cretu secured a deal with Munich-based Mambo Musik to handle Enigma's management and publishing.[12]

The first Enigma album, MCMXC a.D., was recorded in eight months and incorporated Gregorian chants mixed with atmospheric music and dance beats. He had previously used a Gregorian-type chant on the opening seconds of Sandra's 1987 single "Everlasting Love". Cretu wished to exclude his name from the album's liner notes so the listener could conjure their own interpretations. He recalled management "fell off their chairs" when he requested it, "but it worked".[12] Cretu credits himself as "Curly M.C." and Peterson is listed as "F. Gregorian". Upon its release in December 1990, MCMXC a.D. became an unexpected commercial success, helped by the international hit single "Sadeness (Part I)", released a month prior that reached number one in 24 countries.[13] The album reached the top 10 in ten countries, including the United Kingdom, and number six on the Billboard 200 in the United States, where it sold over four million copies and charted for more than 150 weeks.[14] The album earned over 50 platinum sales awards worldwide, and made Enigma the most successful act signed to Virgin at the time of release.[15]

1991–2000: The Cross of Changes and Le Roi est mort, vive le Roi!

In 1993, Cretu composed "Carly's Song" ("Age of Loneliness" in the album and video releases) and "Carly's Loneliness" for the soundtrack of the motion picture Sliver.[16]

In the same year, The Cross of Changes was released. It sold 8 million copies and also attracted lawsuits over the issue of sampling from other music sources.[5]

In 1996, Le Roi est mort, vive le Roi! (French for "The King is dead. Long live the King!") was released. Cretu's idea was that this third album was the child of the previous two albums, and therefore included familiar elements of Gregorian chants and Sanskrit chants in it. It did not achieve the same level of success that they enjoyed previously, and as a result, only two of the three singles originally slated were released. Le Roi est mort, vive le Roi! sold over 1 million units in the United States, achieved a Gold certificate in the United Kingdom and two Grammy nominations: one for its artwork design and the second as Best New Age Album.[17]

2000–2008: The Screen Behind the Mirror, Voyageur and A Posteriori

The 2000 release of The Screen Behind the Mirror included samples from Carl Orff's Carmina Burana on four tracks on the album. This time the Gregorian chants were toned down tremendously, although Shakuhachi flutes and other traditional Enigma signatures remain. Only "Gravity of Love" and "Push the Limits" were released as singles from the album.[18] Ruth-Ann Boyle (from the band Olive) and Andru Donalds mark their first appearances on the Enigma project.[19]

In 2001, Cretu released a new single called "Turn Around" together with Love Sensuality Devotion: The Greatest Hits and Love Sensuality Devotion: The Remix Collection to end what he considers to be the first chapter of Enigma. A light show was held at the Munich Planetarium in conjunction of the release of the compilation albums.[20][21]

2003's Voyageur saw a change of direction for the project, with most of the prominent Enigma signature elements (the ethnic and Gregorian chants, the Shakuhachi flutes) no longer employed.[22]

To commemorate the fifteen years of Enigma, a limited-edition album called 15 Years After was launched, which was the size of an LP vinyl disk, with Leonardo da Vinci's art in the cover, a big booklet with extra art, and featured eight compact discs: all the previous albums, the DVD Remember the Future, and a special and exclusive bonus CD, The Dusted Variations, which included Chill-out versions of several of the project's greatest hits. All of the songs are different from the originals and use minimal percussion.[23] This disc also contained the single version of "Hello and Welcome", which was later released as a single. On 28 August 2005, Enigma's management Crocodile Music announced the release of "Hello and Welcome" as a single. It was released in Germany on 10 March 2006.[24]

On 26 September 2006, Enigma's sixth album A Posteriori was released worldwide, containing a new version of "Hello and Welcome" and the new song "Goodbye, Milky Way". A DVD version of A Posteriori was released on 16 December 2006, which featured kaleidoscope images in synchronization with the multi-channel remastered music. A Posteriori received a Grammy nomination as Best New Age Album, its second in that category following 1996's Le Roi Est Mort, Vive Le Roi! nomination.[25]

In late March 2007, a Private Lounge remix album version of A Posteriori was released on the iTunes Music Store. This compilation includes 12 new remixed tracks from the album by artists such as Boca Junior, Tocadisco, and more. Some of these tracks were available previously on the original A Posteriori iTunes version of the album and on the previously mentioned DVD release.

2008–present: Seven Lives Many Faces and The Fall of a Rebel Angel

On 19 September 2008, Enigma's seventh album Seven Lives Many Faces was released worldwide. The lead single, "Seven Lives", is a fusion of modern and classical elements.

The Platinum Collection, a 3-CD compilation, was released on 27 November 2009 in Germany, and on 9 February 2010 worldwide. The first CD contains Enigma hits. The second CD contains remixes. The third CD is a collection of "lost tracks", musical experiments which never were finalized and released previously.[26]

On 5 October 2010, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the first album MCMXC a.D., The "Enigma's Social Song" project began.[27] Enigma fans were asked to submit vocals for a new Enigma song. The public were then asked to vote, with the winning submission "Fei mea" being provided by Latvian singer Fox Lima for the chorus.[28]

The top 3 runners up: Mark Joshua from Brazil, J. Spring from Spain and Rasa Serra from Lithuania provided other important parts of the vocals like the bridge, backing and verse of the final version of the single. Fans also influenced further stages of the song's creation by voting on elements such as a lead instrument, general mood and style of the track.[29]

The final mix of the single named "MMX The Social Song" was released on 15 December 2010. It became the first song ever created for and by the fans via the internet.[29]

In August 2016, Enigma's eighth studio album The Fall of a Rebel Angel was announced for a release on 11 November 2016. It features guest musicians Brazilian singer-songwriter Mark Josher, Indonesian singer Anggun, female voice Nanuk, and English electro-pop duo Aquilo. Two singles from the album have been released, "Sadeness (Part II)" featuring Anggun, and "Amen" featuring Aquilo.

Awards

Recording technologies

Cretu recorded the first five Enigma albums at A.R.T. Studios, a home recording studio located on the Spanish island of Ibiza. From 1988 until 2001, Cretu lived in Santa Eulària des Riu followed by, from 2001 to 2008, a villa near Sant Antoni where the studio was redesigned and built by Gunter Wagner and Bernd Steber. The studio's equipment was updated numerous times throughout its history. Voyageur and A Posteriori were recorded using an all-in-one mobile digital recording studio named Alchemist.[34] In 2010, a reworked version of Alchemist was built and named Merlin. "MMX The Social Song" was the first Enigma release recorded with this model.[35]

Sampling and lawsuits

In 1994, Cretu was sued by Munich-based choir Capella Antiqua and its record label Polydor Germany for infringing its "right of personality" through distortion in the samples used in "Sadeness (Part I)" and "Mea Culpa (Part II)". The samples were taken from Capella Antiqua's 1976 LP Paschale Mysterium; while the musical compositions were in public domain, Capella Antiqua's recording of them was copyrighted. European law also recognizes moral rights (droit moral) in works that American copyright does not.[36]

Cretu was not spared over the issue of sampling when in 1998, Difang and Igay Duana from Taiwan's Ami tribe filed a suit over uncredited vocals in "Return to Innocence".[37]

Both of the lawsuits were settled, with the source of each sample being granted compensation and credit for the sampled performance; however, the anonymity that Cretu intended to keep after the release of the first album[38] was shattered due to the first lawsuit.

Influences

Enigma’s international success with MCMXC a.D. in 1990 was a precursor to the creation of several other musical projects that follow similar styles and marketing approaches, especially the use of the term “project” (as opposed to “band”) to denominate themselves, and the label “Enigmatic music”, employed mainly by radios and listeners, to categorize their music inside the New Age umbrella.[39][40]

Soon after working with Michael Cretu on the first Enigma album, German producer Frank Peterson left the project in order to focus on Gregorian, a band that performs mostly covers of modern pop and rock songs with Gregorian-like vocals and symphonic instruments.[41] Likewise, French musical project Era features Gregorian chants mixed with pop-rock arrangements and is also frequently compared in scope to Enigma.[39][42]

More electronic projects that often draw comparisons with Enigma are French act Deep Forest,[43] Canadian duo Delerium,[44] Danish project Achillea (created by Enigma’s co-producer and guest guitarist Jens Gad)[45] and German project Schiller.[46][47]

Personnel

Current members
Former members and guest artists[48]

  • David Fairstein – lyrics (1990–2000)
  • Frank Peterson (F.Gregorian) – samples, production, engineering, co-writer (1990-1991)
  • Sandra Cretu – vocals (1990–2003)
  • Louisa Stanley – voices (1990–1996; 2006)
  • Jens Gad – guitars (1993; 2000–2003), arrangements and co-writing (2000-2003)
  • Peter Cornelius – guitars (1993–1996)
  • Andreas Harde (Angel / Angel X) – vocals (1993)
  • Todd Peleg – backing vocals (1993-1994)
  • Andru Donalds – vocals (1999–2008), co-writer (2008)
  • Ruth-Ann Boyle – vocals (1999–2003; 2008)
  • Elizabeth Houghton – voices (1999-2000)
  • Sebastian C. – vocals (2008)
  • Nikita C. – vocals (2008)
  • Margarita Roig – vocals, co-writer (2008)
  • Nanuk – voices (2008, 2016)
  • Alise Ketnere (Fox Lima) – vocals, co-writer (2010)
  • Jérôme Pringault (J. Spring) – vocals, co-writer (2010)
  • Mark Josher – vocals, co-writer (2010, 2016)
  • Rasa Veretenceviene (Rasa Serra) – vocals, co-writer (2010)
  • Anggun – vocals (2016)
  • Aquilo – vocals (2016)

Member timeline

Discography

Main article: Enigma discography
Studio albums

Sources

References

  1. 1 2 Weinert, Ellie (1995-03-04). "Billboard: Casebook Enigma". Billboard. Retrieved 2013-08-24.
  2. ↑ "Music Review: Enigma's LSD—Electronic & Choral Avant Garde, Engima Releases Greatest Hits—The Tech". Tech.mit.edu. 13 November 2001. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  3. ↑ Burton, Tony. "Sadeness, Part 1 Review on MFBlogg.no". Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  4. ↑ Willin, Melvyn J. "Enigma on Music, Witchcraft and the Paranormal. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  5. 1 2 "The Cross of Changes on UDiscoverMusic". Retrieved on 25 August 2016.
  6. ↑ Cinquemani, Sal. "Voyageur Review on Slant Magazine". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  7. ↑ Macneil, Jason. "A Posteriori Review on PopMatters". PopMatters. Retrieved on 25 August 2016.
  8. ↑ Monger, James Christopher. "Seven Lives Many Faces Review on AllMusic". Retrieved on 25 August 2016.
  9. ↑ "Official announcement on Enigma Space". Retrieved on 25 August 2016.
  10. ↑ "Enigma announce first album in 8 years". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved on 25 August 2016.
  11. ↑ "Cretu highlights 'stealing' acts". BBC, 13 November 2003. Retrieved on 25 August 2016.
  12. 1 2 Pride, Dominic (23 November 1996). "Virgin Stays With Proven Marketing for Enigma". Billboard: 1, 95. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  13. ↑ Weinert, Ellie (27 July 1992). "A New Generation of German Writers & Producers Makes Marks Over the World". Billboard: 48. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  14. ↑ "This Day in Music on Billboard". Billboard, 18 May 2006. Retrieved on 26 August 2016.
  15. ↑ "Most Successful Virgin-Act 1990/91 | The Enigma Archives". Enigma-music.com. 1957-05-18. Retrieved 2014-04-17.
  16. ↑ "Silver Soundtrack on AllMusic". Retrieved on 25 August 2016.
  17. ↑ "Le Roi est Mort, Vive le Roi! on UDiscoverMusic. Retrieved on 25 August 2016.
  18. ↑ "The Screen Behind the Mirror on AllMusic". Retrieved on 25 August 2016.
  19. ↑ "Andru Donalds' Official Site Statement on Enigma". Retrieved on 25 August 2016.
  20. ↑ "Love Sensuality Devotion on AllMusic". Retrieved on 25 August 2016.
  21. ↑ "A. R. T. Studios on EnigmaMusica (in Spanish)". Retrieved on 25 August 2016.
  22. ↑ "Voyageur on AllMusic". Retrieved on 25 August 2016.
  23. ↑ "15 Years After on AllMusic". Retrieved on 25 August 2016.
  24. ↑ "Crocodile Music's Note on Hello and Welcome". Retrieved on 25 August 2016.
  25. ↑ "49th Annual Grammy Nominees". Retrieved on 25 August 2016.
  26. ↑ "The Platinum Collection on AllMusic". Retrieved on 25 August 2016.
  27. ↑ "What Enigma's "Social Song" is about". Enigma Social Song. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  28. ↑ "Enigma Social Song Winner Announced |". Newagemusic.nu. 2010-11-02. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  29. 1 2 "Enigma's "Social Song"". Enigmasocialsong.com. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  30. ↑ "Music | Picture gallery: World Music Awards 2002". BBC News. 2002-03-07. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
  31. ↑ "Enigma Awards". mfyi.com. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
  32. ↑ "Son of the Cretu Machine - Sandra/Cretu/Enigma/T.A.A.W. Virtual Fan Club". Enigma-fanclub.com. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
  33. ↑ "Enigma's Seventh Studio Album, Seven Lives Many Faces, Transports Listeners to New...". Reuters. 19 August 2008. Retrieved 2010-10-14.
  34. ↑ "Enigma | Official Site - A.R.T. // Alchemist // All In One Mobile Studio". Enigmaspace.com. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  35. ↑ "Enigma | Official Site - A.R.T. // Merlin // Description & Concept". Enigmaspace.com. Retrieved 2012-03-07.
  36. ↑ Taylor, Timothy Dean. Strange Sounds: Music, Technology & Culture, Routledge (2001): 233.
  37. ↑ Guy, Nancy. "Trafficking Taiwan Aboriginal Voices", Handle with Care: Ownership and Control of Ethnographic Materials, ed. Jaarsma, S.R. University of Pittsburgh Press (2002): 195-206.
  38. ↑ Martyn Woolley. "Enigma Biography". Enigmamusic.com. Retrieved 2014-04-17.
  39. 1 2 “Some European Acts Being Marketed as ‘Brands’ Instead of Faces”. Billboard. 29 August 1998. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  40. ↑ "Enigmatic Category on Last.FM". Last.FM. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  41. ↑ "Gregorian on Classical-Crossover.co.uk.". Classical-Crossover.co.uk. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  42. ↑ "Era on Billboard.com". Billboard. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  43. ↑ "Deep India by Deep Forest Review on New Age Music Guide". NewAgeMusic.Guide. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  44. ↑ Hofmann, Pieter (May 26, 1997). "In a Sacred State of Mind: Delerium's Bill Leeb". Drop-D Magazine. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  45. ↑ "Achillea on AllMusic.com". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  46. ↑ "Leben by Schiller Review on AllMusic.com". AllMusic.com. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  47. ↑ "Voyage by Schiller Review on Billboard Magazine". Billboard. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
  48. ↑ "Enigma Members on Google Books". Retrieved on 25 August 2016.

External links

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