Elephant clock

The elephant clock in a manuscript by Al-Jazari (1206 AD) from The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices.[1]

The elephant clock was a medieval invention by Al-Jazari (1136–1206), a muslim engineer and inventor of various clocks including the Elephant clock which consisted of a weight powered water clock in the form of an Asian elephant. This horological technology was derived from earlier Indian clocks that were in turn derived from even earlier Han Chinese clock techology that was originally invented by the Han Chinese polymath Su Song. It is known from his own book that Su Song had utilized even earlier ancient Han Chinese technologies such as the clock escapement mechanism that was invented by the polymath and buddhist monk Yi Xing as well as the hydraulic powered waterwheel and water clock in the mechanically-driven and rotated equatorial armillary sphere of the Han Chinese polymaths Zhang Heng and Ma Jun. The Elephant clock had some design differences compared to earlier Indian and Han Chinese clocks and the various elements of the clock are in the housing (howdah) on top of the elephant. They were designed to move and make a sound each half-hour.

Al-Jazari upon finishing the development and construction of his Elephant clock wrote: "The elephant represents the Indian and African cultures, the two dragons represents ancient Chinese culture, the phoenix represents Persian culture, the water work represents ancient Greek culture, and the turban represents Islamic culture" signifying the multicultural mentality of the intellectual Al-Jazari.

A modern full-size working reproduction can be found as a centerpiece in the Ibn Battuta Mall, a shopping mall in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Another working reproduction can be seen outside the Musée d'Horlogerie du Locle, Château des Monts, in Le Locle, Switzerland.

In addition to its mechanical innovations, the clock itself is seen as an early example of multiculturalism represented in technology. The elephant represents the Indian culture, the dragons represent the Chinese culture and the turban represents Islamic culture.[2]

Mechanism

A reproduction of the elephant clock in the Ibn Battuta Mall, Dubai.
A reproduction in Kasımiye Medrese , Mardin, Turkey

The timing mechanism is based on a water-filled basin hidden inside the elephant. In the bucket is a deep bowl floating in the water, but with a small hole in the centre. The bowl takes half an hour to fill through this hole. In the process of sinking, the bowl pulls a string attached to a see-saw mechanism in the tower on top of the elephant. This releases a ball that drops into the mouth of a serpent, causing the serpent to tip forward, which pulls the sunken bowl out of the water via strings. At the same time, a system of strings causes a figure in the tower to raise either the left or right hand and the mahout (elephant driver at the front) to hit a drum. This indicates a half or full hour. Next, the snake tips back. The cycle then repeats, as long as balls remain in the upper reservoir to power the emptying of the bowl.[3]

Automaton

In the mechanism, a humanoid automaton strikes the cymbal and a mechanical bird chirps, like in the later cuckoo clock.

Passage of temporal hours

Another innovative feature of the clock was how it recorded the passage of temporal hours, which meant that the rate of flow had to be changed daily to match the uneven length of days throughout the year. To accomplish this, the clock had two tanks. The top tank was connected to the time indicating mechanisms and the bottom was connected to the flow control regulator. At daybreak, the tap was opened and water flowed from the top tank to the bottom tank via a float regulator that maintained a constant pressure in the receiving tank.[4]

Modern reproductions

Several modern reproductions of the Elephant Clock have been created by the 1001 Inventions organisation. These reproductions are featured as part of the 1001 Inventions educational science shows that have been touring around the world since 2006. During a visit to the London Science Museum in January 2010, BBC journalist Nick Higham described the five metre high, working Elephant Clock replica produced by 1001 Inventions as "spectacular".[5][6]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ibn al-Razzaz Al-Jazari (ed. 1974), The Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices. Translated and annotated by Donald Routledge Hill, Dordrecht/D. Reidel.
  2. ↑ Kerim Balci (14 June 2009). "A book on Muslim contributions to science provides solution to identity crisis". Today's Zaman. Retrieved 2009-06-19.
  3. ↑ Robinson, Andrew (2007), The Story of Measurement: From Cubits to Megabytes, Thames & Hudson, ISBN 978-0-500-51367-5
  4. ↑ Ahmad Y Hassan; Donald Routledge Hill (1986), Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History, Cambridge University Press, pp. 57–59, ISBN 0-521-26333-6
  5. ↑ "Science Museum exhibition of Muslim heritage". BBC News. 21 January 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  6. ↑ "1001 Inventions: Discover the Muslim Heritage in Our World". Time Out London. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
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