Edward Murray East

Edward Murray East (October 4, 1879 – November 9, 1938) was an American plant geneticist, botanist, agronomist and eugenisist.^[1] He is known for his experiments that led to the development of hybrid corn. He worked at the Bussey Institute of Harvard University where he performed a key experiment showing the outcome of crosses between lines that differ in a quantitative trait.^[2]

Work in Eugenics

Edward Murray East was a prominent figure in early American genetics and was a strong supporter of the eugenics movement in the united states.^[3] E.M.East was strongly influenced by the work of Thomas Malthus especially Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population (1798).^[4][5] This influence led E.M.East to create many of his ideas concerning birth control and immigration policy.E.M.East applied many of the ideas that he had developed in his research on the applications of genetics to agriculture to his ideas about human society.^[6] E.M East wrote two major works on eugenics Mankind at the Crossroads (1923) and Heredity and Human Affairs (1927) in which he went about the task of comparing groups of people based upon the racial categorizations of the time. In his book Heredity and Human Affairs (1927) E.M.East made quit a few pointed comments against interbreeding and miscegenation in the human species stating that ". . .the negro race as a whole is possessed of undesirable transmissible qualities both physical and mental, which seem to justify not only a line but a wide gulf to be fixed permanently between it and the white race".^[4][6] Another principle concern of E.M.East's was the existing social policy and his perception that it favored the "imbecile" over the "genius" and that the continued use of public funds to this end would have negligible value, if not directly causing harm.^[4][7]

Work in Biology: Inbreeding and Outbreeding

In 1919 Edward M. East and Donald F. Jones worked together on monographs on experimental biology, including a book on inbreeding and outbreeding and their genetic and sociological significance. This work covers reproduction among plants and animals, the mechanism of reproduction, the mechanism of heredity, mathematical considerations of inbreeding, inbreeding experiments with animals and plants, hybrid vigor or heterosis, conceptions as to the cause of hybrid vigor, sterility and its relations to inbreeding and crossbreeding, the role of inbreeding and outbreeding in evolution, as well as the value of inbreeding and outbreeding in plant and animal improvement. They explicitly consider inbreeding and outbreeding in man, their effect on the individual, and the intermingling of races and review the national stamina literature.^[8]Inbreeding and Outbreeding: Their Genetic and Sociological Significance, was where East proposed the theory that inbreeding in a genetically diverse stock caused increased homozygosity. Believing with the Drosophila workers that most mutations were recessive and deleterious, East concluded that the increased homozygosity caused by inbreeding should generally be accompanied by detrimental effects.^[9] East’s theory also explained why inbreeding was not necessarily deleterious in all cases. Unless deleterious recessives were present, inbreeding caused no ill effects.^[9] Outbreeding of course had the opposite effect of increasing heterozygosity and was often accompanied by heterosis, or hybrid vigor. In later years East continued to work on the physiological interpretation of heterosis and published a long paper on the subject only two years before his death.^[9] The Jones and East book was well received, the theory presented with a wealth of evidence. It was widely read and cited by geneticists.^[8][9]

Biography

Edward East was born on October 4, 1879 in Duruoin, Illinois to William Harvey East and Sarah Granger Woodruff. William had considerable mechanical skills and studied mechanical engineering at the University of Illinois from 1875-1876. After he found work as a machinist, manufacturer of machinery, and chief engineer for a clay products firm.^[9] When East was young he developed reading and writing skills rapidly. He also possessed a birds’ egg collection that he studied diligently and purchased the collection with money he earned working at the local grocery store.^[9] He acquired a .22 rifle, as did most boys his age, and became a very skilled marksman. After graduating high school at the age fifteen he worked in a machine shop for two years developing mechanical drawing skills and shop methods. Here he saved money for college and eventually attended the Case School of Applied Science in Cleveland in 1897.^[3] One lasting impression the experience gave him was when a professor gave him a zero on an essay for making one mistake, an experience he often mentioned.

As Edwards began advancing in his studies he decided that he was more interested in general science rather than applied mechanics. Once he decided this he transferred to the University of Illinois. From this university Edward went on to receive his Bachelor of Science in 1900, Master of Science in 1904, and Doctor of Philosophy in 1907.^[9] During this time he met and married Mary Lawrence Biggs and had two girls.^[3] His master’s thesis was in the study of the chemical and bacteriological studies on the self-purification of running streams. East’s first scientific position was working as an assistant chemist in C.G. Hopkins’s Laboratory. His job was to take chemical analyses of samples of corn. East was recommended to undertake the new work of improving the chemical compositions in corn and accepted the appointment in Newhaven in 1905.^[9] Although East only spent four years at New Haven he completed a lot work in that time. He continued intensive studies of the three economy plants, tobacco, potato, and maize. Much of East's life was spent battling an illness.^[3] Some of his studies done in New Haven were used in his submission of his thesis to the University of Illinois. His work on tobacco paved the foundation for his genetic work on the Nicotiana plant. His most notable research was with maize, where he discovered the genetic mechanism known as multiple factors. His work done at New Haven was over the inbreeding and cross-breeding. The published paper of his “Inheritance in Maize” was the results of this work.^[9] The first inbred strains were grown in 1908. His first book “Inbreeding and Outbreeding” was on this subject. East played an important role in the development of hybrid corn. His main interest was in the theoretical interpretations from inbreeding leading to reduction and crossbreeding leading to increased growth. His ideas were developed further and led to the introduction of alleles and were published in 1936 in “Heterosis”.^[9]

References

1. ↑ Nelson, O. E. (1993). "A notable triumvirate of maize geneticists". Genetics. 135 (4): 937–41. PMC 1205754. PMID 8307333. 
2. ↑ East, E. M. (1916). "Studies on size inheritance in Nicotiana". Genetics. 1 (2): 164–176. PMC 1193657. PMID 17245854. 
3. 1 2 3 4 "Edward Murray East | American scientist". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2016-11-14. 
4. 1 2 3 Lombardo, Paul A. (2015-05-06). "When Harvard Said No to Eugenics: The J. Ewing Mears Bequest, 1927". Perspectives in Biology and Medicine. 57 (3): 374–392. doi:10.1353/pbm.2014.0023. ISSN 1529-8795. 
5. ↑ Robert, Thomas (April 2012). "Total War and the Total Environment: Fairfield Osborn, William Vogt, and the Birth of Global Ecology". Environmental History. 17. 
6. 1 2 "Geneticists Embattled: Their Stand against Rampant Eugenics and Racism in America during the 1920s and 1930s". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 130. 
7. ↑ Kofoid, Charles (1928-09-18). "Heredity and Human Affairs". American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health. PMC 1580612. 
8. 1 2 East, Edward (1919). Inbreeding and Outbreeding: Their Genetic and Sociological Significance. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company. 
9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Edward Murray East facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about Edward Murray East". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2016-11-16. 

External links

• National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
• Cohen, E. 2016. Harvard's Eugenics Era. Harvard Magazine 118 (4) 48-52