Die Spinne

Die Spinne (German for "The Spider") was a post-World War II organisation credited with helping certain Nazi war criminals escape justice. Its existence is still debated today. It is believed by some historians to be a different name (or a branch)[1] of the Nazi German ODESSA organization established during the collapse of the Third Reich, similar to Kameradenwerk, and der Bruderschaft, devoted to helping German war criminals flee Europe.[2] It was led in part by Otto Skorzeny, Hitler's commando chief, as well as Nazi intelligence officer Reinhard Gehlen.[3][4] Die Spinne helped as many as 600 former SS men escape from Germany to Spain, Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, Bolivia, the Middle East, and other countries.

Otto Skorzeny waiting in a cell as witness at the Nuremberg trials. On 27 July 1948 Skorzeny escaped from the camp with the help of former SS officers dressed in US Military Police uniforms. He later maintained that the US authorities had aided his escape, and had supplied the uniforms.[5]

Die Spinne was established by Skorzeny using the aliases Robert Steinbacher and Otto Steinbauer, and supported by either Nazi funds or, according to some sources, Austrian Intelligence. Later, Skorzeny, Gehlen, and their network of collaborators had gained significant influence in parts of Europe and Latin America. Skorzeny travelled between Francoist Spain and Argentina, where he acted as an adviser to President Juan Perón and bodyguard of Eva Perón,[6] while fostering an ambition for the "Fourth Reich" centred in Latin America.[7][8][9]

According to Infield, the idea for the Spinne network began in 1944 as Hitler's chief intelligence officer Reinhard Gehlen foresaw a possible downfall of the Third Reich[10] due to Nazi military failures in Russia. T.H. Tetens, expert on German geopolitics and member of the US War Crimes Commission in 1946-47, referred to a group overlapping with die Spinne as the Führungsring ("a kind of political Mafia, with headquarters in Madrid... serving various purposes.")[11] The Madrid office built up what was referred to as a sort of Fascist International, per Tetens.[12] According to Tetens the German leadership also included Dr Hans Globke, who had written the official commentary on the Nuremberg Laws. Globke held the important position of Director of the German Chancellery from 1953–63, serving as adviser to Konrad Adenauer.[13]

The "Fascist International"

From 1945-50, Die Spinne's leader Skorzeny facilitated the escape of Nazi war criminals from war-criminal prisons to Memmingen, Bavaria, through Austria and Switzerland into Italy.[14] Certain US military authorities allegedly knew of the escape, but took no action.[15] The Central European headquarters of Die Spinne as of 1948 was in Gmunden, Austria.[16]

A coordinating office for international Die Spinne operations was established in Madrid by Skorzeny under the control of Francisco Franco,[17] whose victory in the Spanish Civil War had been aided by economic and military support from Hitler and Mussolini. When a Die Spinne Nazi delegation visited Madrid in 1959, Franco stated, "Please regard Spain as your second Fatherland."[18] Skorzeny used Die Spinne's resources to allow notorious Nazi concentration camp doctor Joseph Mengele to escape to Argentina in 1949.[19]

Skorzeny requested assistance from German industrialist tycoon Alfried Krupp, whose company had controlled 138 private concentration camps under the Third Reich; the assistance was granted in 1951. Skorzeny became Krupp's representative in industrial business ventures in Argentina,[20] a country which harboured a strong pro-Nazi political element throughout World War II and afterwards,[21] regardless of a nominal declaration of loyalty to the Allies as World War II ended. With the help of Die Spinne leaders in Spain, by the early 1980s Die Spinne had become influential in Argentina, Chile and Paraguay, including ties involving Paraguayan dictator Alfredo Stroessner.[22]

War Crimes investigator Simon Wiesenthal claimed Joseph Mengele had stayed at the notorious Colonia Dignidad Nazi colony in Chile in 1979,[23] and ultimately found harbour in Paraguay until his death. As of the early 1980s, Die Spinne's Mengele was reported by Infield[24] to have been advising Stroessner's ethnic German Paraguayan police on how to reduce native Paraguayan Indians in the Chaco Region to slave labour.[25] A wealthy, powerful post-World-War-II underground Nazi political contingent held sway in Argentina as of the late 1960s, which included many ethnic German Nazi immigrants and their descendants.[26]

In popular culture

The "Spinne" network in Spain is the focus of the 1966 Nick Carter spy novel Web of Spies.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Guy Walters (2010). Hunting Evil: The Nazi War Criminals Who Escaped and the Quest to Bring Them to Justice. Crown/Archetype. pp. 139–142. ISBN 0307592480 – via Google Books, preview.
  2. ↑ Glen Yeadon (2008). The Nazi Hydra in America: Suppressed History of a Century. Lulu Press eBook Company. p. 363. ISBN 0930852435.
  3. ↑ "Otto Skorzeny, Nazi Commando, Dead". The New York Times. July 8, 1975.
  4. ↑ "Nazis: The Deadly Spider". Newsweek. July 21, 1975.
  5. ↑ Lee, Martin A. (1999). The Beast Reawakens: Fascism's Resurgence from Hitler's Spymasters to Today's Neo-Nazi Groups and Right-Wing Extremists. Taylor & Francis; pp. 42-43; ISBN 0-415-92546-0.
  6. ↑ "Peculiar liaisons: in war, espionage, and terrorism in the twentieth century", John S. Craig. Algora Publishing, 2005; ISBN 0-87586-331-0/ISBN 978-0-87586-331-3, pg. 163
  7. ↑ "Barbie's Postwar Ties With U.S. Army Detailed". Boston Globe. 14 February 1983.
  8. ↑ Glenn Infield. The Secrets of the SS. Stein and Day, New York, 1981
  9. ↑ Joseph Wechsberg, The Murderers Among Us. McGraw Hill, New York, 1967. pp. 81, 116.
  10. ↑ Infield, p. 201
  11. ↑ T.H. Tetens. The New Germany and the Old Nazis, Random House/Marzani+Munsel, 1961. p. 31
  12. ↑ Tetens, p. 73
  13. ↑ Tetens, pp. 38–41
  14. ↑ Infield, p. 197
  15. ↑ Infield, p. 197
  16. ↑ Wechsberg, p. 116
  17. ↑ Infield, p. 8
  18. ↑ Tetens, p. 73
  19. ↑ Infield, p. 209
  20. ↑ Infield, p. 199
  21. ↑ Wechsberg, pp. 337-38
  22. ↑ Wechsberg, p. 166
  23. ↑ Infield, p. 208
  24. ↑ Infield, p. 210
  25. ↑ Infield, p. 210
  26. ↑ Wechsberg, pp. 123–24, 159, 162

Bibliography

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