Devil's Den

This article is about the landform on the south end of Houck's Ridge. For other uses, see Devil's Den (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 39°47′29.421″N 77°14′32.59″W / 39.79150583°N 77.2423861°W / 39.79150583; -77.2423861

Devils Den[1] is a boulder-strewn hill at Gettysburg Battlefield, once used by artillery and infantry (e.g., sharpshooters) on the second day of the 1863 Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War. A visitor attraction since the memorial association era, several boulders are worn from foot traffic and the site includes numerous cannon, memorials, and walkways, including a bridge spanning two boulders.

History

Devils Den was formed with Little Round Top (to the east-northeast) and Big Round Top (southwest) by periglacial frost wedging of the igneous landform formed 200 million years ago when a diabase sill intruded through the Triassic Gettysburg plain.[2]:13 After c. 1855, for 25 years through 1881, a 15 ft (4.6 m) snake had been reported between the Emmitsburg Road & Devils Den,[3] and the 1898 black snake had a length of only 8 ft (2.4 m). Named before the battle,[4] some soldiers' accounts used the name "Devil's Cave", and a depression on a boulder that collects water resembles a flying horned bat.

Battle of Gettysburg

On July 2, 1863, Smith's Union battery used the hill to counterfire on Confederate artillery prior to McLaws' Assault at 5:30 pm.[5] Against Hood's Assault that started at 4 pm, Devils Den was defended by Birney's 1st Division as the far left position from The Peach Orchard Salient of the III Corps. The hill was captured when the "First Texas Regiment, having pressed forward to the crest of the hill and driven the enemy from his battery",[6] and Anderson's Confederates used the hill for the first attack on The Wheatfield. From near the Slaughter Pen, the 40th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment forced the 2nd & 17th Georgia regiments of Benning's Brigade to retreat to Devils Den.[7]

The 124th NY monument with Ellis statue was dedicated near Devil's Den in 1884. Postbellum avenues were constructed to Devil's Den such as Sickles' Avenue from the west, Crawford Avenue in 1895 (north),[8]:'95 and Warren Avenue across Plum Run (east). From 1894-1916, the Gettysburg Electric Railway operated on a curve crossing Plum Run (Rock Creek) around the south base of the hill with the Tipton Station providing Devil's Den services. In 1916, a Devil's Den boulder was used as a Satterlee Hospital memorial at Philadelphia's Clark Park.[9]

The nearby 1933 comfort station was demolished in 2009, and its access bridge over Plum Run remains to the east. In 1952, ROTC students conducted a mock battle at the site, and the "Devil's Den Access Committee" was formed in 1988. The site's ID Tablet was designated a Historic District Contributing Structure in 2004,[10] and the Devil's Den barricade is structure WA35 on the Gettysburg National Military Park's List of Classified Structures.

1909 photo of Devil's Den

References

  1. ↑ "Devils Den". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
  2. ↑ Brown, Andrew (2006) [1962]. "GEOLOGY and the Gettysburg Campaign" (PDF) (Eleventh printing ed.). Pennsylvania: Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
  3. ↑ "Famous Snake" (Google News Archive). Gettysburg Times. Times and News Publishing Company. Jan 23, 1932. Retrieved 2011-03-15. In September, 1881, the shy blacksnake of Round Top was seen by Hiram Warren, who states his length to be fifteen feet. For over a quarter century this reptile has been known to reside in this neighborhood—it was named 'The Devil', and the place assumed to be its den became "The Devil's Den".
  4. ↑ Bachelder, John B. (1873). Gettysburg: What to See and How to See It. p. tbd. it was a name given to the locality before the battle. (quoted by Adelman and Smith, p. 7)
  5. ↑ Hunt, Henry J. The Second Day at Gettysburg… (Civil War Reference transcript). Retrieved 2011-10-22. A cross-road connecting the Taneytown and Emmitsburg roads runs along the northern base of Devil's Den. From its Plum Run crossing to the Peach Orchard is 1100 yards. For the first 400 yards of this distance, there is a wood on the north and a wheat-field on the south of the road, beyond which the road continues for 700 yards to the Emmitsburg road along Devil's Den ridge, which slopes on the north to Plum Run, on the south to Plum Branch. [Rose Run] … The angle at the Peach Orchard is thus formed by the intersection of two bold ridges, one from Devil's Den, the other along the Emmitsburg road
  6. ↑ CSA Brig. Gen. Jerome B. Robertson, after action report, Devil's Den
  7. ↑ Gottfried, Bradley M. Brigades of Gettysburg (Google Books). Retrieved 2011-05-25.
  8. ↑ Gettysburg National Military Park Commission. "An Introduction to the Annual Reports of the Gettysburg National Military Park Commission to the Secretary of War". The Gettysburg Commission Reports. Gettysburg, PA: War Department.
  9. ↑ Collins, Jaffe; et al. (April 2001). Clark Park Revitalization Project (PDF) (Report). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Friends of Clark Park / University City District. p. 5. Retrieved 2010-09-22.
  10. ↑ Cope, Emmor, "Devil's Den - Cast Iron Site ID Tablet", (structure ID 73, LCS ID tbd) List of Classified Structures: GETT p. tbd, National Park Service External link in |work= (help)
  11. ↑ Groves, James C. (1998). "The Devil's Den Sharpshooter Re-Discovered". JamesCGroves.com. Retrieved 2011-10-24.
  12. ↑ "Little Round-Top" (Google News Archive). Gettysburg Compiler. October 24, 1899. Retrieved 2011-10-24. Just before Gen. Crawford made his charge … Gen. Weed said to me: 'Martin, I would rather die on this spot than see those rascals gain one inch of ground. I … started to go down…and saw…Weed, reeling and falling to the ground. … [from] Little Round Top … Rittenhouse had a perfect enfilading fire into Pickett's right flank and used it to the best possible advantage.
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1933-2009 comfort station
Gettysburg Granite comfort station
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