David Ferrie

For those of a similar name, see David Ferry (disambiguation).
David Ferrie

David W. Ferrie in the early 1950s
Born David William Ferrie
March 28, 1919
Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.
Died February 22, 1967(1967-02-22) (aged 48)
New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.
Cause of death Cerebral hemorrhage due to intracranial berry aneurysm (official ruling)
Resting place Saint Bernard Memorial Gardens
Nationality American
Education St. Ignatius High School
Alma mater St. Mary's Seminary
Baldwin-Wallace College
Occupation Pilot
Known for Allegations made by Jim Garrison during the investigation of the John F. Kennedy assassination

David William Ferrie (March 28, 1918 – February 22, 1967) was an American pilot who was alleged by New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison to have been involved in a conspiracy to assassinate President John F. Kennedy.[1] Garrison also alleged that Ferrie knew Lee Harvey Oswald. Ferrie denied any involvement in a conspiracy and said he never knew Oswald.[2] Decades later, photos emerged establishing that Ferrie had been in the same Civil Air Patrol unit as Oswald in the 1950s, but critics have argued this does not prove that either Ferrie or Oswald was involved in an assassination plot.[3]

Early life

Ferrie was born in Cleveland, Ohio. A Roman Catholic, Ferrie attended St. Ignatius High School, John Carroll University, St. Mary's Seminary, where he studied for the priesthood, and Baldwin-Wallace College. He next spent three years at the St. Charles' Seminary in Carthagena, Ohio. He suffered from alopecia areata, a rare skin condition, which results in the loss of body hair and whose severity increases with age. Later in life, to compensate for his hair loss, Ferrie wore a reddish homemade wig and fake eyebrows.[4]

In 1944 Ferrie left St. Charles because of "emotional instability."[4] He obtained a pilot's license and began teaching aeronautics at Cleveland's Benedictine High School. He was fired from the school for several infractions, including taking boys to a house of prostitution.[5] He then became an insurance inspector and, in 1951, moved to New Orleans where he worked as a pilot for Eastern Air Lines, until losing his job in August 1961, after being arrested twice on morals charges.[6]

Ferrie was involved with the Civil Air Patrol in several ways: He started as a Senior Member (an adult member) with the Fifth Cleveland Squadron at Hopkins Airport in 1947.[7] When he moved to New Orleans, he transferred to the New Orleans Cadet Squadron at Lakefront Airport. There he served as an instructor, and later as the Commander.[7] After a Ferrie-trained cadet pilot perished in a December 1954 crash, Ferrie's annual re-appointment was declined. He was asked to be a guest aerospace education instructor at a smaller squadron at Moisant Airport, and lectured there from June to September 1955. On July 27, 1955, 15-year-old Lee Harvey Oswald joined this squadron.[8]

In March 1958, a former cadet-turned-commander invited Ferrie back to the New Orleans Cadet Squadron. Ferrie served unofficially for a time and was reinstated as Executive Officer in September 1959. Ferrie quit the squadron in June 1960 after a disagreement during a bivouac. In September 1960, he started his own unofficial squadron, called the Metairie Falcon Cadet Squadron.[9] An offshoot of this group was the Internal Mobile Security Unit, a group formed for the fight against Fidel Castro's Cuba.[10] Over the years, he used both his official and unofficial squadrons to develop improper relations with boys ranging in age from 14 to 18, and his August 1961 arrests caused the Falcons to fold.[10]

Ferrie described himself as a liberal on civil rights issues, but he was "rabidly anti-Communist", often accusing previous U.S. Presidential administrations of "sell-outs" to communism.[5] Ferrie initially supported Fidel Castro's campaign against Fulgencio Batista in Cuba, but by mid-1959 became convinced that Castro was a communist. According to the House Select Committee on Assassinations, Ferrie "...found an outlet for his political fanaticism in the anti-Castro movement." By early 1961, Ferrie was working with right-wing Cuban exile Sergio Arcacha Smith, head of the Central Intelligence Agency-backed Cuban Democratic Revolutionary Front in New Orleans. Ferrie soon became Arcacha Smith's "eager partner in counterrevolutionary activities." Both were involved in a raid in late 1961 on a munitions depot in Houma, Louisiana, "...in which various weapons, grenades and ammunition were stolen."[11][12]

Ferrie often spoke to business and civic groups on political issues. In July 1961, Ferrie gave an anti-Kennedy speech before the New Orleans chapter of the Military Order of World Wars, in which "his topic was the Presidential administration and the Bay of Pigs Invasion fiasco."[5] In his speech, Ferrie attacked President Kennedy for refusing to provide air support to the Bay of Pigs invasion force of Cuban exiles.[13] Ferrie's tirade against Kennedy was so offensive that he was asked to leave the podium.[5] Ferrie admitted to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, after the assassination, that when speaking about Kennedy, he might have used the expression: "He ought to be shot." Ferrie insisted, however, that these words were just "an off-hand or colloquial expression."[13]

In the early 1960s, Ferrie became involved with Guy Banister, former Special Agent In Charge (SAC) of the Chicago office of the FBI, right-wing political activist, segregationist, and private investigator. Banister also worked with Ferrie's associate, Sergio Arcacha Smith. In early 1962, both Banister and Arcacha Smith maintained offices in the Newman Building at the corner address of 544 Camp Street / 531 Lafayette Street, New Orleans.[14]

In February 1962, Banister assisted Ferrie in his dispute with Eastern Airlines regarding "...charges brought [against Ferrie] by the airline and local New Orleans police of crimes against nature and extortion."[12] During this period, Ferrie was often seen at Banister's office.[15] Banister testified to Ferrie's "good character" at an airline pilot's grievance board hearing in the summer of 1963.[12][15]

According to several witnesses, Ferrie and Banister also worked together in the fall of 1963 for lawyer G. Wray Gill, on behalf of Gill's client, New Orleans Mafia boss Carlos Marcello, in an attempt to block Marcello's deportation to Guatemala.[12] On a related matter, the House Select Committee on Assassinations stated that "An unconfirmed Border Patrol report of February 1962 alleges that Ferrie was the pilot who flew Carlos Marcello back into the United States from Guatemala after he had been deported in April 1961 as part of the U.S. Attorney General Robert Kennedy's crackdown on organized crime."[16] Another report, this one by the FBI, "...indicated Marcello offered [Ferrie associate Sergio] Arcacha Smith a deal whereby Marcello would make a substantial donation to the [anti-Castro] movement in return for concessions in Cuba after Castro's overthrow."[16]

Allegations of involvement in the Kennedy assassination

On the afternoon of November 22, 1963 – the day John F. Kennedy was assassinated and the day Marcello was acquitted in his deportation case – New Orleans private investigator Guy Banister and one of his employees, Jack Martin, were drinking together at a local bar. On their return to Banister's office, the two men got into a heated argument. According to Martin, Banister said something to which Martin replied, "What are you going to do – kill me like you all did Kennedy?" Banister drew his .357 magnum revolver and pistol-whipped Martin several times. Martin, badly injured, went by ambulance to Charity Hospital.[17]

In the ensuing days, Jack Martin told reporters and authorities that David Ferrie might have been involved in the assassination. Martin told the New Orleans police that Ferrie "...was supposed to have been the getaway pilot in the assassination."[1] He said that Ferrie had threatened Kennedy's life, even outlining plans to kill him, and that Ferrie might have taught Oswald how to use a rifle with a telescopic sight. Martin also claimed that Ferrie had known Oswald from their days in the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol, and that he had seen a photograph, at Ferrie's home, of Oswald in a Civil Air Patrol group.[18]

Martin's accusations soon got back to Ferrie, who contacted several of his former Civil Air Patrol associates. Former cadet Roy McCoy told the FBI that "...Ferrie had come by looking for photographs of the cadets to see if Oswald was pictured in any photos of Ferrie's squadron."[19]

Jack Martin also told bail bondsman Hardy Davis that he had heard on television that Ferrie's New Orleans library card had been found in Oswald's possession when he was arrested in Dallas. Davis reported this to Ferrie's employer, the lawyer G. Wray Gill.[20] (In fact, no such library card was found among Oswald's possessions.)[21] Ferrie subsequently visited both Oswald’s former New Orleans landlady and a former neighbor about this report.[22] Ferrie was able to produce his library card for FBI agents who interviewed him on November 27, 1963.[23]

Martin also claimed that Ferrie had driven from New Orleans to Texas on the night of the assassination. When questioned by the FBI, Ferrie stated that he and two friends drove 350 miles (560 km) to the Winterland Skating Rink in Houston, about 240 miles (390 km) from Dallas, that evening. Ferrie said that "...he had been considering for some time the feasibility and possibility of opening an ice skating rink in New Orleans" and wanted to gather information on the ice rink business. "He stated that he introduced himself to [rink manager] Chuck Rolland and spoke with him at length concerning the cost of installation and operation of the rink."[24] However, Rolland said that he never spoke to Ferrie about running an ice rink. Rolland said that Ferrie had spent his time at the rink's pay phone, making and receiving calls.[25]

On November 25, Martin was contacted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Martin told the FBI that Ferrie might have hypnotized Oswald into assassinating Kennedy. The FBI considered Martin's evidence unreliable. Nevertheless, FBI agents interviewed Ferrie twice about Martin's allegations.[26] Ferrie claimed that in June 1963, he had been involved in an altercation with Martin, in which he had thrown Martin out of the office of lawyer G. Wray Gill.[27] The FBI also interviewed about twenty other people in connection with Martin's allegations. The FBI said that it was unable to develop a substantial case against Ferrie. An inquiry by the House Select Committee on Assassinations, conducted a decade and a half later, concluded that the FBI's "...overall investigation of the 544 Camp Street issue at the time of the assassination was not thorough."[28]

David Ferrie (second from left) and a teenaged Lee Harvey Oswald (far right) in a group photo of the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol in 1955 (click to enlarge)

Some of this information reached Jim Garrison, the district attorney of New Orleans, who had become increasingly interested in the assassination after a chance meeting with Louisiana Senator Russell Long in late 1966. Garrison said that Long told him: "Those fellows on the Warren Commission were dead wrong. There's no way in the world that one man could have shot up Jack Kennedy that way."[29][30]

In December 1966, Garrison interviewed Jack Martin. Martin claimed that during the summer of 1963, David Ferrie, Guy Banister, Lee Harvey Oswald, and a group of anti-Castro Cuban exiles were involved in operations against Castro's Cuba that included gun running activities and burglarizing armories.[31] Garrison would later write: "The Banister apparatus ... was part of a supply line that ran along the Dallas–New Orleans–Miami corridor. These supplies consisted of arms and explosives for use against Castro's Cuba."[31]

According to testimony by Banister's personal secretary, Delphine Roberts, Ferrie and Oswald were frequent visitors to Banister's office in 1963. She remembered Ferrie as "one of the agents." "Many times when he came into the office he used the private office behind Banister's, and I was told he was doing private work. I believed his work was somehow connected with the CIA rather than the FBI..."[32] The House Select Committee on Assassinations investigated Roberts' claims and said that "because of contradictions in Roberts' statements to the committee and lack of independent corroboration of many of her statements, the reliability of her statements could not be determined."[33]

As Garrison continued his investigation, he became convinced that a group of right-wing extremists, including Ferrie, Banister, and Clay Shaw, were involved in a conspiracy with elements of the CIA to kill John F. Kennedy. Garrison would later claim that the motive for the assassination was anger over Kennedy's attempts to obtain a peace settlement in both Cuba and Vietnam.[34][35] Garrison also believed that Shaw, Banister, and Ferrie had conspired to set up Oswald as a patsy in the JFK assassination.[36]

Death

Ferrie lived in the upstairs of this two story house located on Louisiana Avenue Parkway in the Broadmoor section of New Orleans.

On February 22, 1967, less than a week after the New Orleans States-Item broke the story of Jim Garrison's investigation, Ferrie was found dead in his apartment.[37] Two unsigned, undated typed letters were found at Ferrie's apartment: The first, found in a pile of papers, was a screed about the justice system, beginning with "To leave this life is, for me, a sweet prospect."[38] The second note was written to Al Beauboeuf, Ferrie's friend to whom he bequeathed all his possessions.[38] Garrison said he considered Ferrie's death a suicide, but added "I am not ruling out murder."[37] Garrison's aide, Lou Ivon, stated that Ferrie telephoned him the day after the story of Garrison's investigation broke and told him, "You know what this news story does to me, don't you. I'm a dead man. From here on, believe me, I'm a dead man...."[39]

Ferrie's autopsy was performed by Orleans Parish coroner Nicholas Chetta and pathologist Ronald A. Welsh.[40] They concluded that there was no evidence of suicide or murder and that Ferrie died of a massive cerebral hemorrhage due to a congenital intracranial berry aneurysm that had ruptured at the base of his brain.[37][41][42][43] Upon learning of the coroner's findings, Jim Garrison said, "I suppose it could just be a weird coincidence that the night Ferrie penned two suicide notes, he died of natural causes."[34] On March 1, 1967, Garrison had Clay Shaw arrested and charged him with conspiring to assassinate President Kennedy.[44]

Jack Wardlaw, then with the defunct afternoon newspaper, the New Orleans States-Item, and his fellow journalist Rosemary James, a native of South Carolina, co-authored Plot or Politics, a 1967 book which takes issue with the Garrison investigation. Wardlaw won an Associated Press award for his story on the death of David Ferrie.[45]

Allegations regarding a relationship between Ferrie and Lee Harvey Oswald

In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations stated in its Final Report that Oswald – who had been living in New Orleans in the summer of 1963 – had established contact with anti-Castro Cubans[46] and "apparently" with American anti-Castro activist, David Ferrie.[47] The Committee also found "credible and significant" the testimony of six witnesses who placed Oswald and Ferrie in Clinton, Louisiana, in September 1963.[48] One of the witnesses was Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) chairman Corrie Collins. Collins identified a photograph of David Ferrie at the trial of Clay Shaw, saying, "...but the most outstanding thing about him [Ferrie] was his eyebrows and his hair. They didn't seem real, in other words, they were unnatural, didn't seem as if they were real hair."[49] A later release of witness statements taken by Garrison's investigators in 1967, unavailable to the HSCA, showed contradictions in the witnesses' testimony given in 1969 and 1978.[50] For example, Collins was shown a photo of David Ferrie by Garrison investigator Andrew Sciambra in January 1968 and (in Sciambra's words) "said that he remembers seeing this man around Clinton somewhere but can't be sure where or when."[51] Yet later at the Shaw trial, he placed Ferrie in the company of Shaw and Oswald.[52]

In 1979, the House Select Committee on Assassinations stated that available records "...lent substantial credence to the possibility that Oswald and [David] Ferrie had been involved in the same [Civil Air Patrol] C.A.P. unit during the same period of time."[8] Committee investigators found six witnesses who said that Oswald had been present at Civil Air Patrol meetings headed by David Ferrie.[53][54]

Frontline photograph

In 1993, the PBS television program Frontline obtained a group photograph, taken eight years before the assassination, that showed Oswald and Ferrie at a cookout with other Civil Air Patrol cadets.[3] However, as Frontline executive producer Michael Sullivan said, "one should be cautious in ascribing its meaning. The photograph does give much support to the eyewitnesses who say they saw Ferrie and Oswald together in the C.A.P., and it makes Ferrie's denials that he ever knew Oswald less credible. But it does not prove that the two men were with each other in 1963, nor that they were involved in a conspiracy to kill the president."[3] Author John C. McAdams wrote: "The photo doesn't prove that they ever met or talked to each other, but only that they were in the organization at the same time."[55]

Other allegations

In 1978, William Gaudet, a 20-year CIA informant who had worked out of an office at the International Trade Mart in New Orleans, told investigator Anthony Summers that Ferrie "was with Oswald," although Gaudet did not state where or when, or whether he knew this directly or by hearsay. Gaudet also said, "Another vital person is Sergio Arcacha Smith. I know he knew Oswald and knows more about the Kennedy affair than he ever admitted."[56]

The former Executive Assistant to the Deputy Director of the CIA, Victor Marchetti, has claimed that David Ferrie was connected to the CIA. Marchetti told author Anthony Summers that "...he observed consternation on the part of then CIA Director Richard Helms and other senior officials when Ferrie's name was first publicly linked with the assassination in 1967." Marchetti said that he asked a CIA colleague about this who told him that "Ferrie had been a contract agent to the Agency in the early sixties and had been involved in some of the Cuban activities."[32]

Marchetti's claim, however, is contradicted by internal CIA documents that state that the Agency never contacted Ferrie at any time,[57] and that there had been no documented Agency utilization of Ferrie.[58]

Portrayals

Ferrie was portrayed by actor Joe Pesci in the Oliver Stone film JFK (1991), and by Tobin Bell in the film Ruby (1992).

References

  1. 1 2 David Ferrie, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, pp. 112–113.
  2. ↑ FBI Interview of David Ferrie, November 25, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, p. 286.
  3. 1 2 3 PBS Frontline "Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald", broadcast on PBS stations, November 1993 (various dates).
  4. 1 2 David Ferrie, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, p. 106.
  5. 1 2 3 4 David Ferrie, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, p. 107.
  6. ↑ David Ferrie, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, pp. 107–108, 108–110.
  7. 1 2 David Ferrie, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, p. 108.
  8. 1 2 Oswald, David Ferrie and the Civil Air Patrol, House Select Committee on Assassinations, Volume 9, 4, p. 110.
  9. ↑ David Ferrie, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, pp. 108–109.
  10. 1 2 "'David Blackburst Archive: David Ferrie: Civil Air Patrol File'".
  11. ↑ David Ferrie, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, p. 109.
  12. 1 2 3 4 544 Camp Street and Related Events, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 127.
  13. 1 2 FBI interview of David Ferrie, November 27, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, p. 199.
  14. ↑ David Ferrie, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, p. 110.
  15. 1 2 David Ferrie, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, p. 111.
  16. 1 2 David Ferrie, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, p. 112.
  17. ↑ 544 Camp Street and Related Events, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 130.
  18. ↑ FBI Interview of Jack S. Martin, November 25, 1963 & November 27, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, pp. 217–218, 309–311.
  19. ↑ David Ferrie, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, p. 114.
  20. ↑ FBI interview of W. Hardy Davis, November 27, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, p. 216.
  21. ↑ Warren Report, Appendix 11: Reports Relating to the Interrogation of Lee Harvey Oswald at the Dallas Police Department, Reports of Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 24, p. 17, CE 1986, FBI report dated November 25, 1963, concerning items in possession of Lee Harvey Oswald when apprehended. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 26, p. 587, CE 3042, FBI report of laboratory examination of items possessed by Lee Harvey Oswald for possible espionage significance. Oswald had his own New Orleans library card, and used it to check out thirty-four books between May and September 1963, when he moved back to Dallas. Warren Commission Hearings, vol. 25, p. 928, CE 2650, Secret Service report dated December 10, 1963, and FBI report dated February 25, 1964, of checks of public libraries in New Orleans, La., and Dallas, Tex., and a list of books knowns to have been checked out by Lee Harvey Oswald.
  22. ↑ David Ferrie, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 12, pp. 113–114.
  23. ↑ FBI interview of David Ferrie, November 27, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, pp. 199–200, 294.
  24. ↑ FBI Interview of David Ferrie, November 25, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, pp. 288–289.
  25. ↑ Summers, Anthony. Not in Your Lifetime, (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 351. ISBN 1-56924-739-0
  26. ↑ FBI Interview of David Ferrie, November 25, 1963 & November 27, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, pp. 285–297, 199–200.
  27. ↑ FBI DeBrueys Report of 02 Dec 1963 re: Oswald/Russia, November 25, 1963, Warren Commission Document 75, p. 293.
  28. ↑ 544 Camp Street and Related Events, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 13, p. 126.
  29. ↑ Talbot, David. Brothers: The Hidden History of the Kennedy Years, (London: Simon & Schuster, 2007), p. 319. ISBN 978-0-7432-6918-6
  30. ↑ Garrison, Jim. On The Trail of the Assassins, (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1988), p. 13. ISBN 0-941781-02-X
  31. 1 2 Garrison 1988 p. 40
  32. 1 2 Summers 1998 p. 233
  33. ↑ 544 Camp Street and Related Events, House Select Committee on Assassinations – Appendix to Hearings, Volume 10, 8, p. 129.
  34. 1 2 Jim Garrison Interview, Playboy magazine, Eric Norden, October 1967.
  35. ↑ Garrison 1988 pp. 12–13, 43, 176–178, 277, 293
  36. ↑ Garrison 1988 pp. 26–27, 62, 70, 106–110, 250, 278, 289
  37. 1 2 3 "Ferrie, JFK Probe Data Linked". The Gadsen Times. Gadsen, Alabama. UPI. February 23, 1967. pp. 1–2. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
  38. 1 2 Bugliosi 2007 p.1401
  39. ↑ Garrison 1988 p. 138
  40. ↑ Bugliosi, Vincent (2007). Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 1401–1402. ISBN 0-393-07212-6.
  41. ↑ "JFK Probe Principals Silenced". The Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. AP. February 24, 1967. p. 1. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
  42. ↑ Wardlaw, Jack D.; James, Rosemary. Plot Or Politics?: The Garrison Case and Its Cast. Pelican Publishing. p. 166. ISBN 1-589-80918-1.
  43. ↑ Lambert, Patricia (2000). False Witness: The Real Story of Jim Garrison's Investigation and Oliver Stone's Film JFK. M. Evans. p. 60. ISBN 1-461-73239-5.
  44. ↑ Sneed, Larry A. (1998). No More Silence: An Oral History of the Assassination of President Kennedy. University of North Texas Press. p. 37. ISBN 1-574-41148-9.
  45. ↑ Rosemary James and Jack Wardlaw, Plot or Politics: The Garrison Case & Its Cast, p. 84. Pelican Publishing Company, 1967. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
  46. ↑ HSCA Final Assassinations Report, House Select Committee on Assassinations, pp. 134–147.
  47. ↑ HSCA Final Assassinations Report, House Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 147.
  48. ↑ HSCA Final Assassinations Report, House Select Committee on Assassinations, p. 142.
  49. ↑ "John F. Kennedy assassination: Clay Shaw trial testimony of Corrie Collins, eyewitness to alleged conspiracy in assassination of JFK". Jfk-online.com. Retrieved September 17, 2010.
  50. ↑ David Reitzes, "Impeaching Clinton".
  51. ↑ Andrew Sciambra, "Memorandum to Jim Garrison".
  52. ↑ "Surprise Witness Called In Shaw Trial; Garrison Calls 5 To Stand". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. Sarasota, Florida. AP. February 7, 1969. p. 1. Retrieved October 21, 2014.
  53. ↑ Summers 1998 p. 234
  54. ↑ Oswald, David Ferrie and the Civil Air Patrol, House Select Committee on Assassinations, Volume 9, 4, pp. 110–115.
  55. ↑ McAdams, John (2011). "Probability: Things that Defy the Odds". JFK Assassination Logic: How to Think About Claims of Conspiracy. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. p. 92. ISBN 9781597974899. Retrieved October 23, 2014.
  56. ↑ Summers 1998 p. 255
  57. ↑ E. H. Knoche, Assistant to the Director of the CIA, National Archives and Records Administration, No. 104-10406-10095, Memorandum to Robert B. Olson
  58. ↑ Howard Osborn, Director of Security, National Archives and Records Administration, No. 104-10105-10139, Memorandum for Deputy Direct of Support

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