David A. Jaffe

This article is about the composer of contemporary classical and computer music. For the video game designer, see David Jaffe.

David Aaron Jaffe (born April 29, 1955) is an American composer who has written over ninety works for orchestra, chorus, chamber ensembles, and electronics. He is best known for his use of technology as an electronic-music or computer-music composer in works such as Silicon Valley Breakdown, though his non-electronic music has also been widely performed. He is also known for his development of computer music algorithmic innovations, such as the physical modeling of plucked and bowed strings, as well as for his development of music software such as the NeXT Music Kit and the Universal Audio UAD-2/Apollo.

Biography

Born in Newark, New Jersey, Jaffe grew up in a musical family, with his father a gifted mandolinist. He began studying violin at an early age with violin pedagogue Samuel Applebaum. He studied guitar and oboe, and taught himself 5-string banjo, mandolin, electric bass and cello. He played in folk, rock and jazz bands and began composing in high school, including works for string quartet and symphonic band.

From 1973 to 1975, he toured with the eclectic bluegrass band Bottle Hill, often arranging and composing for the group, incorporating elements of jazz and contemporary music. He also recorded and toured with such innovative bluegrass musicians such as Tony Trischka and Stacy Philips.

He attended Ithaca College, where he studied composition with Karel Husa; then Bennington College, where he studied composition, orchestration and counterpoint with Henry Brant[1] and electronic music with Joel Chadabe, receiving a B.A. in music and math in 1978. (Other composition teachers from that time period included Vivian Fine and Marta Ptaszynska. He also studied violin with Jacob and Lilo Glick.)

He received a Doctor of Musical Arts degree from Stanford University in 1983, where he was part of the computer music group at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab, then later CCRMA (the Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics). He worked with faculty and colleagues John Chowning, Leland C. Smith, Julius O. Smith and others. In addition to his musical work, he did pioneering research in physical modeling,[2] ensemble timing and other aspects of computer music.

He has since maintained multiple parallel careers as a composer, researcher and music software developer.

Composing career

Jaffe has taught composition at Stanford, the University of California San Diego, Princeton University and Melbourne University, where he was the MacGeorge Fellow. His music has been issued on ten CDs, including four solo CDs from Well-Tempered Productions, and has been presented by the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra, the Brooklyn Philharmonic, the San Francisco Symphony, the San Francisco Contemporary Music Players, Chanticleer,[3] Earplay[4] and numerous choruses, string quartets and other chamber ensembles. His music has been featured at international music festivals, including the Berlin Festival, the Bergen Festival, the ISCM Warsaw Autumn Festival, the Venice Biennale, the Bourges Festival, the American Festival in London, the Music in the Americas festival in Buenos Aires and the Spring in Havana Festival. His works have been broadcast internationally as part of the WGBH radio program "Art of the States." He has received numerous commissions from ensembles such as the Kronos Quartet, the Russian National Orchestra,[5] American Guild of Organists, the Lafayette String Quartet, and Chanticleer, for whom he was the N.E.A. Composer-in-Residence in 1990. (He also received N.E.A. Composer Fellowships in 1982 and 1991, as well as a California Arts Council Fellowship in 2001.) His music is published by Schott Music, Plucked String Editions and Terra Non Firma Press (BMI.)

Musical approach

His musical approach carries forward the innovative spirit of the late American composer Henry Brant (a close friend and mentor),[6] as well as that of Carl Ruggles and Charles Ives. Often based on interrelationships, juxtaposition, and synthesis, Jaffe’s works frequently merge abstract and "representational" material, and draw upon such varied sources as world music, jazz, and historical Western concert styles.[7] Jaffe is credited with pioneering and defining a "maximalist" approach to composition.[8]

In addition, his works often draw upon extra-musical elements such as bird song (in such works as “Impossible Animals,” in which a bird sings with a synthesized human voice”) and political issues (in works such as “No Trumpets, No Drums” based on the Israeli/Palestinian conflict.)

Several of his recent pieces have focused on the Afro-Cuban musical tradition, including "Underground Economy," for Cuban jazz pianist Hilario Duran,[9] with violin and interactive electronics; and “Bull’s Eye,” for violin, cello and Afro-Cuban percussion.

Jaffe himself is a mandolinist and violinist and frequently performs such diverse styles as Afro-Cuban charanga, bluegrass, and klezmer, as well as in his own works. He has shared the stage with bluegrass greats Mike Marshall, Tony Trischka and Vassar Clements.

Orchestration and instrumentation

Orchestration is a primary compositional determinant in Jaffe's music; that is, the orchestration is a basic part of the plan of the piece. His instrumentation is often distinctive, focusing on relationships between timbres rather than instruments. He tends to seek large orchestral sounds, even in the context of chamber music. He has a particular fondness for plucked strings, as in City Life, for mandolin, guitar, harpsichord and 5-string banjo.[10]

In addition, he has frequently written for unusual homogeneous instrumental combinations. Works in this vein include Celebration and Remembrance for 3 piccolos, 4 C flutes, 2 alto flutes and bass flute, Who's on First? for five double-basses, and May All Your Children Be Acrobats for eight guitars, voice and electronics.

Other unusual combinations include A Little Kid Sees a Skyscraper for two quarter-tone-tuned guitars; Would You Just As Soon Sing As Make That Noise??, a double-concerto for mandolin, violin and orchestra; and The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, for Radio-drum-performed piano, mandolin, guitar, harp, bass, harpsichord, harmonium and two percussionists.

Development of Silicon Valley Breakdown

In 1981, Jaffe received a commission from guitarist David Starobin to write a work for eight guitars, voice and tape. When he returned to Stanford in the fall of 1981, he began work on the computer part. As part of the composition of the tape part, he strove to use Chowning’s FM synthesis technique to simulate plucked strings, as a way of bridging the sonic gulf between the live guitars and the tape, but had only partial success. Then a fortuitous event occurred. While playing the Mozart piano quartet, he mentioned to the violist, Alex Strong, that he was working on guitar synthesis. Strong excitedly told him about a new technique he had discovered. After appropriate non-disclosure forms had been signed (Strong was applying for a patent), he brought Jaffe into his confidence and showed him the technique. Jaffe was impressed with the clarity and realism of the technique and Strong allowed Jaffe to use it in his composition. Returning to CCRMA, Jaffe began working with the technique, but quickly ran into its limitations. He began innovating and extending the technique to solve problems of tuning, dynamics, expression, and many other issues, in collaboration with electrical engineering PhD student, Julius Smith.[11]

After the premiere of “May All Your Children Be Acrobats,” which combined the new technique and the FM synthesis-based method, Jaffe decided to tackle a work for four-channel tape alone, further exploiting the plucked string synthesis techniques. The result, Silicon Valley Breakdown, was premiered at the Venice Biennale in 1983 and has been performed in over twenty-five countries. It is widely regarded as a landmark work in the field[12][13][14][15][16][17] [this is a sample of available references].

At the same time, he and Smith presented a seminal paper on the technique at the 1983 International Computer Music Conference. This paper was then published back-to-back with the Karplus/Strong paper in Computer Music Journal.[18] The paper has also appeared in book form in “The Music Machine,” by MIT Press.

Silicon Valley Breakdown also included innovations in simulated ensemble synchronization and the development of the Time Map.[19][20] This work is described in the article Ensemble Aspects of Computer Music, published in Computer Music Journal.

The finale from the piece was featured in The Digital Domain, one of the first compact discs ever made, created to showcase the new technology. It was released by Elektra/Asylum in 1983. The work has also been released on several CDs, including XXIst century mandolin and Dinosaur Music.

The Radio-Drum and The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

Since 1990, he has written extensively for an innovative electronic controller called the "Radio-drum," (aka radiodrum) originally developed by Bob Boie and Max Mathews as a three-dimensional mouse at Bell Labs. Jaffe has used in such works as the massive "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World," hailed by Joshua Kosman of the San Francisco Chronicle for the "resourceful intricacy and variety of Jaffe's writing".[21] These works have been developed in close collaboration with percussionist/composer Andrew Schloss. Jaffe and Schloss describe their approach in a number of articles, including The Computer-Extended Ensemble, published in Computer Music Journal in 1994.[22]

In Racing Against Time, for Radio-drum-controlled electronics, two saxophones, two violins and piano, Jaffe used the SynthCore sound engine (designed at Staccato Systems, Inc.) to synthesize physical models of electric guitar, jet fly-by, and car engine effects.

Other works for Radio-drum include Underground Economy, for Cuban improvising pianist, violinist and Radio-drum; and Wildlife, for Zeta violin and Radio-drum.[23]

Jaffe has also written for the Radio Baton (of Max Mathews), a close relative of the Radio-drum, in such works as Terra Non Firma, for four cellos and Radio Baton-conducted electronics.

Most recently, he collaborated with Seattle sound artist/inventor Trimpin to create The Space Between Us.

The Space Between Us, a tribute to Henry Brant

Jaffe first met Trimpin in Seattle through Andrew Schloss, who was in the process of commissioning a work from Jaffe (with support from the Canada Arts Council) for Radio-drum-controlled piano and string quartet. However, in view of the similarity to the The Seven Wonders..., Jaffe was searching for a way to transform the project into one that would explore new territory. The answer came after Henry Brant's death, when he inherited Brant's percussion instruments (18 chimes, a xylophone and a glockenspiel.) He traveled to Santa Barbara to visit Brant's widow and pack up the instruments for shipping, and learned that Trimpin had also inherited some of Brant's instruments (Trimpin and Brant had been planning a collaboration that never came to fruition.) Jaffe approached Trimpin with a proposal to transform the Brant instruments into robotic contraptions. The piece took its final form when Charles Amirkhanian and Other Minds joined the commission consortium, along with a grant from the James Irvine Foundation. The instrumentation was augmented to include a second string quartet. In The Space Between Us, the chimes are hung from the ceiling above the audience, the xylophone is split in two and placed at the extreme left and right of the stage and the glockenspiel and a Disklavier piano are on stage. All of the percussion and piano are controlled by the Radio-drum and the strings are positioned in the aisles surrounding the audience, with two cellos in the extreme rear of the hall, followed (rear-to-front) by violas, violins II and violins I. The work was premiered on March 4, 2011 at the 2011 Other Minds Festival in San Francisco. In his program notes Jaffe wrote that the piece "explores what can be communicated and what must remain unsaid as eight isolated string players embedded in the audience, and one percussionist alone on stage, reach out to one another.".[24] Reviews of the concert can be found at the following references:[25][26] and.[27] The work was subsequently performed at Open Space in Victoria, BC, Canada (2013) and on the Wayward Music Series at the Good Shepherd Center in Seattle (2016).[28] The latter was supported by a grant from New Music USA [29] the Nonsequitur.[30]

Impossible Animals and other works influenced by the natural world

Jaffe is an avid birder and has incorporated elements of bird-song and bird behavior into many of his works. Perhaps the most involved example is Impossible Animals in which the song of a Winter Wren (the bird with the longest song of any North American bird) was subjected to an extensive analysis and resynthesis procedure and eventually rendered as a human voice with vowels derived from the pitch trajectory. This procedure is described in Jaffe's article Impossible Animals, Notes on birds and musical style, published in 1995 in Perspectives of New Music.

Other nature-inspired pieces include Territory for two violins, Bird Seasons for four voices, Whoop For Your Life! for orchestra and Bristlecone Concerto for violin and ensemble (also versions for violin, mandolin, ensemble and computer-generated tape; and mandolin and computer-generated tape.)

Music and audio software

From 1988 to 1991, Jaffe worked at Steve Job's start-up company NeXT, developing music software for the NeXT Computer. As the first computer to ship with a DSP capable of real-time sound synthesis, Jaffe and Julius Smith collaborated to create a programmable environment called the Music Kit, which fused elements of Music 5 and MIDI in an object-oriented environment.[31]

In the mid-1990s, he developed the sound for games such as Welcome to West Feedback, and Quest for Fame, collaborating with bands such as Aerosmith, for the Boston-based company Ahead (later Virtual Music Entertainment). These games used a special guitar controller and pick called the "vPick",[32] and were precursors to products such as Guitar Hero.

In the late 1990s, he was a co-founder of Staccato Systems, and developed the SynthCore sound engine. Staccato Systems was acquired by Analog Devices in 2001, where Jaffe continued as Chief Architect and developed SoundMAX (which has shipped on over 80 million PCs) and VisualAudio, presented at the 2006 Audio Engineering Society Conference in New York.

Since 2006, he has been Senior Scientist/Engineer at Universal Audio, where he developed the DSP system for the UAD-2, Satellite, Apollo and RealTime Rack hardware, used to emulate classic analog hardware and do high resolution audio I/O.

He has been awarded several patents,[33][34] as well as awards from the Bourges Festival and the International Engineering Consortium.

Writings

Jaffe's writings have been published in Computer Music Journal, Interface, Leonardo Music Journal and Perspectives of New Music, and in the books “The Music Machine,” “The Well-Tempered Object,” and elsewhere. He was the Keynote Speaker at the conference of the Australian Computer Music Association in 1995 and has been an invited speaker at the Aspen Design Conference, the InStat MDR Microprocessor Forum, the USENIX Conference and elsewhere. He has given lectures and papers at the IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing in Tokyo, at Conferences of the Audio Engineering Society in New York and San Francisco, and at International Computer Music Conferences at the IRCAM studio in Paris, as well as in Venice, Aarhus (Denmark), Vancouver, Montreal, Banff, Scotland, Rochester, and Columbus.

He has been a frequent Resident Artist at the Banff Centre for the Arts, and has done composing residencies at the Edna Saint Vincent Millay Colony and elsewhere. He has received grants from the Rockefeller Foundation, the California Arts Council, the National Endowment for the Arts, the US Information Agency, the Goethe Foundation, the Presser Foundation, the Ross McGee Foundation, Meet-the-Composer and others.

Discography

Solo CDs on the Well-Tempered label (available on iTunes, search for 'David A. Jaffe' or via jaffe.com)

Also works on the following compilation CDs:

Also works on the following DVD:

Compositions (not including student works)

Orchestra, concertos and large ensembles

Date Title Remarks
1978 A Beginning for chamber orchestra
1978 Cryptogram for small orchestra
1978 Celebration and Remembrance for ten flutes
1978 Antinomies for spatially separated soprano saxophone, timpani, string quartet and wind quarrtet
1980 Marketplace (a trip down Market Street on Sunday a concerto for solo tenor saxophone, string orchestra, piano and three percussionists
1980 May All Your Children Be Acrobats based on Carl Sandburg's The People, Yes, for mezzo-soprano, eight guitars and computer-generated tape
1983 Would You Just As Soon Sing As Make That Noise?! a concerto for mandolin, violin and orchestra
1983 Bristlecone Concerto No. 1 a concerto for violin and chamber orchestra
1984 (revised 1990) Wanting The Impossible (echoes of Ives' Unanswered Question for baritone and small orchestra
1983 Bristlecone Concerto No. 2 a concerto for mandolin, violin, chamber orchestra and computer-generated and -processed tape
1987 Whoop for Your Life! for orchestra
1988 Kangaroos for mandolin orchestra
1995 The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World a concerto for Radiodrum-performed Disklavier, and an orchestra of plucked strings and percussion
1998 Other Worlds—an homage to Carl Sagan a concerto for Zeta electronic/MIDI violin and symphonic band
2008 SF Itinerary for string orchestra
2010 Congregations for eight cellos
2010 The Space Between Us for two string quartets and Radiodrum-performed Disklavier and Trimpin instruments (18 chimes, 2 xylophones and glockenspiel)
2016 How Did It Get So Late So Soon? a concerto for violin and small orchestra (10 winds, strings)

Vocal and choral music

Date Title Remarks
1980 May All Your Children Be Acrobats based on Carl Sandburg's The People, Yes, for mezzo-soprano, eight guitars and computer-generated tape
1984 Bird Seasons for solo voices or chamber chorus
1986 Impossible Animals for chorus and computer-generated voices (also version for SATB soloists and computer voices (1989), also version for Soprano, Baritone and computer voices (2016))
1986 The Fishing Trip for twelve-voice male chorus and computer-generated and -processed tape
1990 Grass (based on the poem by Carl Sandburg) for female chorus and tape
1990 Number Man (for the ghost of J.S. Bach) (based on a poem by Carl Sandburg) a cantata for oboe/E.H. and solo voices with optional chorus
1984 (revised 1990) Wanting The Impossible (echoes of Ives' Unanswered Question) for baritone and small orchestra
1990 Beacons of the Sky for chorus and percussion
1991 Man Meets Dog (how it all began) for small male chorus and large chorus
1991 Songs of California (based on the words of Juniperro Serra, Collis P. Huntington, Ishi, Joe Hill, Cesar Chavez, and John Muir) an acapella cantata for twelve singers
2014 Eight Os in Woolloomooloo (text from "A Sweltering Day in Australia" by Mark Twain) for contralto and Baroque violin, Baroque viola, viola da gamba and Baroque cello

Chamber and solo music (without electronics or computers)

Date Title Remarks
1978 Territory a spatial work for two violins
1978 Glacial Erratic for two flutes, piano, clarinet, violin and cello
1978 View from Egg Rock for violin, viola and cello
1978 Sunday at Bean Blossom for violin, harpsichord, mandolin, cello, percussion and guitar
1979 Music for an Imaginary Wedding for mandolin, concertina and cello
1979 Tableau for two flutes with optional lights
1979 City Life for mandolin, guitar, 5-string banjo, and harpsichord
1979 Yellow Moon Over June Day for solo soprano recorder
1979 Composition in Red, Yellow and Blue for piano
1979 Descent Into Flatland for brass quintet
1980 How They Broke Away to Go to the Rootabaga Country' for solo performer who acts, sings and plays violin
1980 A Little Kid Sees a Skyscraper for two quarter-tone-tuned guitars
1980 Generation Upon Generation for woodwind quintet
1980 Dybbuk for clarinet, two violins, viola, piano and offstage mandolin
1981 Damp Nights in Drafty Motels for bassoon and bass
1981 Summit Meeting a spatial negotiation for cello, violin and trap set
1981 Two Pieces on Poetry by Natasha Barovsky-Hidalgo for cello and narrator
1981 Three Musicians (after the Picasso paintings) for viola and guitar
1982 String Quartet for Two Instruments for violin and viola
1985 Telegram to the President for string quartet and computer-generated tape
1985 Ellis Island Sonata for mandolin
1988 Heartland Horizon for string trio
1988 Grass Valley Fire, 1988 for two mandolins, mandola and mando-cello; also version for string quartet
1992 No Trumpets, No Drums for organ, trombone and percussion
1994 Impossible Animals (instrumental versions) for five winds and computer-generated voices. Also versions for violin and computer-generated voices, oboe and computer-generated voices and trombone and computer-generated voices.
1996 Quiet Places for string quartet
1997 Havana Dreams for flute, clarinet, violin, cello and percussion
1999 Bull's Eye for violin, cello and African percussion
2001 Racing Against Time for two violins, two saxophones, piano and Radiodrum-controlled sound (physical models of strings, race cars and jet planes and more, generated by the SynthCore synthesis engine)
2003 Who's on First? for five double basses
2003 Maravillas (Marvels) for nine remote controlled toy pianos (by Trimpin) controlled by Radiodrum (co-composed with Andrew Schloss)
2004 Cluck Old Hen Variations for violin
2005 La Brea (the tar) for string quartet
2006 Underground Economy an interactive work for Cuban improvising pianist, violinist and radiodrum
2007 MahaDeviBot Variations for Radiodrum-controlled robotic percussion (co-composed with Andrew Schloss)
2009 The Sing-Song of Old Man Kangaroo for mandolin and mando-cello
2012 8 minutes and 66 seconds for Trimpin for Radiodrum-controlled robotic piano sculpture and singer (co-composed with Andrew Schloss)
2012 The Library of Babel for two five-octave marimbas
2013 Fox Hollow for string quartet

Chamber music with recorded electronics or computer

Date Title Remarks
1980 May All Your Children Be Acrobats (based on The People, Yes, by Carl Sandburg) for mezzo-soprano, eight guitars and computer-generated tape
1984 Bristlecone Concerto No. 2 a double concerto for violin, mandolin, chamber orchestra and computer-generated and -processed tape
1984 Bristlecone Concerto No. 3 for mandolin and computer-generated and -processed tape, with bongos obligato
1985 Telegram to the President for string quartet and computer-generated tape
1986–1994 Impossible Animals for chorus and computer-generated voices. Also version for SATB soloists and computer-generated voices (1989); version for violin and computer-generated voices (1989); version for oboe and computer-generated voices (1990); version for five winds and tape (1994).
1986 The Fishing Trip for twelve-voice male chorus and computer-generated and -processed tape
1987 Grass (based on the poem by Carl Sandburg) for female chorus or three soloists and computer-generated tape
2004 Impossible Animals, 2004 for trombone and computer-generated voices

Chamber music with interactive electronics or computers

Date Title Remarks
1991 Wildlife an interactive computer piece for two players, playing Zeta electronic/MIDI violin and radiodrum and two computers
1991 Gregorian Variations an interactive computer piece for Zeta electronic/MIDI violin and NeXT Computer
1992 Terra Non Firma for four cellos and Radiodrum-conducted electronic orchestra
1995 The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World a concerto for Radiodrum-performed Disklavier, harpsichord, harp, mandolin, guitar, bass, harmonium and two percussionists
1996 Cadenzas from The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World aka Suite from the Seven Wonders for Radiodrum-performed Disklavier
1998 Other Worlds—an homage to Carl Sagan a concerto for Zeta electronic/MIDI violin and symphonic band
1999 Wildlife II an interactive computer piece for Radiodrum and Zeta electronic/MIDI violin (co-composed with Andrew Schloss)
2001 Racing Against Time for two violins, two saxophones, piano and Radiodrum-controlled sound (physical models of strings, car engines, jet planes and more, generated by the SynthCore synthesis engine)
2006 Underground Economy an interactive work for Cuban improvising pianist, violinist and radiodrum
2007 MahaDeviBot Variations for Radiodrum-controlled robotic percussionist (co-composed with Andrew Schloss)
2007 Celebration, for Max Mathews' 80th Birthday for two radiodrum-controlled Disklaviers and computer graphics by Randal Jones
2013 NotomotoN Unstrung an improvised collaborative work (with Andrew Schloss) for banjo-mandolin/mando-cello/mandolin and Radiodrum-controlled robotic percussionist and signal processing

Computer and electronic music for tape alone

Date Title Remarks
1978 Straying for stereo electronic tape (Moog Synthesizer)
1980 A Sleeping Circus Animal's Perspective for four-channel computer-generated tape (Systems Concept Digital Synthesizer))
1982 Silicon Valley Breakdown for four-channel computer-generated tape (Systems Concept Digital Synthesizer)
1992 Schumann Variations for computer-generated tape (co-composed with Christopher Penrose) (software sound processing)
1992 American Miniatures for computer-processed drums, voices and strings (software sound processing)

See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.otherminds.org/shtml/Brantinmemoriam.shtml
  2. ↑ https://jyx.jyu.fi/dspace/bitstream/handle/123456789/13461/9513918270.pdf?sequence=1
  3. ↑ http://www.chanticleer.org/sing/music_commissions.html
  4. ↑ http://www.earplay.org/about/past_seasons.html
  5. ↑ http://www.russianarts.org/rno/img/pdfs/rnobrochure.pdf
  6. ↑ Curtis Roads et. al. "Symposium on Computer Music Composition". JSTOR 3680297.
  7. ↑ http://www.music.columbia.edu/~brad/writing/papes/David_Jaffe_review.html
  8. ↑ http://www.timescolonist.com/lafayette-string-quartet-concert-series-dedicated-to-pioneer-composer-david-jaffe-1.684050
  9. ↑ http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2009192394_duran08.html,
  10. ↑ http://www.sheerpluck.de/?http://www.sheerpluck.de/composition.php/10680/1244/1/J/0/a/+main
  11. ↑ http://www.dsprelated.com/dspbooks/pasp/Karplus_Strong_Algorithms.html
  12. ↑ http://www.iua.upf.es/~xserra/presentacions/Computer-Music-Research-Past-and-Present-Oslo-2004.pdf
  13. ↑ http://www.tulane.edu/~park/courses/ElectronicMusicHistory/pages/LectureNotes.htm
  14. ↑ http://music.arts.uci.edu/dobrian/MTCreadings.htm
  15. ↑ http://research.yale.edu/cgi-bin/vich/getselections.pl?courseyear=&semester=03&courseid=186&assignment_number=6
  16. ↑ http://www.rose-hulman.edu/~doering/ece481/audio_cds.htm
  17. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=NX1Wx5-TULIC&pg=RA1-PA167&lpg=RA1-PA167&dq=%22Silicon+Valley+Breakdown%22&source=web&ots=3sAHsSw2Ht&sig=82PCgQrFnl4Q3zMJn-jPnV3vmvQ&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result
  18. ↑ David A. Jaffe and Julius O. Smith. "Extensions of the Karplus-Strong Plucked-String Algorithm". JSTOR 3680063.
  19. ↑ http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/nc81/research/transhuman.pdf
  20. ↑ http://www.cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/nc81/research/tempocanons.pdf
  21. ↑ http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1998/01/22/DD40818.DTL&type=printable
  22. ↑ David A. Jaffe and W. Andrew Schloss. "The Computer-Extended Ensemble". JSTOR 3680445.
  23. ↑ http://emusician.com/mag/emusic_outer_limits/
  24. ↑ http://otherminds.org/shtml/Jaffespace.shtml
  25. ↑ http://www.artssf.com/OtherMinds13077.html
  26. ↑ http://www.sequenza21.com/2011/03/5129/
  27. ↑ http://sfciviccenter.blogspot.com/2011/03/other-minds-music-festival-friday-march.html
  28. ↑ http://secondinversion.org/tag/david-jaffe/
  29. ↑ https://www.newmusicusa.org/projects/the-space-between-us-for-8-strings-and-robotic-percussion-instruments/
  30. ↑ http://www.waywardmusic.org/event/david-jaffe-the-space-between-us/
  31. ↑ http://musickit.sourceforge.net
  32. ↑ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_1995_May_12/ai_16945562/
  33. ↑ http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5742532.html
  34. ↑ http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5781461/fulltext.html

Additional references:

http://www.zoominfo.com/Search/ReferencesView.aspx?PersonID=3599281

http://smcnetwork.org/files/1-SMC-Research-History.pdf

http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v9n7/111_Computers_make_music.php

http://lac.linuxaudio.org/2008/download/papers/22.pdf

http://www.ece.umassd.edu/Faculty/acosta/ICASSP/Icassp_1999/PDF/AUTHOR/IC992169.PDF

http://www.jstor.org/pss/3681301

http://www.sonograma.org/2011/04/tom-moore-david-jaff

http://radiom.org/mno_radiom.cgi?q=David+A+Jaffe&rm11search.x=0&rm11search.y=0

http://www.baltictimes.com/worldwide_famous_composer_pays_tribute_to_his_homeland__vilna__vilnius_/

External links

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