Cost centre (business)

A cost centre is a department within a company that does not produce direct profit and adds to the cost of running a company. However, all cost centres perform an important job. It improves the satisfaction of customers and indirectly increases sales.^[1] The manager and employees of cost centre are not accountable for its profit and investment decision but they are responsible for its cost.^[2] They are liable for keeping their cost in line or below budget because cost centre does not produce directly from its activities.^[3] The performance of the managers is assessed by comparing the actual expenses incurred with the budgeted expenses for the cost centre. Basically cost is the control data in the cost centre.^[4]

Types

There are two main types of cost centres:

• Production cost centres: This is where the products are manufactured or processed. Example of this is an assembly area.
• Service cost centres: This is where a service is provided to other cost centres. Example of this is the personnel department or the canteen.^[5]

Examples^[6]

• Marketing Department
• Human resources
• Research and Development
• Work office
• Quality Assurance Department

Function-specific cost^[7]

The main function of a cost centre is the tracing of all expenses linked with a certain function. For example, by considering a call centre as an independent unit, the firm can calculate how much it is spending each year for its 1-800 support service. If a cost centre is not considered independent then it would take a lot of effort in measuring the cost of providing this service because it will include dividing up the company's entire personnel and phone bills by department each month.

Benefits

There are numerous benefits of a cost centre which include:

• Monitoring efficiency – Cost centres are beneficial as they allow the effectiveness of all aspects within a company to be monitored closely.
• Boosts employees confidence – The delegation of authority that takes place when making employees accountable for cost centre is a good way to improve confidence.^[8]
• Preventing loss – Cost centres try to update processes, be more effective and save money so that they can reduce the expenses. Cost centres try to cover all of their costs with offsetting revenue by reducing expenses and producing unpredicted revenue, thus preventing loss.
• Increasing profit – If one of the cost centres is removed from a firm then it has a negative impact on the profit margin of that firm. For example, if an HR department was removed then basic employment functions and essential business processes can't be performed which will affect the firm's profit negatively.^[9]
• Makes the manager more efficient – Managers compare cost data from different time periods in order to see whether the cost centre is becoming more or less profitable. Generally a specific person is held accountable for costs incurring in the cost centre under his control, in which case, collecting and comparing costs may motivate the manager to be more productive.^[10]

Drawbacks

There are a few drawbacks of cost centre which include:

• Negative effects on other departments- Although the cost of operating a specific department is simple to calculate, cost centres are a source of encouragement for managers to underfund their elements so that it can benefit the cost centre, which can have a harmful effect on other departments within the firm.^[11]
• Hard to monitor efficiency- It is hard to keep a track of how efficient these centres are.^[12]
• Profit can not be controlled- Divisional performance can only be evaluated in terms of cost because profit is not in control of the manager.^[13]
• Efficiency and productivity cannot be assessed properly- In a cost centre, the result of a decision is calculated by cost alone; the achievements of the cost centre are not measured in financial terms therefore it is hard to assess efficiency and productivity properly.^[14]

Difference between cost centre and profit centre

A cost centre adds to a firm's cost whereas a profit centre adds to the firm's cost and profit. Furthermore, the main objective of a cost centre is to minimise cost whereas the main objective of a profit centre is to maximise profit.^[15] Profit centres provide a wider and more general measurement of performance than the cost centre. In cost centre, the manager is only responsible for the cost whereas in Profit centre, the manager is responsible for cost and profit. In situations like this when manager is responsible for both, profit and cost, the contribution of each manager to the goal of the firm becomes easier to measure.^[16]

References