Political positions of Jeremy Corbyn

Jeremy Corbyn in 2016

This article summarises the policies, views and voting record of democratic socialist, Labour MP Jeremy Corbyn, who since 12 September 2015 has been the Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Labour Party in the United Kingdom. A challenge to Corbyn's leadership led to the Labour Party (UK) leadership election, 2016, where Corbyn won against challenger Owen Smith with 61.8% of the vote.

Taxation and economy

Corbyn and Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell at the 2016 Labour Party Conference

Corbyn has campaigned against Private Finance Initiative (PFI) schemes;[1][2] supported a higher rate of income tax for the wealthiest in society [3] and John McDonnell, his shadow chancellor, proposed the introduction of a £10 per hour living wage.[4] He argues that many well off people are "quite happy to pay more tax to fund better public services or to pay down our debt", and criticised then Chancellor of the Exchequer George Osborne for offering tax cuts for higher rate taxpayers.[5] He opposes the idea the UK budget deficit should be reduced to meet an "arbitrary deadline", but also said that Labour would not reintroduce a current budget deficit if budgets were balanced before 2020.[5]

An initial proposal to find up to £120 billion that Corbyn alleged to be lost through tax avoidance and evasion, by investing £1 billion in HMRC,[6] was strongly criticised by former Labour Leader Ed Miliband's former adviser, Jolyon Maugham Q.C., who claimed to have found a £100 billion "black hole" in Corbyn's plans.[7] Richard Murphy clarified that the £120 billion figure reflects what he believes is the overall tax gap (which is substantially bigger than the HMRC figure of £34 billion for the overall tax gap).[8] of which Murphy calculates the collectable portion of is up to £20 billion.[9][10] Maugham stated that this lower figure would only be available if a range of very unlikely decisions were to be made by Osborne (then Chancellor of the Exchequer), saying that "if this [plan by Corbyn] was a brilliant 'slam dunk' thing to do, it would have been done already".[6][7] In an interview with CNBC, Murphy said that "This issue is bigger than HMRC can deal with at the moment. Spending up to £300 million on staff could raise £8 billion extra, according to people I speak to at HMRC."[11]

Corbyn also planned to reduce the £93 billion which companies receive in tax relief according to Kevin Farnsworth, a Senior Lecturer in Social Policy at York University.[12][13][14] This amount is made up by several reliefs, including railway and energy subsidies, regional development grants, lower corporation tax for small businesses, relief on investment and government procurement from the private sector.[13] However, Corbyn criticised the Conservative government for not doing more to support the Redcar steel works with subsidies as the Italian government has done with their steel sector.[15]

He has described year-on-year corporation tax cuts for companies with profits over £300,000[16] by current British Governments as a "race to the bottom".[17] In 1990, Corbyn participated in the tax resistance movement against the Community Charge, also known as the Poll Tax, for which he faced imprisonment.[18] In 2015, Corbyn suggested bringing in a land value tax to help tackle high housing costs.[19][20]

Corbyn has raised the prospect of devolving income tax rates to English regions, meaning each region could charge a different income tax rate. Corbyn said "We have a tax-raising power in Scotland but not in English regions. I want genuine regional taxation powers [in England]."[21][22]

Bank of England policy

Corbyn proposes to have the Bank of England print money to invest in housing and public transport, described by Corbyn as "People's Quantitative Easing".[23][24] This would aim to turn the UK into a high-skill, high-tech economy and to build more council houses in order to lower long-term housing benefit costs. To achieve this, the Bank would purchase bonds for a State-owned "National Investment Bank".[25] Richard Murphy stated that People's Quantitative Easing would only be used in lieu of Quantitative easing.

The Nobel Prize in Economics winner Paul Krugman argued in The New York Times that "On economic policy, in particular, the striking thing about the leadership contest was that every candidate other than Mr. Corbyn essentially supported the Conservative government's austerity policies. ... The Corbyn upset isn't about a sudden left turn on the part of Labour supporters. It's mainly about the strange, sad moral and intellectual collapse of Labour moderates."[26]

Robert Skidelsky offered an endorsement of Corbyn's proposals to carry out QE through a National Investment Bank with minor quibbles.[27] As the policy would change the central bank's focus on stabilising prices, however, it has been argued it would increase the perceived risk of investing in the UK and raise the prospect of increased inflation.[28] It might also clash with Article 123 of the EU's Lisbon Treaty which prevents central banks from printing money to finance government spending and could cause a legal battle with the European Court of Justice, although it has been argued that money wouldn't be printed and would be issued in the form of bonds.[29][30] As the policy would change the central bank's focus on stabilising prices, however, it has been argued increase the perceived risk of investing in the UK and raise the prospect of increased inflation[31] His second leadership campaign saw him promise £500billion in additional public spending, though he neglected to offer any detail on how he expected to fund it[32]

Strikes

Corbyn is in favour of repealing the Trade Union bill which would place restrictions on strikes in key areas such as transport and prevent unions from charging members a political levy unless they specifically agree (currently members can be charged unless they opt out).[33] He would also repeal legislation that bans workers from secondary strikes, which are strikes from workers in support of a strike initiated by workers in a different organisation.[34]

Welfare and health

Corbyn speaking at a demonstration to end the Atos Work Capability Assessment in September 2013

In 2013, Corbyn co-signed a letter to The Guardian newspaper which indicated his support for the People's Assembly Against Austerity.[35] He was a prominent sponsor of the "March for Homes".[36]

At the Second Reading of the Welfare Reform and Work Bill in July 2015, Corbyn joined 47 Labour MPs to oppose the Bill, describing it as "rotten and indefensible", while the other three leadership candidates abstained.[37] In August 2015, he called on Iain Duncan Smith to resign as Secretary of State for Work and Pensions after it emerged that thousands of disabled people had died after being found fit to work by Work Capability Assessments (instituted in 2008) between 2011 and 2014.[38]

Corbyn has said that the National Health Service (NHS) should be "completely publicly run and publicly accountable"[39] and is a supporter of the NHS Reinstatement Bill 2015.[40] Corbyn is opposed to the Private Finance Initiative, arguing that the NHS will have to repay "six times the original investment in them".[1] In 2010, he stated on Twitter that he believed homeopathy could work for some people[41] and signed a parliamentary motion introduced by the Conservative MP David Tredinnick calling on the Government to consider the experiences of other countries such as India, which backs homeopathy treatment, when formulating health policy.[42]

Corbyn is a long-standing champion for the rights of Dalits, who are treated poorly due to their lowly status under the caste system.[43]

Corbyn has long championed the rights of frozen overseas British pensioners who are excluded from annual up-rating adjustments to their State Pensions because of the country that they live in. He became a founder member of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Frozen British Pensions in 2013.[44]

Education

Corbyn envisions the establishment of a "National Education Service", on a similar model to that of the existing National Health Service. He advocates a return to local authority over state-funded academies and free schools, and an end to the charitable status of public schools.[23] Corbyn has campaigned strongly against tuition fees in England, and supports an increase in corporation tax to fund public services such as free higher education. He advocates the restoration of maintenance grants, which were replaced with loans by the UK's Conservative Government in 2015.[45][46][47] Corbyn is also in favour of an organised "National Creative Apprenticeship Service" for Arts-based further education.[48]

LGBT issues

An advocate of LGBT rights since his days as a London councillor in the 1970s, Corbyn championed such causes as the Lesbians and Gays Support the Miners (LGSM), civil partnerships and same-sex marriage,[49] and support for the Equality Bill.[50] He was the only Labour MP to vote in favour of a Liberal Democrat amendment to outlaw discrimination based on sexuality in 1998, before the ratification of the Equality Act 2006.[51] Corbyn voted in favour of the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013, which ultimately legalised same-sex marriage in England and Wales.[52] He has also threatened "economic and diplomatic consequences" on those countries not supporting LGBT rights.[49] Corbyn supported the appointment of Michael Cashman as Labour's specialist LGBT rights international envoy in 2014.[50] He has also claimed that he would extend same-sex marriage to Northern Ireland and reverse the gay blood ban enacted by the Democratic Unionist Party, were he to become prime minister.[53]

Energy and transport

Corbyn has been a consistent supporter of renationalising public utilities, such as the now-privatised British Rail and energy companies back into public ownership.[54][55] Initially Corbyn suggested completely renationalising the entire railway network, but would now bring them under public control "line by line" as franchises expire.[56]

Analyses cited by The Guardian and Financial Times newspapers among others, of the renationalisation policies advocated by Corbyn, indicate a figure of at least £124 billion would be needed to purchase controlling shares in the "Big Six" national energy providers plus the National Grid.[57] This plan would have to comply with European Union competition law, though several European countries currently have state-owned railway systems compliant with EU legislation.[58] However future EU proposals, and in particular the fourth railway package, indicate potential forthcoming EU legislation requiring the "opening up" of passenger railway markets;[59] thus energy and transportation markets, even if renationalised, would have to give a "right of competition" among other EU-domiciled companies.[60][61]

Corbyn claims renationalisation would save money by both joining up a fragmented market, thereby reducing duplication in the privatised rail market (estimated by Ian Taylor as costing up to £1.2 billion in a 2012 report written for trade unions, but the Rail Delivery Group notes this amount includes the cost of leasing trains as well as the cost of Network Rail using private contractors, something which British Rail did as well, thus would be an inaccurate estimate of savings)[58] and keeping what is currently profit for the energy and train operating companies. Both the energy and the train operating companies claim that they make a low return on their money (3.9% for the energy companies[62] and 3.4% for the train companies).[63]

In August 2015, Corbyn said he would consider introducing women-only carriages for public transport, as well as a 24-hour hotline for women to report cases of harassment.[64] He said that although his aim was to "make public transport safer for everyone from the train platform, to the bus stop to the mode of transport itself", he would consult women on whether separate carriages would be welcome, after the idea was suggested to him.[64] His statement was condemned by Andy Burnham, Yvette Cooper and Liz Kendall, with Cooper stating that Corbyn's plan was "turning the clock back instead of tackling the problem",[65] while Conservative Women's Minister Nicky Morgan said she was "uncomfortable with the idea", it sounding to her like "segregation".[66]

Nationalism and devolution

Northern England

Corbyn called George Osborne's Northern Powerhouse plan a "cruel deception" and has called for re-industrialisation in the north of England,[67][68] saying that "the North has to take back power from our centralised state with real powers to invest and take decisions."[69] Corbyn has also said that David Cameron should apologise for the treatment of northern miners during the 1984–5 miners' strike, calling for an inquiry into the Battle of Orgreave.[70] Corbyn is in favour of the High Speed 3 train link, arguing that it should be completed before Crossrail 2 in London, as well as greater electrification of the railways.[71]

Ireland

Corbyn is a long-standing supporter of a United Ireland and describes himself as an "anti-imperialist campaigner" for the region.[72] He controversially invited Sinn Féin President Gerry Adams to London in 1984, from which the Party Leader Neil Kinnock "did everything in his power" to disassociate himself.[72] A second meeting in 1996 was cancelled following pressure from the Labour Party.[73][74] Corbyn responded by saying "dialogue with all parties remains essential if the peace process is to continue".[75] He has been strongly criticised by Labour and Conservative MPs for holding meetings with former members of the PIRA in the Palace of Westminster, to discuss topics such as conditions in Northern Irish prisons and the PIRA ceasefire.[76][77] At Trafalgar Square marches opposing British troops' placement in Northern Ireland, Corbyn urged (prior to the Bloody Sunday Inquiry) for the British government to officially condemn Bloody Sunday and issue an inquiry into the massacre.[78] When Corbyn stopped the march and addressed the crowd using a bullhorn, police officers warned Corbyn against the move due to the contentious nature of the march.[79]

Corbyn voted against the Anglo-Irish Agreement, saying that it strengthened the border between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland and he opposed it as he wished to see a united Ireland.[80] In an interview on BBC Radio Ulster in August 2015, Corbyn said he opposed "all bombing" although he did not express an opinion about the actions of the IRA specifically, and welcomed the ceasefire and peace process.[81][82]

Scotland

When asked by Glasgow's Herald newspaper if he would describe himself as a British Unionist, Corbyn replied "No, I would describe myself as a Socialist. I would prefer the UK to stay together, yes, but I recognise the right of people to take the decision on their own autonomy and independence". He criticised the decision by Scottish Labour to work with Scottish Conservatives in the Better Together campaign, and said that he had not actively participated in the 2014 campaign for an independent Scotland. Corbyn stated his belief that economic inequality exists across the UK, and that Labour should unite people on the basis of a "radical economic strategy".[83]

Constitution and Royal Family

Corbyn believes the royal ceremony for the State Opening of Parliament should be abolished, saying in 1998 that: "It's absolutely ridiculous, this 18th-century performance, the horses and the knights and everybody else turning up for The Queen to read a speech she's never even read before, let alone written".[84] Corbyn's personal preference is for Britain to become a republic, but said that given the Royal Family's popularity, "it's not a battle that I am fighting".[85][86] In 1991, Corbyn seconded the Commonwealth of Britain Bill brought forward by Tony Benn calling for the transformation of the United Kingdom ideally into a "democratic, federal and secular Commonwealth of Britain", with an elected president, devolution, abolition of the House of Lords as it currently exists, and equality of representation by men and women in parliament.[87]

Foreign affairs and defence

Corbyn and Hilary Benn meet with President Obama in April 2016

Corbyn does not consider himself an absolute pacifist and has named the Spanish Civil War, the British naval blockade to stop the slave trade in the 19th century and the role of UN peacekeepers in the 1999 crisis in East Timor as justified conflicts.[88] However, opposing violence and war has been "the whole purpose of his life".[89]

Middle East

Corbyn was actively opposed to the invasion of Iraq and war in Afghanistan, NATO-led military intervention in Libya,[90] military strikes against Assad's Syria, and military action against ISIS, and has served as the chair of the Stop The War Coalition. When challenged on whether there were any circumstances in which he would deploy military services overseas he said "I'm sure there are some but I can't think of them at the moment."[91] Corbyn has criticized Britain's close ties with Saudi Arabia and British involvement in Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[92] He has called for Tony Blair to be investigated for alleged war crimes during the Iraq War.[93]

Corbyn has been vocal on Middle East foreign policy. He is a member of the Palestine Solidarity Campaign, campaigning against conflict in Gaza and what the organisation considers to be apartheid in Israel.[94] Corbyn has also supported boycotting and sanctioning arms dealings in Israel, saying on the pro-Palestinian Electronic Intifada: "I think we have to push robustly for the limitation of arms supplies ... Israel is after all facing an investigation ... for war crimes, [at the International Criminal Court] as indeed are the Hamas forces on a much different or lesser scale."[95] At a meeting hosted by Stop the War Coalition in 2009, Corbyn said he invited "friends" from Hamas and Hezbollah to an event in parliament, referred to Hamas as "an organization dedicated towards the good of the Palestinian people," and said that the British government's labelling of Hamas as a terrorist organisation is "a big, big historical mistake."[96][97] Asked on Channel 4 News in July 2015 why he had called representatives from Hamas and Hezbollah "friends", Corbyn explained, "I use it in a collective way, saying our friends are prepared to talk," and that the specific occasion he used it was to introduce speakers from Hezbollah at a Parliamentary meeting about the Middle East. He said that he does not condone the actions of either organisation: "Does it mean I agree with Hamas and what it does? No. Does it mean I agree with Hezbollah and what they do? No. What it means is that I think to bring about a peace process, you have to talk to people with whom you may profoundly disagree … There is not going to be a peace process unless there is talks involving Israel, Hezbollah and Hamas and I think everyone knows that", he argued.[98] He has called for the lifting of sanctions as part of a negotiated full settlement of issues concerning the Iranian nuclear programme, and the starting of a political process to decommission Israel's nuclear arsenal.[99][100][101] He has also been supportive of – and attended – al-Quds Day rallies.[102]

In 2015, the Jewish Chronicle claimed that sources close to Corbyn during his election as Labour leader have suggested that Corbyn's senior aides argued over an apparent attempt to create a "Minister for Jews" and "Minister for Muslims",[103] although it is thought this may have been shorthand for a wider role that reached beyond the Jewish community.[104] This was allegedly suggested in order to reconcile Corbyn's standing in the British Jewish community, which had become tarnished due to alleged links with antisemites and Holocaust deniers,[104] but was mocked by Conservatives, who said that Corbyn would also be creating a minister for "dogs, Blacks and Irish".[105] However, there was no later evidence to back up this assertion.[106]

Corbyn responded to allegations from the Jewish Chronicle about his relationship to known Holocaust deniers:

I have no contact now whatsoever with Paul Eisen and Deir Yassin Remembered. I did attend a number of events concerning Deir Yassin Remembered some years ago, I think two or three of them. ... Fifteen years ago [Eisen] was not a Holocaust denier. Had he been a Holocaust denier, I would have had absolutely nothing to do with him. I was moved by the plight of people who had lost their village in Deir Yassin. ...
Holocaust denial is vile and wrong. The Holocaust was the most vile part of our history. The Jewish people killed by the Nazi Holocaust were the people who suffered the most in the 20th century.[107]

Ukraine

In April 2014, Corbyn wrote an article for the Morning Star attributing the crisis in Ukraine to the actions of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). He said the "root of the crisis" lay in "the US drive to expand eastwards" and described Russia's actions as "not unprovoked".[108] He has said it "probably was" a mistake to allow former Warsaw Pact countries to join NATO: "NATO expansion and Russian expansion – one leads to the other, and one reflects the other".[108][109] Corbyn's views on Ukraine, Russia, and NATO were criticised by a number of writers, including Halya Coynash of the Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group,[110] Anne Applebaum in The Sunday Times,[111] Ben Judah in The Independent,[112] and Roger Boyes in The Times.[113] Writing for The Daily Telegraph, Edward Lucas saw Corbyn as having a "desire to appease Russia by sacrificing Ukraine" and said that Corbyn's "anti-imperialist sentiments did not stretch to understanding countries such as Ukraine".[114] Lithuanian ambassador Asta Skaisgirytė disagreed with Corbyn's portrayal of NATO, saying her country was not "forced or lured into NATO as part of an American global power grab. We were pounding on the door of the alliance, demanding to be let in".[115]

Corbyn told The Guardian in August 2015: "I am not an admirer or supporter of Putin's foreign policy, or of Russian or anybody else's expansion". Corbyn would like to pull the United Kingdom out of NATO,[116] but has acknowledged that there is not an appetite for it among the public and instead intends to push for NATO to "restrict its role".[117]

Falklands

Corbyn supports a "negotiated settlement" with the Falkland Islands that may involve "some degree of joint administration" with Argentina.[91] His election as party leader was welcomed by Argentine president Cristina Kirchner who described him as a "great friend of Latin America".[118]

Chagos Islands

Corbyn was chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) on the Chagos Islands. He has advocated for the rights of the forcibly-removed Chagossians to return to the British Indian Ocean Territory,[119] following the depopulation programme of between 1968 and 1973.[91]

Nuclear defence

Corbyn at Global Justice Now, 2015

Corbyn is strongly opposed to weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and a long-time supporter of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND), which he joined in 1966 whilst at school.[120] He became one of its three vice-chairs.[121] Corbyn opposes the replacement of Britain's Trident nuclear weapons system, and supports the creation of a Defence Diversification Agency to assist the transfer of jobs and skills to the civilian sector.[122][123] In his leadership election campaign, Corbyn suggested that the 11,000 jobs supported by Trident could be replaced by "socially productive" jobs in renewable energy, railways and housing.[124] Corbyn has hinted he might allow party members who support Trident replacement to back it in a free vote,[125] but also said that defence chiefs would be under instructions not to use nuclear weapons under any circumstances if he was Prime Minister.[126]

During the Labour Party (UK) leadership election, 2016, Corbyn reiterated his position, vowing to vote against Trident on 18 July, making nuclear disarmament a key part of his campaign, although some political analysts predicted that this move would cause a major rift in the Labour party. (Labour had given their MPs a free vote on this issue.) "I will be voting against continuous at-sea deterrent, because it rules out any compliance with the nuclear non-proliferation treaty,” Corbyn announced. Challengers Owen Smith and Angela Eagle, said they would vote to renew the Trident program and many backbenchers are also expected to do so.[127] The Telegraph was particularly critical of Corbyn's "minority view" on this issue. "The prospect of MPs voting on renewing Britain's nuclear deterrent has consequently been viewed as a guaranteed way to cause chaos by forcing Labourites to break rank," according to the newspaper's Asa Bennett. The latter also predicted that Corbyn's "survival as leader will hamper Labour's hopes of getting anywhere near power by the next election."[128]

The results of an Ipsos MORI survey released on 14 July (before the divisive Trident issue had been publicized) indicated that 66% of those surveyed believed that the Labour party needed a new leader before the 2020 elections; only 23 percent believed that Corbyn would make a good Prime Minister while Theresa May had an approval rating of 55 percent.[129]

Later on 18 July, 140 Labour MPs including Angela Eagle and Owen Smith voted with the Conservative government for a strong majority in favour of renewing the Trident programme, in line with Labour's long-standing support of an at-sea nuclear deterrent. One Labour MP abstained, 40 were absent from the House during the vote on this significant issue and 47 voted with Corbyn against the Trident renewal."[130] Afterwards, Corbyn reiterated his position that the UK should "move rapidly towards [nuclear] disarmament".[130]

Since over half of the Labour MPs voted against Corbyn's position, The Daily Telegraph billed this event as "the biggest rebellion of his leadership" and reported that "Corbyn was told by his backbenchers that he was holding Labour members in 'contempt'" by voting against the party's pro-Trident policy.[131] The BBC's political editor Laura Kuenssberg reported that "a succession of the party's MPs accused Mr Corbyn of opposing official party policy by arguing against it at this stage with one, Jamie Reed, calling his stance 'juvenile and narcissistic'".[132]

European Union

In the 1975 European Union referendum put forward by the Labour Party in the United Kingdom, Corbyn opposed Britain's membership of the European Union (EU).[133] Corbyn also opposed the ratification of the Maastricht Treaty in 1993, saying: "... the whole basis of the Maastricht treaty is the establishment of a European central bank which is staffed by bankers, independent of national Governments and national economic policies, and whose sole policy is the maintenance of price stability[.] That will undermine any social objective that any Labour Government in the United Kingdom—or any other Government—would wish to carry out. ... The Maastricht treaty does not take us in the direction of the checks and balances contained in the American federal constitution[.] It takes us in the opposite direction of an unelected legislative body—the [European] Commission—and, in the case of foreign policy, a policy Commission that will be, in effect, imposing foreign policy on nation states that have fought for their own democratic accountability."[134][135][136]

Corbyn also opposed the Lisbon Treaty in 2008[137] and backed a proposed referendum on British withdrawal from the European Union in 2011.[138]

In July 2015, Corbyn said that if Prime Minister David Cameron negotiated away workers' rights and environmental protection as part of his renegotiation of Britain's membership of the European Union (EU), he would not rule out advocating for a British exit in a proposed referendum on EU membership,[139] and has expressed that he is in favour of leaving the EU if it becomes a "totally brutal organisation". Pro-European Labour MPs and campaigners already fear Corbyn's allegedly lukewarm attitude towards the EU may convince Labour voters towards withdrawal.[133] However, in September 2015, Corbyn said that Labour will campaign for Britain to stay in the EU regardless of the result of Cameron's negotiations, and instead "pledge to reverse any changes" if Cameron reduces the rights of workers or citizens.[140] He also believed that Britain should play a crucial role in Europe by making demands about working arrangements across the continent, the levels of corporation taxation and in forming an agreement on environmental regulation.[39]

Corbyn made a speech on April 14, 2016,[141] in which he supported the EU; but in which he also appeared to repeat some of the more controversial claims of the Leave campaign: "Over the years I have been critical of many decisions taken by the EU, and I remain critical of its shortcomings; from its lack of democratic accountability to the institutional pressure to deregulate or privatise public services." He summarised his stance as being "for ‘Remain – and Reform’ in Europe".

In June 2016, in the run-up to the EU referendum, Corbyn said that there was an "overwhelming case" for staying in the EU. In a speech in London, Corbyn said "We, the Labour Party, are overwhelmingly for staying in, because we believe the European Union has brought investment, jobs and protection for workers, consumers and the environment." Corbyn also criticised media coverage and warnings from both sides, saying that the debate had been dominated too much by "myth-making and prophecies of doom".[141] In the same speech,[142] Corbyn listed various criticisms of the EU, and stated: "that’s not to say we can be satisfied with the European Union as it is." He also rejected the claims that leaving the European Union would lead to a "year long recession", implying that George Osborne had made the claim in error.

Trade unions

Corbyn speaking at the 2015 annual Tolpuddle Martyrs' Festival and Rally

He was one of sixteen signatories to an open letter to then-Labour Leader Ed Miliband in January 2015 calling for Labour to strengthen collective bargaining arrangements.[23]

Corbyn is in favour of repealing a government proposed trade union bill[143] which he has described as a "threat to us all". This bill, would require higher strike voting thresholds (40% of members of a union in protected sectors like health, education, fire, transport and border security[144]), place restrictions on strikes in key areas such as transport, and prevent unions from charging members a political levy unless they specifically agree (currently members can be charged unless they opt out).[33] He would also repeal legislation that bans workers from secondary strikes, which are strikes from workers in support of a strike initiated by workers in a different organisation.[34]

Environment and animal rights

Corbyn has been a strong advocate for environmentalism. During his leadership bid in 2015, he published a "Protecting Our Planet Manifesto", detailing plans for a "Green Investment Bank" that would invest in green technologies such as renewable energy. He advocates a ban on hydraulic fracking, a phasing out of fossil fuel extraction, and investment in public transport to improve air quality. Corbyn is also against the building of new nuclear power stations,[145][146] and has advocated the re-opening of some of Britain's coal mines, while stressing that 'substantial coal fire generation' be of 'clean burn technology' and carbon neutral.[147][148]

Corbyn has been a long-time campaigner on animal rights issues. He was one of the first signatories to Tony Banks' "Pigeon Bombs" Early Day Motion, and, in 2015, he signed up to another Motion calling for a ban on the importation of foie gras into the UK as well as sponsoring a Motion opposing the Yulin Dog Meat Festival.[149][150][151] He sponsored two Early Day Motions relating to the McLibel case.[152]

Abortion

Corbyn has supported buffer zones outside abortion clinics and pregnancy advisory bureaux to protect women from anti-abortion protesters.[153] Corbyn has also supported British developmental aid funding abortions for those impregnanted by rape during warfare.[154][155] He has pledged to extend the 1967 Abortion Act to Northern Ireland.[53]

Cannabis

In 2000, Corbyn signed an Early Day Motion calling for the decriminalisation of cannabis.[156] Despite having never smoked cannabis himself,[157] Corbyn said in the 2015 Labour leadership election "we should be adult and grown up and decriminalise cannabis".[158]

External links

References

  1. 1 2 Bennett, Owen (1 September 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn's Economics Are 'PFI On Steroids', claims Yvette Cooper". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  2. ↑ Corbyn, Jeremy (26 August 2015). "Labour must clean up the mess it made with PFI, and save the health service". Guardian. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  3. ↑ Wintour, Patrick (22 Jul 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn vows to raise taxes for the rich if elected Prime Minister". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 Sep 2015.
  4. ↑ Waugh, Paul (15 September 2015). "John McDonnell Unveils His First Policy: A £10 Minimum Wage". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 15 September 2015.
  5. 1 2 Corbyn, Jeremy (7 August 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn: Here are the four most common misconceptions about me and my campaign – and the truth". The Independent. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  6. 1 2 O'Donnell, Svenja; Murphy, Hannah (14 August 2015). "What is 'Corbynomics' – And What Might it Mean for Britain?". Bloomberg. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  7. 1 2 Bennett, Asa (12 August 2015). "Oops! There's a £100 billion hole in Jeremy Corbyn's tax plans". The Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved 18 August 2015.
  8. ↑ "Measuring tax gaps 2014 edition" (PDF).
  9. ↑ "Is there a £100 billion hole in Corbynomics?". Tax Research UK. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
  10. ↑ "Once upon a Time the Times was the paper of record: not now".
  11. ↑ "'People's QE?' Left-wing leader's plans for the UK".
  12. ↑ Grice, Andrew (3 August 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn allies accuse Chris Leslie of deliberately misrepresenting Labour frontrunner's economic policies". The Independent. London.
  13. 1 2 Chakrabortty, Aditya (7 July 2015). "The £93bn handshake: businesses pocket huge subsidies and tax breaks". The Guardian. London.
  14. ↑ "The British Corporate Welfare State: Public Provision for Private Businesses" (PDF).
  15. ↑ "No, Jeremy Corbyn, Italy is not a good economic role model".
  16. ↑ "Rates and allowances: Corporation Tax". HMRC. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2015.
  17. ↑ Syal, Rajeev (5 July 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn gets backing of Unite in Labour leadership race". The Guardian. Guardian Media Group. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  18. ↑ Prince, Rosa (22 July 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn: full story of the lefty candidate the Tories would love to see elected as Labour Leader". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
  19. ↑ "Jeremy Corbyn MP on Housing".
  20. ↑ "What the Corbyn victory could mean for shadow planning and housing policy".
  21. ↑ "Revolt over Corbyn's attack on Middle England as Labour leader spells out new 'local taxes' to copy Scotland".
  22. ↑ "Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn says he wants to impose local income taxes as shadow chancellor John McDonnell repeats commitment to restoring 50p top rate".
  23. 1 2 3 "What is Jeremy Corbyn's programme for Government?". BBC News. 14 August 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  24. ↑ Eaton, George (26 January 2015). "The Labour left demand a change of direction – why their intervention matters". New Statesman. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  25. ↑ "Corbynomics – What on earth is Jeremy Corbyn's economic policy?".. London Loves Business. Retrieved on 12 September 2015.
  26. ↑ Krugman, Paul (14 September 2015). "Labour's Dead Center". The New York Times. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  27. ↑ Skidelsky, Robert (19 August 2015). "Why we should take Corbynomics seriously". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  28. ↑ "Would Corbyn's 'QE for people' float or sink Britain?". BBC News. 12 August 2015.
  29. ↑ Spence, Peter (15 August 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn's 'People's QE' would force Britain into three-year battle with the EU". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  30. ↑ The Lisbon Treaty Article 123
  31. ↑ "Would Corbyn's 'QE for people' float or sink Britain?". BBC News. 12 August 2015.
  32. ↑ Eaton, George (4 August 2016). "How would Jeremy Corbyn pay for his spending pledges?". New Statesman. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  33. 1 2 "Jeremy Corbyn to repeal trade union bill if Labour wins next election".
  34. 1 2 "Jeremy Corbyn: Ban on sympathy strike ban should be lifted - BBC News". Bbc.co.uk. 2016-01-17. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
  35. ↑ "Letters: People's Assembly Against Austerity". The Guardian. 5 February 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  36. ↑ "Sponsors". marchforhomes.org. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  37. ↑ HuffPost (22 July 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn Voted Against Welfare Bill Because It Was 'Rotten And Indefensible'".
  38. ↑ Jon Stone. "Iain Duncan Smith 'should resign over disability benefit death figures', says Jeremy Corbyn". The Independent.
  39. 1 2 Wilkinson, Michael (31 July 2015), "Jeremy Corbyn's policies: A-Z on the Labour Leader contender's position on austerity, education and taxation", The Daily Telegraph, London, retrieved 21 August 2015
  40. ↑ Caroline Lucas to present Bill to reverse Tory Health and Social Care Law, 1 July 2015, retrieved 21 August 2015
  41. ↑ Belief in homeopathy is a moral test
  42. ↑ "Early day motion 908 - SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT ON HOMEOPATHY - UK Parliament". Parliament.uk. 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
  43. ↑ "Hinduism, Britain and caste". The Economist. 1 November 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
  44. ↑ "APPG member becomes Leader of the Labour Party - Frozen British Pensions". 2015-09-14. Retrieved 2016-09-29.
  45. ↑ "Budget 2015: Student maintenance grants scrapped". BBC News. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  46. ↑ "Jeremy Corbyn: Scrap tuition fees and give students grants again, says Labour leadership contender". The Independent. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  47. ↑ "Jeremy Corbyn is proposing a National Education Service – would it work?".
  48. ↑ "Corbyn for Arts & Culture – Jeremy Corbyn for Labour Leader". Jeremy Corbyn for Labour Leader. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  49. 1 2 Williams, Joe (4 August 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn threatens economic 'consequences' for anti-gay countries". Pink News. Archived from the original on 8 September 2015. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  50. 1 2 Smith, Lydia (15 August 2015). "Labour leadership contest: Which of the candidates score best on LGBT rights?". International Business Times. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  51. ↑ Duffy, Nick (12 September 2015). "Left-wing MP Jeremy Corbyn enters Labour leadership race". PinkNews. Retrieved 12 September 2015. the only Labour MP to support a Lib Dem amendment that would have outlawed discrimination based on sexuality, long before 2006's Equality Act was introduced.
  52. ↑ Duffy, Nick (3 June 2015). "Left-wing MP Jeremy Corbyn enters Labour leadership race". Pink News. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
  53. 1 2 Clarke, Liam (6 August 2015). "Labour's Jeremy Corbyn vows to bring abortion and same-sex marriage to Northern Ireland as victims blast refusal to condemn IRA terror". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  54. ↑ Merrick, Jane (9 August 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn to 'bring back Clause IV': Contender pledges to bury New Labour with commitment to public ownership of industry". The Independent on Sunday. London, UK. Retrieved 9 August 2015.
  55. ↑ Dathan, Matt; Stone, Jon (23 July 2015). "The 9 charts that show the 'left-wing' policies of Jeremy Corbyn the public actually agrees with". The Independent. London, UK. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  56. ↑ "Labour would renationalise railways 'line by line,' says Jeremy Corbyn - BBC News". Bbc.co.uk. 2015-09-20. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
  57. ↑ Treanor, Jill. "Jeremy Corbyn's bill for nationalising energy sector costed by The City at £185bn". The Guardian. London.
  58. 1 2 Tom de Castella (3 March 2015). "Would it be realistic to renationalise the railways?". BBC. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  59. ↑ Hoey, Kate (26 August 2015). "Here's the real reason we can't renationalise the railways". New Statesman.
  60. ↑ "European Commission – Competition – Energy".
  61. ↑ European Commission – Mobility and Transport: Rail, retrieved 15 August 2015
  62. ↑ "Big Six energy firms increase profits from British households by 1000% in five years". This is Money. 17 March 2015.
  63. ↑ "Do train operating companies earn 'massive' profits?". Full Fact. 14 November 2013.
  64. 1 2 Mason, Rowena (26 August 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn raises possibility of women-only train carriages". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  65. ↑ Andrew Sparrow, Andrew (26 August 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn faces backlash over women-only train carriages idea". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 31 August 2015.
  66. ↑ "Jeremy Corbyn sparks women-only train carriage row". BBC News. 26 August 2015.
  67. ↑ Nicholas Watt Chief political correspondent. "Jeremy Corbyn: Osborne's northern powerhouse plan is 'cruel deception' | Politics". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
  68. ↑ "Jeremy Corbyn slams Government's devolution promise as a "cruel deception" as he unveils plans for the North". LabourList. 2015-08-04. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
  69. ↑ Corbyn, Jeremy (4 August 2015). "Why I want to give more power to the north, by Jeremy Corbyn". The Mirror. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  70. ↑ "Jeremy Corbyn plan to 'reindustrialise' northern England". BBC News. 4 August 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  71. ↑ Williams, Jennifer (17 March 2016). "Jeremy Corbyn: The north must get HS3 BEFORE London gets Crossrail 2". Manchester Evening News. Trinity Mirror. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  72. 1 2 Parkhouse, Geoffrey (17 December 1984). "Kinnock is appalled at visit of IRA bombers". The Glasgow Herald. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  73. ↑ "Jeremy Corbyn". politics.co.uk. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  74. ↑ "Politics | Find Your MP | Islington North | Jeremy Corbyn". BBC News. 2005-03-08. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
  75. ↑ Millar, Frank (26 September 1996). "Adams cancels Commons visit as Labour criticises Corbyn". The Irish Times. Dublin. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  76. ↑ The Glasgow Herald, p. 17, 17 December 1984
  77. ↑ "Speaker to investigate reports of 'IRA men at Westminster'". The Herald. Glasgow. 22 November 1996. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  78. ↑ "London marchers call for inquiry". Sunday Star-News. London, UK. 25 January 1998. p. 8A. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
  79. ↑ "Marchers protest British occupation". Mohave Daily Miner. London, UK. United Press International. 19 August 1984. p. 6.
  80. ↑ "Anglo-Irish Agreement HC Deb 27 November 1985 vol 87 cc884-973". Hansard. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  81. ↑ Fenton, Siobhan (6 August 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn is criticised by victims' families after failing to condemn the IRA". The Independent. London, UK. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  82. ↑ Swinford, Steven (6 August 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn refuses to condemn IRA for terrorist atrocities". The Daily Telegraph. London, UK. Retrieved 7 August 2015.
  83. ↑ "Corbyn: I'm a Socialist not a Unionist". Herald Scotland.
  84. ↑ "Queen will find her own way to Parliament". Beaver County Times. London, UK. Associated Press. 16 October 1998. Retrieved 19 September 2015.
  85. ↑ Proctor, Kate (13 June 2015). "Labour MPs switch from Andy Burnham to left-winger Jeremy Corbyn in leadership race". Newcastle Evening Chronicle. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  86. ↑ "Who is Jeremy Corbyn? Labour leadership contender guide". BBC News. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2015.
  87. ↑ "Early Day Motion 1075". UK Parliament.
  88. ↑ "Jeremy Corbyn says of Dresden firestorm: "Bombing civilian targets is never a good idea"".
  89. ↑ "Are You A Pacifist? Labour Leader Speaks To Sky". Sky News (video). 25 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  90. ↑ "Libya and the suspicious rush to war | Jeremy Corbyn | Opinion". The Guardian. 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
  91. 1 2 3 "24 things that Jeremy Corbyn believes". BBC. 13 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  92. ↑ Ewen MacAskill and Patrick Wintour. "Labour seeks details of UK role in Saudi-led airstrikes on Yemen | World news". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
  93. ↑ Jon Stone (2016-03-23). "Jeremy Corbyn 'still prepared to call for Tony Blair war crimes investigation'". The Independent. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
  94. ↑ "MPs, actors, authors and musicians among 21,000 demanding arms embargo on Israel". Retrieved 23 June 2015.
  95. ↑ "New UK Labour leader Corbyn said to consider a 'minister for Jews'". The Times of Israel. 12 September 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  96. ↑ Rich, Dave (2016). The Left's Jewish Problem: Jeremy Corbyn, Israel and Anti-Semitism. London: Biteback. p. 118.
  97. ↑ Turner, Camilla (15 December 2015). "Stop the War Coalition founder declares support for Hamas and Hizbollah". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  98. ↑ "Labour's Jeremy Corbyn: Why I called Hamas our friends". The Jewish Chronicle. 14 July 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  99. ↑ "Rebuilding relations with Iran". morningstaronline.co.uk.
  100. ↑ Waugh, Paul (13 July 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn's Hamas Grilling Leaves Him Accusing Channel 4 News Of 'Tabloid Journalism'". The Huffington Post UK. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  101. ↑ Staff (13 July 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn: 'I wanted Hamas to be part of the debate'". Channel 4 News. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
  102. ↑ Frazer, Jenni (2015-07-21). "Corbyn at odds with leadership rivals over Israel boycott at hustings". Jewish News. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
  103. ↑ Dysch, Marcus (12 September 2015). "Many more questions now that Jeremy Corbyn is Labour leader". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  104. 1 2 Dysch, Marcus (16 September 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn and the 'Minister for Jews'". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  105. ↑ "HP sauce: Why Jewish MPs had to think twice". Private Eye (1402). 2 October 2015.
  106. ↑ Sherwood, Harriet (17 September 2015). "UK Jewish leaders seek clarification on Jeremy Corbyn's policies". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 January 2016. At the weekend, the Jewish Chronicle reported that Corbyn was considering appointing a "minister for Jews" as a response to the Jewish community. However, there has been no other evidence that such a move is under consideration.
  107. ↑ Mason, Rowena (17 August 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn says antisemitism claims 'ludicrous and wrong'". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 January 2016.
  108. 1 2 Corbyn, Jeremy (17 April 2014). "Nato belligerence endangers us all". Morning Star Online.
  109. ↑ Watt, Nicholas (7 August 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn: 'We are not doing celebrity, personality or abusive politics – this is about hope'". The Guardian.
  110. ↑ Coynash, Halya (28 August 2015). "Why such contempt for human rights, Mr Corbyn?". Kharkiv Human Rights Protection Group.
  111. ↑ Applebaum, Anne (9 August 2015). "While Russia bans books, the useful idiot Corbyn swallows its lies whole". The Sunday Times.
  112. ↑ Judah, Ben (20 August 2015). "Nato underwrites the stability of the EU. Corbyn's plan to pull the UK out of it would be disastrous". The Independent.
  113. ↑ Boyes, Roger (14 August 2015). "Vladimir Putin's expansion helped by useful anti-US idiots". The Times.
  114. ↑ Lucas, Edward (26 August 2015). "Corbyn's friends abroad prove he's unfit to lead". The Daily Telegraph. London, UK.
  115. ↑ Skaisgirytė, Asta (29 Sep 2015). "Lithuania is safer with Nato, Mr Corbyn". The Guardian.
  116. ↑ Dutta, Kunal (4 August 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn winning Labour leadership could threaten Tory plans to bomb Isis in Syria". The Independent. London.
  117. ↑ Hughes, Laura (27 August 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn backtracks on calls for Britain to leave Nato". The Daily Telegraph. London.
  118. ↑ "Jeremy Corbyn's landslide election met with scepticism from international press". Guardian. 13 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  119. ↑ "British MP Jeremy Corbyn Speaks out for Venezuela". teleSUR English. 5 June 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  120. ↑ Wheeler, Brian (12 Sep 2015). "The Jeremy Corbyn Story: Profile of Labour's new leader". BBC News. Retrieved 12 Sep 2015.
  121. ↑ "Labour front-runner Corbyn refuses to condemn the IRA". The Independent (Ireland).
  122. ↑ Frances Perraudin (6 August 2015). "Corbyn to set out plans for UK nuclear disarmament 70 years after Hiroshima". The Guardian. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  123. ↑ "Jeremy Corbyn: Time to say goodbye to Trident ... while safeguarding Scottish skills". The National. Scotland. 7 August 2015. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  124. ↑ "Corbyn: Scrapping Trident would not mean job losses", The Herald, Glasgow, 7 August 2015, retrieved 15 August 2015
  125. ↑ Corbyn, Jeremy (27 September 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn happy for Labour to have 'difference of opinion' over Trident". Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  126. ↑ Wintour, Patrick (30 September 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn: I would never use nuclear weapons if I were PM". Guardian. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  127. ↑ Stewart, Heather (17 July 2016). "Jeremy Corbyn vows to vote against Trident renewal as Labour divisions deepen". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  128. ↑ Bennett, Asa (18 July 2016). "Today's Trident vote could save Jeremy Corbyn, but doom Labour". The Telegraph. London, UK. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  129. ↑ "Two in three say Labour should change leader before next General Election". Ipsos MORI. Ipsos MORI. 14 July 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  130. 1 2 Mason, Rowena (18 July 2016). "Commons votes for Trident renewal by majority of 355". The Guardian. London, UK. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  131. ↑ Riley-Smith, Ben (19 July 2016). "MPs vote to renew Trident: Jeremy Corbyn suffers biggest rebellion of his leadership as Britain's nuclear deterrent backed by 472 to 117". The Telegraph. London, UK. Retrieved 19 July 2016.
  132. ↑ Kuenssberg, Laura (19 July 2016). "MPs vote to renew Trident weapons system". BBC News. Retrieved 19 July 2016. Jeremy Corbyn has been heckled and accused of lying by his own MPs and told he was “defending the countries’ enemies” as he announced he would vote against renewing Trident.
  133. 1 2 "Jeremy Corbyn admits he voted for Britain to leave Europe in 1975". The Daily Telegraph. 11 September 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  134. ↑ "TREATY ON EUROPEAN UNION (Hansard, 13 January 1993)". Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  135. ↑ "TREATY ON EUROPEAN UNION (Hansard, 30 March 1993)". Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  136. ↑ "Jeremy Corbyn predicted the Euro would lead to 'a bankers' Europe'". The Independent. 18 September 2015. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  137. ↑ "Lisbon Treaty (Second Reading)". www.publicwhip.org.uk. 21 January 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  138. ↑ MacLellan, Kylie (12 September 2015). "Labour's Corbyn, who voted 'No' in 1975, raises Brexit fears". Reuters. London, UK. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  139. ↑ Paul Waugh (2015-07-25). "Jeremy Corbyn Refuses To Rule Out Campaigning For Britain To Quit The European Union". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
  140. ↑ "Jeremy Corbyn: Labour will campaign for UK to stay in the EU". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  141. 1 2 "Jeremy Corbyn says 'overwhelming case' for staying in EU - BBC News". Bbc.co.uk. 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2016-11-10.
  142. ↑ "Jeremy Corbyn speech "The EU referendum is era-defining moment for workers' rights" transcript, 2nd June 2016".
  143. ↑ Patrick Wintour (15 Jul 2015). "Biggest crackdown on trade unions for 30 years launched by Conservatives". The Guardian. Retrieved 23 Jan 2016.
  144. ↑ "Anti-strike bill a 'threat to all of us' Corbyn tells Trade Union Congress".
  145. ↑ "Is Jeremy Corbyn's brand of environmentalism really the radical option?". businessgreen.com. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  146. ↑ "Labour frontrunner launches ambitious environmental manifesto". edie.net. Retrieved 13 September 2015.
  147. ↑ Wintour, Patrick (9 August 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn could be the result of Labour's democratic experiment". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  148. ↑ Swinford, Steven; Whitehead, Thomas (8 August 2015). "Jeremy Corbyn: Labour could reopen coal mines and nationalise gas and electricity sector". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  149. ↑ "Early Day Motion 1255 – Pigeon Bombs". UK Parliament. 21 May 2004. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  150. ↑ "Early Day Motion 136 – Importation of Foie Gras". UK Parliament. 16 June 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  151. ↑ "Early day motion 134 – Yulin Dog Meat Festival 2015". UK Parliament. 15 June 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  152. ↑ "McLibel Case – The story of two ordinary vegetarians taking on the giant McDonald's in the London High Court". jivdaya.org. 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  153. ↑ "Early day motion 612". UK Parliament. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  154. ↑ "Early day motion 402". UK Parliament. Retrieved 20 September 2015.
  155. ↑ "Working With Women Jeremy Corbyn" (PDF).
  156. ↑ "Early day motion 12". parliament.uk. 6 December 2000. Retrieved 23 January 2016.
  157. ↑ Wintour, Patrick (23 July 2015). "Liz Kendall and Yvette Cooper would not serve in Jeremy Corbyn shadow cabinet". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  158. ↑ "Labour leadership: What did candidates say during debate where Yvette Cooper tore into Jeremy Corbyn?". International Business Times. 3 September 2015. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/2/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.