Classical Chinese lexicon

Classical Chinese lexicon is the lexicon of Classical Chinese, a language register marked by a vocabulary that greatly differs from the lexicon of modern vernacular Chinese.

In terms of conciseness and compactness, Classical Chinese rarely uses words composed of two Chinese characters; nearly all words are of one syllable only. This stands directly in contrast with modern Chinese dialects, in which two-syllable words are extremely common. This phenomenon exists, in part, because polysyllabic words evolved in Chinese to disambiguate homophones that result from sound changes. This is similar to such phenomena in English as the pen–pin merger of many dialects in the American south: because the words "pin" and "pen" sound alike in such dialects of English, a certain degree of confusion can occur unless one adds qualifiers like "ink pen" and "stick pin." Similarly, Chinese has acquired many polysyllabic words in order to disambiguate monosyllabic words that sounded different in earlier forms of Chinese but identical in one region or another during later periods. Because Classical Chinese is based on the literary examples of ancient Chinese literature, it has almost none of the two-syllable words present in modern Chinese varieties.

Classical Chinese has more pronouns compared to the modern vernacular. In particular, whereas Mandarin has one general character to refer to the first-person pronoun ("I"/"me"), Literary Chinese has several, many of which are used as part of honorific language (see Chinese honorifics), and several of which have different grammatical uses (first-person collective, first-person possessive, etc.).

In syntax, Classical Chinese is always ready to drop subjects, verbs, objects, etc. when their meaning is understood (pragmatically inferable). Also, words are not restrictively categorized into parts of speech: nouns used as verbs, adjectives used as nouns, and so on. There is no copula in Classical Chinese, "是" (pinyin: shì) is a copula in modern Chinese but in old Chinese it was originally a near demonstrative ("this"); the modern Chinese for "this" is "這" (pinyin: zhè).

Beyond grammar and vocabulary differences, Classical Chinese can be distinguished by literary and cultural differences: an effort to maintain parallelism and rhythm, even in prose works, and extensive use of literary and cultural allusions, thereby also contributing to brevity.

The Muslim Hui people developed Jingtang Jiaoyu for representing Arabic sounds with Chinese characters. Classical Chinese has had influence of Jingtang Jiaoyu. Rather than using Standard Chinese grammar, they use the grammar of their dialect and Classical Chinese to read the Arabic sounds out loud. The Classical Chinese word order is often the reverse of Mandarin; for example, Mandarin 饒恕 (pinyin: ráoshù, "forgive") is Classical 恕饒 (pinyin: shùráo).^[1]

Many final particles (Chinese: 歇語字; pinyin: xiēyǔzì; Wade–Giles: hsieh1-yü3-tzu4) and^[2] interrogative particles are found in Literary Chinese.^[3]

Function words

Note that for the descriptions provided above, English equivalents are provided in double quotation marks (""), while equivalents in vernacular Chinese are provided in hooked brackets (「」).

See also

• Chinese adjectives
• Chinese grammar
• Chinese particles
• Chinese pronouns
• Chinese verbs
• Classical Chinese grammar
• Classical Chinese
• Vernacular Chinese

Sources

• 《新高中文言手册》 （1998年 北京华书）
• 《新华字典》 （第10版）

Further reading

• Baller, Frederick William, China Inland Mission (1912). Lessons in elementary Wen-li. China Inland Mission.  CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Brandt, J. (1929). Wenli particles. The North China Union Language School. 
• Brandt, J. (1936). Introduction to Literary Chinese. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company. Retrieved 2015-08-23. 
• Creel, Herrlee Glessner, ed. (1938). Literary Chinese by the Inductive Method, Volume 1. University of Chicago Press. 
• Creel, Herrlee Glessner, ed. (1939). Literary Chinese by the Inductive Method, Volume 2. University of Chicago Press. 
• Creel, Herrlee Glessner, ed. (1952). Literary Chinese by the Inductive Method, Volume 3. University of Chicago Press. 
• Dawson, Raymond Stanley (1984). A New Introduction to Classical Chinese (2nd ed.). Clarendon Press-Oxford. ISBN 0-19-815460-7. 
• Gabelentz, Georg von der (1881). Chinesische Grammatik: Mit Ausschluss des niederen Stiles und der heutigen Umgangssprache (in German). Leipzig: T.O. Weigel. Retrieved 10 February 2012.  (Original from Harvard University) (Digitized 2008-10-13)
• Julien, Stanislas (1869). Syntaxe nouvelle de la langue chinoise fondée sur la position des mots: suivie de deux traités sur les particules et les principaux termes de grammaire, d'une table des idiotismes, de fables, de légendes et d'apologues traduits mot à mot, premier volume (in French). Paris: Librairie de Maisonneuve. Retrieved 2015-08-23.  (Original from Oxford University) (Digitized 2007-07-03)
• Julien, Stanislas (1870). Syntaxe nouvelle de la langue chinoise fondée sur la position des mots: suivie de deux traités sur les particules et les principaux termes de grammaire, d'une table des idiotismes, de fables, de légendes et d'apologues traduits mot à mot, second volume (in French). Paris: Librairie de Maisonneuve. Retrieved 2015-08-23.  (Original from the University of California) (Digitized 2007-05-02)
• Rémusat, Abel (1822). Éléments de la grammaire chinoise, ou, principes généraux du kou-wen ou style antique: et du kouan-hoa, c'est-à-dire, de la langue commune généralement usitée dans l'Empire chinois (in French). Paris: Imprimerie Royale. Retrieved 2011-05-15.  (Original from Harvard University)

External links

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: zh:文言

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Classical Chinese

• Chinese Notes: 古文入门 Introduction to Classical Chinese