Clara Porset

Clara Porset (May 25, 1895 – May 17, 1981) was a Cuban-born interior designer whose education and career brought her to the United States and Europe. From 1963 until her death she worked in Mexico, where she is considered a pioneer in furniture design.^[1]

Education

Born to a wealthy Cuban family, Porset had the opportunity to travel widely, accumulating a wide range of artistic and political influences. She studied at the Manhattanville Academy, New York (1914–18), attended technical courses in architecture and design in Cuba, then completed her art degree in 1925 at Columbia University. Porset traveled to Europe in the late 1920s, met Bauhaus teachers Walter Gropius and Hans Emil “Hannes” Meyer, with whom she remained in contact for many years. From 1928 to 1931, she studied architecture and furniture design in the Paris studio of the designer and architect Henri Rapin and attended classes at the École des Beaux Arts, the Sorbonne, and the Louvre.^[2]

In 1932, she returned to Cuba, and shortly after presented a lecture titled “La decoración interior contemporánea su adaptación al Tropic” (Contemporary Interior Decoration: Its Adaptation to the Tropics), demonstrating the nascent interests that defined her career. She worked professionally as a designer in Cuba during this time, but returned to her studies in the summer of 1934 under former Bauhaus instructors Josef and Anni Albers at Black Mountain College, North Carolina.^[2]

Career

During her studies at various universities she spent her summers traveling through Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, the Netherlands, England, and France, but eventually returned to Cuba to work as a designer where she created furniture for residences and schools. During this time, she gave lectures to expose the public to modern design and even promoted using the term interior design rather than its older term interior decoration.^[3]

In 1933, despite her success as a professional designer, she wrote to Walter Gropius of the German Bauhaus School to inquire about enrolling. Due to political pressure of the Nazis, he recommended she study with Josef Albers at Black Mountain College in North Carolina.^[4][5]

She was briefly artistic director of the Escuela Técnica para Mujeres (Technical School for Women) in Cuba, but, owing to her political outspokenness, was forced to leave Cuba in 1935. She moved to Mexico, married the painter Xavier Guerrero,^[6] and, through their partnership, was introduced to the folk arts as well as the prominent artists of the country, which influenced her career. The couple collaborated on a proposal for the Museum of Modern Art’s (New York) 1940 competition Organic Design in Home Furnishings. This was the first time Latin American designers were included in the museum’s call for proposals; however, despite this expanded inclusivity, Guerrero was given sole credit for the design in the accompanying publication. Porset’s furniture updated vernacular Mexican materials (such as woven agave fibers) and forms (the colonial butaque chair).^[5]

In the 1950s, Ruiz Galindo Industries (IRGSA), regarded as the best furniture manufacturer in Mexico, saw Porset as the finest designer of the time and hired her to design and develop furnishings for architectural projects around Mexico. She signed a contract to develop two collections: the E-series (quality wooden office furniture) and H-series (metal office furniture). These lines became the most popular furnishings in the country because of their design, durability, and low-cost.^[7]

In 1952, Porset curated the exhibition Arte en la vida diaria: exposición de objetos de buen diseño hechos en México (Art in Daily Life: An Exhibition of Well-Designed Objects Made in Mexico) at the Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes (Mexico City), which featured both handcrafted and mass-produced objects.^[8] This expansive exhibition included many artists and designers, such as Odilón Avalos, José Feher, Los Castillo, Cynthia Sargent, William Spratling, and Michael van Beuren.^[9]

Porset was able to return to post-revolutionary Cuba in 1959, and Fidel Castro commissioned her to design the furniture for the school of Camilo Cienfuegos, an institution symbolic of the new society envisioned by revolutionaries. She also created furniture for a number of other universities before her return to Mexico in 1963, after her plans to establish a new design school in Cuba went unrealized. In 1969, designer Horacio Durán founded an industrial design program at the Escuela Nacional de Arquitectura (now part of Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM) and invited Porset to give a seminar. She continued teaching for the remainder of her life. The Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes recognized Porset as a pioneer of Mexican modern design by awarding her a Gold Medal in 1971. Since 1993 the Clara Porset Design Prize is awarded to Mexican design students.^[10]

Legacy

Porset lived out her final years in Chimalistac, Mexico, and near the end of professional and teaching careers, she bequeathed her belongings — documents, library, and material possessions — to the Industrial Design Department of the Faculty of Architecture at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México to benefit designers. She also stipulated that her house should be sold to set up a foundation to award a scholarship to a female student for postgraduate studies. Only two scholarships were ever awarded because of the devaluation of the Mexican peso, so the scholarship was converted to the Clara Porset Award: a monetary award given to the best industry design project submitted by students around the country. The Clara Porset Library is considered the best design library in Mexico today.^[11]

Further reading

• Moderno: Design for Living in Brazil, Mexico, and Venezuela, 1940–1978. New York: Americas Society, forthcoming 2015.
• Bermúdez, Jorge R. Clara Porset: diseño y cultura. La Habana: Editorial Letras Cubanas, 2005.
• Noyes, Eliot, Organic Design in Home Furnishings. Exh. Cat. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1941.
• Porset, Clara, et al. El diseño de Clara Porset: inventando un México moderno. Madrid: Turner Eds., 2006.
• Salinas Flores, Oscar. Clara Porset: una vida inquieta, una obra sin igual. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Arquitectura, 2001.

References