Malayalam cinema

Malayalam cinema

Kinfra film and Video Park, Thiruvananthapuram
Number of screens 1015 Single-screens in Kerala state of India.[1]
Main distributors Aashirvad Cinemas
August Cinema
Graand Production
Galaxy Films
Anto Joseph Film Company
Maxlab Entertainments
Mulakuppadam Films
Sree Gokulam Films
Navodaya Studio
Merryland Studio
LJ Films
Produced feature films (2014)[2]
Total 201
Gross box office (2015)[3]
National films India: ₹550 crore (US$82 million)

Malayalam cinema is the Indian film industry based in the southern state of Kerala, dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Malayalam language. Although the industry's gross box-office is smaller, when compared to larger market driven Indian industries such as Hindi cinema, Telugu cinema, and Tamil cinema, Malayalam films have gained unique recognition in world cinema for their technical finesse and craft. Malayalam films are released in India, and a handful of them being released in the United States, Australia, Germany, U. K . and the Persian Gulf. Works such as Marana Simhasanam and Vanaprastham were screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival.[4][5] Marana Simhasanam had garnered the coveted Caméra d'Or ("Golden Camera") for that year.[6][7][8]

In 1982, Elippathayam won the Sutherland Trophy at the London Film Festival, and Most Original Imaginative Film of 1982 by the British Film Institute. Rajiv Anchal's Guru (1997) and Salim Ahamed's Adaminte Makan Abu (2011) are the Malayalam films to be sent by India as its official entry for the Best Foreign Language Film category at the Academy Awards. Adoor Gopalakrishnan has garnered the International Film Critics Prize (FIPRESCI) for his works such as Mukhamukham (1984), Anantaram (1987), Mathilukal (1989), Vidheyan (1993), Kathapurushan (1995), and Nizhalkkuthu (2002).[9]

Other films which achieved global acclaim include Chemmeen (1965), which received Certificate of Merit at the Chicago International Film Festival, and Gold Medal at the Cannes Film Festival for Best Cinematography.[10] Piravi (1989), winning at least 31 international honors, including the Caméra d'Or — Mention Spéciale at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival, and was screened at the Un Certain Regard.[5][11] Swaham (1994) which bagged Bronze Rosa Camuna at the Bergamo Film Meeting in Italy.[5][6][7][8] The first 3D film produced in India, My Dear Kuttichathan (1984), was made in Malayalam.[12] The first CinemaScope film produced in Malayalam was Thacholi Ambu (1978).[13]

During the early 1920s the Malayalam film industry was based in Trivandrum, although the film industry started to develop and flourish only by the late 1940s. Later the industry shifted to Chennai (formerly Madras), which then was the capital of the South Indian film industry. By the late 1980s, the Malayalam film industry returned and established itself in Kerala[14] with a major chunk of locations, studios, production and post-production facilities in Kochi and Trivandrum. Several media sources[15][16] describe Kochi as the hub of the film industry, while Kerala government publications[17] state that Trivandrum is the center.

History of Malayalam cinema

Active Malayalam film production did not take place until the second half of the 20th century: there were only two silent films, and three Malayalam-language films before 1947.[18][19] With support from the Kerala state government production climbed from around 6 a year in the 1950s, to 30 a year in the 1960s, 40 a year in the 1970s, to 127 films in 1980.[18]

Origins (1907-1950)

The first cinema hall in Kerala, with a manually operated film projector, was opened in Thrissur by Jose Kattookkaran in 1907. In 1913, the first permanent theatre in Kerala was established in Ollur, Thrissur city by Jose and was called the Jose Electrical Bioscope.[20][21][22] The first film to be made in Malayalam was Vigathakumaran. Production started in 1928, and it was released in Trivandrum Capitol Theatre on 23 October 1930. It was produced and directed by J. C. Daniel, a businessman with no prior film experience, who is credited as the father of Malayalam cinema.[23] Daniel founded the first film studio, The Travancore National Pictures Limited, in Kerala.[23] A second film, Marthanda Varma, based on a novel by C. V. Raman Pillai, was produced by R. Sundar Raj in 1933. However, after only being shown for four days, the film prints were confiscated due to a legal battle over copyright.[23]

The first talkie in Malayalam was Balan,[24] released in 1938. It was directed by S. Nottani with a screenplay and songs written by Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai. It was produced at Chennai (then Madras) in the neighbouring state of Tamil Nadu. Balan was followed by Gnanambika in 1940 which was directed by S. Notani. Then came Prahlada in 1941 directed by K. Subramoniam of Madras and featuring Guru Gopinath and Thankamani Gopinath. Until 1947 Malayalam films were made by Tamil producers. Artist P. J. Cherian[25] was the first Malayali producer to venture into this field and the trend then changed. He Produced Nirmala in 1948 with Joseph Cherian, Baby Joseph his son and daughter-in-law in the lead roles as hero and heroine; and many other family members in other roles breaking the taboo that noble family people do not take up acting. Thus 'Nirmala' became the first film produced by a Malayali setting many firsts for introducing play-back singing, cinema with a social theme where the entire family could sit together and watch it. Artist P.J. Cherian was the first cinema producer to explore the possibility of music and songs in cinema; and thus became the pioneer to introduce play-back singing in cinema. The lyrics of the film penned by the legendary Malayalam poet G. Sankara Kurup became so popular that song-dance sequences became essential ingredients of Malayalam cinema. Vellinakshatram (1949) was the first movie to be made in Kerala and it took shape at the Udaya Studios at Alleppey.

1950s

Malayalam cinema has always taken its themes from relevant social issues and has been interwoven with material from literature, drama, and politics since its inception. One such film, Jeevitha Nouka (1951), was a musical drama which spoke about the problems in a joint family.

In 1954, the film Neelakuyil captured national interest by winning the President's silver medal . Scripted by the well-known Malayalam novelist Uroob, and directed by P. Bhaskaran and Ramu Kariat. Another notable production was Newspaper Boy (1955), which contained elements of Italian neorealism. This film is notable as the product of a group of amateur college filmmakers. It told the story of a printing press employee and his family being stricken with extreme poverty . The music took a turn away from the trend of copying Tamil and Hindi song. The poets Tirunainaarkurichy Madhavan Nair - Thirunaiyarkurichy, P. Bhaskaran, O.N.V. Kurup, V.R.Varma rose up in this period as film lyricists. Brother Lakshmanan, Dakshinamurthy, K. Raghavan, G. Devarajan, M.S.Baburaj, Pukhenthey Velappan Nair etc. started a distinct style Malayalam music. Kamukara Purushotaman, Mehboob, Kozhikode Abdul Kader, AM Raja, P.B. Sreenivas, K. P. Udayabhanu, Santha P. Nair, P. Leela, S. Janaki, P Susheela, B. Vasantha, Renuka, Jikki etc. were the Singer from the 50s. The drama artist and school teacher Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai lend many of his skills to cinema in this period.

1960s

Ramu Kariat, one of the directors of Neelakkuyil (the other was P. Bhaskaran), went on to become a successful director in the 1960s and 1970s. P. Bhaskaran directed many acclaimed and hit films in the 1960s and 70s. The cameraman of Neelakkuyil, A. Vincent, also became a noted director of the 1960s and 1970s. Notable films of this decade include Odayil Ninnu, Bhargavi Nilayam (1964), Chemmeen (1965), Murappennu (1965) and Iruttinte Athmavu (1966). The era of colour films came to Malayalam cinema with its first colour film, Kandam Bacha Coat (1961). Chemmeen (1965), directed by Ramu Kariat and based on a story by Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, went on to become immensely popular, and became the first Malayalam film to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film. Most of the films of the 60s were animated by the nationalist and socialist projects, and centred on issues relating to caste and class exploitation, the fight against obscurantist beliefs, the degeneration of the feudal class, and the breakup of the joint-family system.[26] In 1960s M. Krishnan Nair, Kunchacko and P. Subramaniam were the leading malayalee producers. Thikkurusi Sukumaran Nair, Prem Nazir, Sathyan, Madhu, Adoor Bhasi, Bahadur, S.P.Pillai, K.P.Ummer, Kottarakara Sreedharan Nair, Raghavan, G.K.Pillai, Muthukulam, Joseprakash, Paravur Bharatan, Muthayya, Shankaradi, Govindankutty, K.R.Vijaya, Padmini, Ragini, Sharada, Sheela, Ambika, Jayabharathi, Arumula Ponnamma, Kavyior Ponamma, Lalitha, Pankajavalli, Adoor Bhavani, Prema, Meena and Sadahna were the more popular actors active in this period.

During the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, Kunchacko made significant contributions to Malayalam cinema, both as a producer and as director of some notable Malayalam movies. He started Udaya Studios in Alleppey (Alappuzha) in 1947, reducing the travel to Madras (Chennai) for film crew and actors. This boosted Malayalam film production in Kerala. Many directors sprang up in this period, P.N. Menon made 'rosy'and later 'Chemparanthi', then G. Aravindan and Adoor Gopalakrishnan too started work in 1960s to become famous later.

1970s

Adoor Gopalakrishnan is one of the pioneers of Indian parallel cinema

The 70s saw the emergence of a new wave of cinema in Malayalam. The growth of the film society movement in Kerala introduced the works of the French and Italian New Wave directors to the discerning Malayali film enthusiasts. Adoor Gopalakrishnan's first film, Swayamvaram (1972), brought Malayalam cinema to the international film arena. In 1973 M. T. Vasudevan Nair, who was by then recognised as an important author in Malayalam, directed his first film Nirmalyam, which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film. G. Aravindan followed Adoor's lead with his Uttarayanam in 1974. K. P. Kumaran's Adhithi (1974) was another film which was acclaimed by the critics. Cinematographers who won the National Award for their work on Malayalam films in the 1970s were Mankada Ravi Varma for Swayamvaram (1972), P. S. Nivas for Mohiniyattam (1977), and Shaji N. Karun for Thampu (1979). John Abraham, K. R. Mohanan, K. G. George, and G. S. Panikkar were products of the Pune Film Institute who made significant contributions.

During the late 1970s, some young artists started seeing Malayalam cinema as a medium of expression and thought of it as a tool to revitalise society. A noted director, Aravindan was famous in Kerala as a cartoonist before he started making films. His important movies include Kanchana Sita (1977), Thampu (1978), Kummatty (1979), Chidambaram (1985), Oridathu (1986), and Vasthuhara (1990). 1970s also saw the emergence of a notable director P. G. Viswambharan with his debut film Ozhukinethire and mythical film Sathyavan Savithri from the same director, which was well accepted. Also, commercial cinema in this period saw several workerclass themed films which mostly had M. G. Soman and Sukumaran in the lead followed by the emergence of a new genre of pure action themed films, in a movement led by action star Jayan who is usually considered the first genuine commercial superstar of Malayalam cinema. But this was short-lived, and almost ended with Jayan's untimely death while performing a stunt in a film called Kolilakkam (1980).

1980s

Padayottam released in 1982 was the first 70mm film in India

The Malayalam cinema of this period was characterised by detailed screenplays dealing with everyday life with a lucid narration of plot intermingling with humour and melancholy. This was aided by the cinematography and lighting. The films had warm background music.

In 1981 Fazil directed Manjil Virinja Pookal. Adoor Gopalakrishnan made Elippathayam in 1981. This movie won the British Film Institute award.

K. G. George released films including Yavanika and Adaminte Vaariyellu. This was the period during which script writer M. T. Vasudevan Nair started teaming up with director Hariharan to produce works like Panchagni, Nakhakshathangal, Aranyakam and Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha.

John Abraham films such as Amma Ariyaan addressed people's issues and raised the finance directly from people. The decade also saw significant number of movies with female characters becoming important or even central.

The period had movies with humour from directors like Priyadarshan, Sathyan Anthikkad, Kamal and Siddique-Lal. Piravi (1989) by Shaji N. Karun was the first Malayalam film to win the Caméra d'Or-Mention at the Cannes Film Festival.[5]

1990s

Some examples are Mathilukal (1990) directed by Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Kattu Kuthira (1990) directed by P. G. Viswambharan, Amaram (1991) directed by Bharathan, Ulladakkam (1992) directed by Kamal, Kilukkam (1991) directed by Priyadarshan, Kamaladalam (1992) by Sibi Malayil, Vidheyan (1993) by Adoor Gopalakrishnan, Devaasuram (1993) by I. V. Sasi, Manichithrathazhu (1993) by Fazil, Ponthan Mada (1993) by T. V. Chandran, Spadikam (1995) by Bhadran, The King (1995) by Shaji Kailas, Hitler (1996) by Siddique and Desadanam (1997) by Jayaraaj.

Swaham (1994), directed by Shaji N. Karun, was the first Malayalam film entry for the competition in the Cannes International Film Festival, where it was a nominee for the Palme d'Or. Murali Nair's Marana Simhasanam later won the Caméra d'Or at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival.[4] Guru (1997) directed by Rajiv Anchal was chosen as India's official entry to the Oscars to be considered for nomination in the Best Foreign Film category for that year, making it the first film in Malayalam to be chosen for Oscar nomination.

2000s

Slapstick comedy was the predominant theme in the films of this era. C.I.D. Moosa (2003) by Johny Antony, Meesa Madhavan (2002) by Lal Jose and Kunjikoonan (2002) directed by Sasi Shanker are examples. Sequels to a number of successful films were made. There were some movies which were examples of exemplary film making like Meghamalhar, Madhuranombarakaattu, Nandanam, Perumazhakkalam, Kazhcha etc. In 2008, Malayalam movie artists came together in a multistar film Twenty:20 to raise funds for the AMMA.[27]

2010s

After several years of quality deterioration, Malayalam films saw the signs of massive resurgence post-2010 with the release of several experimental films (known as New Generation Films),[28] mostly from new directors.

New generation films (also known as new wave films) (2010–present[29]) is a Malayalam film movement developed in the early 2010s, characterised by fresh and unusual themes and new narrative techniques.[29][30] Films of the new wave differ from conventional themes of the past two decades (1990s and 2000s) and introduced several new trends to the Malayalam industry.[31] While the new generation formats and styles are deeply influenced by global and Indian trends, their thematics are firmly rooted in Malayalee life and mindscapes.[32] The new generation also helped the Malayalam film industry regain its past glory.[33]

Salim Ahamed's Adaminte Makan Abu was chosen as India's official entry to the Academy Awards to be considered for nomination in the Best Foreign Film category for the year 2011.

Christian Brothers (2011) was released worldwide with a total of 310 prints on 18 March; 154 centres in Kerala and 90 centres outside Kerala and 80 centres overseas making it the widest release for a Malayalam film at that time. This was later broken by Peruchazhi (2014) which released in 500 screens worldwide on 29 August.[34] Varsham (2014) became the first Malayalam film to have a simultaneous release across the globe on 6 November.[35] Drishyam (2013) became the first Malayalam film to cross the 50 crores mark at the box office. The film was critically acclaimed and became remade in four languages.[36] Later, in 2016, Pulimurugan became the first Malayalam film to cross the 100 crores mark at the box office.

Pioneering film-making techniques

Newspaper Boy (1955), a neorealistic film, drew inspiration from Italian neorealism.[13][37] Padayottam (1982) was India's first indigenously produced 70 mm film,[38] while My Dear Kuttichathan (1984) was India's first 3D film.[12] O' Faby (1993) was India's first live-action/animation hybrid film.[39]

Amma Ariyan (1986) was the first film made in India with money collected from the public. It was produced by Odessa Collective, founded by the director John Abraham and friends. The money was raised by collecting donations and screening Charlie Chaplin's film The Kid.[40]

Moonnamathoral (2006) was the first Indian film to be shot and distributed in digital format.[41]

Notable personalities

Directors

Malayalam cinema's directors have included J. C. Daniel, the director and producer of the first Malayalam film, Vigathakumaran (1928). Unlike other Indian films at that time, most of which were films based on the puranas, he chose to base his film on a social theme.[42] Though the film failed commercially, he paved way for the Malayalam film industry and is widely considered the father of Malayalam cinema. Till the 1950s, Malayalam film didn't see many talented film directors. The milestone film Neelakkuyil (1954), directed by Ramu Karyat and P. Bhaskaran, shed a lot of limelight over its directors.[37] Ramu Karyat went on to become a celebrated director in the 1960s and 1970s. P. Bhaskaran also directed a few acclaimed films in the 1960s. The cameraman of Neelakkuyil, A. Vincent, also became a noted director of the 1960s and 1970s.[43] Another noted director of the 1950s was P. Ramadas, the director of the neorealistic film Newspaper Boy (1955).

In the 1970s, the Malayalam film industry saw the rise of film societies. It triggered a new genre of films known as "parallel cinema". The main driving forces of the movement, who gave priority to serious cinema, were Adoor Gopalakrishnan and G. Aravindan. People like John Abraham and P. A. Backer gave a new dimension to Malayalam cinema through their political themes. The later 1970s witnessed the emergence of another stream of Malayalam films, known as "middle-stream cinema", which seamlessly integrated the seriousness of the parallel cinema and the popularity of the mainstream cinema. Most of the films belonging to this stream were directed by PN Menon, I. V. Sasi, P. G. Viswambharan, K. G. George, Bharathan and Padmarajan.[44]

In the 1980s and early 1990s, a new array of directors joined the stalwarts who had already made a mark in the industry. This period saw the narrowing of the gap between the different streams of the industry.[37] Directors like K. G. George, Priyadarshan, I. V. Sasi, John Abraham, Fazil, Joshy, Bhadran, P. G. Viswambharan, Kamal, Sibi Malayil, Hariharan, Sathyan Anthikkad, K. Madhu and Siddique-Lal contributed significantly . Then there were extraordinary screenwriters like M. T. Vasudevan Nair, T. Damodaran, A. K. Lohithadas and Sreenivasan whose contributions were also commendable.

The 2000s saw a decline in quality of Malayalam films. Many directors who excelled in the Golden Age struggled as many of their films continuously failed critically and commercially. As a result, the gap between parallel cinema (now known as art cinema) and mainstream cinema (now known as commercial cinema) widened. The 2000s also saw a commercial film formula being created in line with Tamil and Bollywood films. Directors like Shaji Kailas, Rafi Mecartin and Anwar Rasheed directed blockbusters which had few artistic merits to boast of. Despite the overall decline, some directors stood apart and made quality cinema. Shaji N. Karun, Lenin Rajendran, Shyama Prasad and Jayaraj made films that won laurels. Notable directors who debuted in this time include Blessy, Lal Jose, R. Sharath, Renjith, Roshan Andrews, Amal Neerad, Aashiq Abu, Vineeth Sreenivasan and Lijo Jose Pellissery.

Out of the 40 National Film Awards for Best Director given away till 2007, Malayalam directors have received 12. The directors who have won include Adoor Gopalakrishnan (1973, 1985, 1988, 1990, 2007), G. Aravindan (1978, 1979, 1987), Shaji N. Karun (1989), T. V. Chandran (1994), Jayaraj (1998) and Rajivnath (1999). There are several recipients of the Special Jury Award as well: Mankada Ravi Varma (1984), John Abraham (1987), Shaji N. Karun (1995) and Pradeep Nair (2005).[45][46]

Film music

Film music, which refers to playback singing in the context of Indian music, forms the most important canon of popular music in India. The film music of Kerala in particular is the most popular form of music in the state.[47] Before Malayalam cinema and Malayalam film music developed, the Keralites eagerly followed Tamil and Hindi film songs, and that habit has stayed with them till now. The history of Malayalam film songs begins with the 1948 film Nirmala which was produced by Artist P.J. Cherian who introduced play-back singing for the first time in the film. The film's music composer was P. S. Divakar, and the songs were sung by P. Leela, T. K. Govinda Rao, Vasudeva Kurup, C. K. Raghavan, Sarojini Menon and Vimala B. Varma, who is credited as the first playback singer of Malayalam cinema.[48]

The main trend in the early years was to use the tune of hit Hindi or Tamil songs in Malayalam songs. This trend changed in the early 1950s with the arrival of a number of poets and musicians to the Malayalam music scene. But by the mid of 1950s, Malayalam Film Music Industry started finding its own identity and this reformation was led by the music directors Brother Laxmanan, G. Devarajan, V. Dakshinamurthy, M.S. Babu Raj and K. Raghavan along with the lyricists Vayalar Rama Varma, P. Bhaskaran, O. N. V. Kurup and Sreekumaran Thampi.[49] Major playback singers of that time were Kamukara Purushothaman, K. P. Udayabhanu, A. M. Raja, P. Leela, Santha P. Nair, P. Susheela, P. Madhuri and S. Janaki. Despite that, these singers got high popularity throughout Kerala and were part of the Golden age of Malayalam music (1960 to 1970). In the later years many non-Malayalis like Manna Dey, Talat Mahmood, Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle, Hemalata and S. P. Balasubrahmanyam sang for Malayalam films. This trend was also found among composers to an extent, with film composers from other languages including Naushad Ali, Usha Khanna, M. B. Sreenivasan, Bombay Ravi, Shyam, Bappi Lahiri, Laxmikant-Pyarelal, Salil Chowdhury, Ilaiyaraaja, Vishal Bhardwaj and A. R. Rahman scoring music for Malayalam films.[49] This can be attributed to the fact that film music in South India had a parallel growth pattern with so many instances of cross-industry contributions.. The late 1950s through mid 1970s can be considered as the golden period of Malayalam film music in its own identity. Along with the leading music directors, likes of M. B. Sreenivasan, M. K. Arjunan, Pukezhenty Vellappan Nair, M. S. Viswanathan, A. T. Ummer, R. K. Shekhar, Salil Choudhury and lyricists like Thirunainar Kurichi Madhavan Nair, Mankombu Gopalakrishnan and Bharanikkavu Sivakumar, numerous everlasting and super hit songs were delivered to the music lovers. The soft melodious music and high quality lyrics were the highlights of these songs.

K. J. Yesudas, who debuted in 1961, and P. Jayachandran virtually revolutionised the Malayalam film music industry and became the most popular Malayalam singer ever along with K.S. Chitra. Vayalar, G. Devarajan and Yesudas trio also made unforgettable songs like the earlier trio of Kamukara, Tirunainaarkurichy & Brother Laxmanan. Yesudas became equally popular with classical music audience and people who patronised film music.[50] He along with P. Jayachandran gave a major facelift to Malayalam playback singing in the 1960s and 1970s. K. S. Chithra, who debuted in 1979.By the mid-eighties, she became the most sought after female singer in South India.

By Late 1970s, the trends in music started changing and more rhythm oriented songs with western touch came with the dominance of music directors like Shyam, K. J. Joy, Jerry Amaldev etc. The lyricists were forced to write lyrics according to the tune in these days and were often criticized for quality issues. But from 1979–80, the revolutionary music director Raveendran along with Johnson and M. G. Radhakrishnan lead the second reformation of Malayalam film music by creating melodious and classical oriented music with the soul of culture of Kerala. Lyricists like Poovachal Khader, Kavalam Narayana Panicker and Bichu Thirumala in 1980s and Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri, Gireesh Puthenchery in 1990s were part of this musical success. Contributions from Kannur Rajan, Bombay Ravi, S. P. Venkatesh, Mohan Sithara, Ouseppachan, Sharath, Vidyadharan, Raghukumar and Vidyasagar were also notable in this period. Along with K. J. Yesudas and K. S. Chitra and singers like M. G. Sreekumar, G. Venugopal Unnimenon and Sujatha Mohan were also active then. A notable aspect in the later years was the extensive of classical carnatic music in many film songs of the 1980s and 1990s, classical carnatic music was heavily used in films like Chithram (1988), His Highness Abdullah (1990), Bharatham (1991), Sargam (1992) and Sopanam (1993).

At present, the major players in the scene are young composers like Rahul Raj, Prashant Pillai, Shaan Rahman, Bijibal, Gopi Sundar, Alphonse, Rajesh Murugesan, lyricists Rafeeq Ahmed, Vayalar Sarath and Anil Panachooran, and singers Vineeth Sreenivasan, Vijay Yesudas, Shweta Mohan, Manjari and Jyotsna Radhakrishnan, along with stalwarts in the field.

Young composers like Rahul Raj and Prashant Pillai are not only known for their catchy tunes, but also known for bringing in a lot of electronics, digital sound and a variety of genres in Malayalam film scores and songs.[51]

The National Award-winning music composers of Malayalam cinema are Johnson (1994, 1995), Bombay Ravi (1995), Ouseppachan (2008), Ilaiyaraaja (2010), Issac Thomas Kottukapally (2011),[Bijibal] (2012)and M.jayachandran(2016) . Till 2009, the 1995 National Award that Johnson received for the film score of Sukrutham (1994) was the only instance in the history of the award in which the awardee composed the film soundtrack rather than its songs. He shared that award with Bombay Ravi, who received the award for composing songs for the same film. In 2010 and 2011, awards were given to film score and both were won by Malayalam films: Pazhassi Raja (2010; Score: Ilaiyaraaja) and Adaminte Makan Abu (2011; Score: Issak Thomas Kottakapally). Ravindran also received a Special Jury Award in 1992 for composing songs for the film Bharatham. The lyricists who have won the National Award are Vayalar Ramavarma (1973), O. N. V. Kurup (1989) and Yusuf Ali Kechery (2001). The male singers who have received the National Award are K. J. Yesudas (1973, 1974, 1988, 1992, 1994), P. Jayachandran (1986) and M. G. Sreekumar (1991, 2000). Yesudas has won two more National Awards for singing in Hindi (1977) and Telugu (1983) films, which makes him the person who has won the most National Film Awards for Best Male Playback Singer with seven awards. The female singers who have won the award are S. Janaki (1981) and K. S. Chithra (1987, 1989). Chitra had also won the award for Tamil (1986, 1997, 2005) and Hindi (1998) film songs, which makes her the person with the most National Film Awards for Best Female Playback Singer with six awards.

Landmark films

Year Title Director Notes Ref.
1928 Vigathakumaran J. C. Daniel First Malayalam feature film. [52]
1933 Marthandavarma P. V. Rao First copyright case in Indian film industry as well as literature publishing of Kerala. [53]
1938 Balan S. Nottani First talkie in Malayalam. [54]
1948 Nirmala P. V. Krishna Iyer Introduced playback singing in Malayalam cinema. [55]
1954 Neelakkuyil P. Bhaskaran
Ramu Karyat		 Considered the first mature film in Malayalam. The film excelled in direction, screenplay, acting and music. [37]
1961 Kandam Bacha Coat T. R. Sundaram First colour film. [56]
1964 Bhargavi Nilayam A. Vincent First horror film. [57]
1965 Chemmeen Ramu Karyat First Malayalam as well as South Indian film to win the National Film Award for Best Feature Film. And the first film to participate in an international film festival. [58]
1965 Murappennu A. Vincent First film to shoot outdoors. [59]
1966 Iruttinte Athmavu P. Bhaskaran Noted for being the first serious attempt at sensitive storytelling. Considered to be the masterpiece work of P. Bhaskaran and Prem Nazir. [59]
1967 Chithramela T. S. Muthiah Noted for being the first anthology film. [60]
1972 Swayamvaram Adoor Gopalakrishnan Pinoeered "new-wave cinema movement" in Malayalam. First Malayalam film to win the National Film Award for Best Direction. [61]
1974 Kanchana Sita G. Aravindan Pinoeered independent filmmaking in South India. [62]
1978 Thacholi Ambu Navodaya Appachan First CinemaScope film in Malayalam. [63]
1982 Padayottam Jijo The first 70mm film in South India. [64]
1984 My Dear Kuttichathan Jijo First 3D film in India. [12]
1986 Amma Ariyan John Abraham First Malayalam film produced by collecting fund from public. The only South Indian film to feature in British Film Institute's Top 10 Indian Films list. [65][66]
1994 Swaham Shaji N.Karun The first Malayalam Film competed for Palme d'Or of Cannes Film Festival. [67]
1997 Guru Rajiv Anchal First Malayalam film to be submitted as India's official entry to the Oscars to be considered for nomination in the Best Foreign Language Film category for the year 1997. [68]
2005 Athbhutha Dweepu Vinayan The film got entry into the Guinness Book of Records for casting the most number of dwarves in a single film and its lead actor Ajaykumar won the same for being the shortest actor to play the lead in the history of cinema. [69]
2006 Moonnamathoral V. K. Prakash First Malayalam digital movie, and first high-definition (HD) cinema to be digitally distributed to theatres via satellite. [70]
2009 Pazhassi Raja Hariharan First Malayalam film to get a home video release in Blu-ray format. [71]
2012 Grandmaster B. Unnikrishnan First Malayalam film to release with subtitles (English) in outside Kerala, in other than film festival screenings. [72]
2013 Drishyam Jeethu Joseph First Malayalam film to cross ₹50 crore (US$7.4 million) gross collection from theatrical revenue. [36]
2015 Aalroopangal C. V. Premkumar First Malayalam film to have a release directly in television. [73]
2016 Pulimurugan Vyshakh First Malayalam film to gross ₹100 crore (US$15 million), opening "100 crore club" in Malayalam cinema. [74]

Kerala State Film Awards

The Kerala State Film Awards[75] are given to motion pictures made in the Malayalam language. The awards have been bestowed by Kerala State Chalachitra Academy[76] since 1998 on behalf of the Department of Cultural Affairs of the Government of Kerala. The awards were started in the year 1969. The awardees are decided by an independent jury formed by the academy and the Department of Cultural Affairs. The jury usually consists of personalities from the film field. For the awards for literature on cinema a separate jury is formed. The academy annually invites films for the award and the jury analyses the films that are submitted before deciding the winners. The awards intends to promote films with artistic values and encourage artistes and technicians.

International Film Festival of Kerala

The International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK) is a film festival held annually in Thiruvananthapuram, the capital city of Kerala. This film festival was started in 1996 and is organised by Kerala State Chalachitra Academy on behalf of the Department of Cultural Affairs of the State Government. The festival is held in November/December every year and is acknowledged as one of the leading film festivals in India.[77]

Film studios

The Travancore National Pictures[78] was the first film studio in Kerala. It was established by J. C. Daniel in 1926 in Nagercoil,[79] which was then a part of Travancore. Producer-director Kunchacko and film distributor K. V. Koshy established Udaya Studios in Alappuzha in 1947.[80] The studio influenced the gradual shift of Malayalam film industry from its original base of Madras, Tamil Nadu to Kerala. In 1951, P. Subramaniam[81] established Merryland Studio in Nemom, Thiruvananthapuram. The other major studios are Sreekrishna (1952, Kulathoor), Ajantha[82] (1958, Keezhmadu - now extinct), Chithralekha[83] (1965, Aakkulam), Uma Studio[84] (1975, Vellakkadavu), Navodaya[85] (1978, Thrikkakkara) and Chithranjali[85] (1980, Thiruvallam).

Organisations

The Association of Malayalam Movie Artists (AMMA)[86] is an organisation formed by artists of Malayalam cinema. It aims to act against piracy, to safeguard the interests of member actors and actresses, and to serve as a common forum to raise concerns and address issues. The activities of AMMA include endowments, insurance schemes, and committees on wages and benefits on revision, fund for research, pensions, education loans for their children etc. for the members. The organization ventured into film production in 2008 with Twenty:20 to raise funds for its activities.[87]

Organizations such as Kerala Film Producers Association, Kerala Film Distributors Association, Kerala Cine Exhibitors Federation and Kerala Film Exhibitors Association have coordinated work stoppages.[88]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ "The Digital March Media & Entertainment in South India" (PDF). Deloitte. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  3. ↑ "The Digital March Media & Entertainment in South India" (PDF). Deloitte. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  4. 1 2 "Festival de Cannes: Throne of Death". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-10-10.
  5. 1 2 3 4 "PIRAVI". Festival de Cannes.
  6. 1 2 "SWAHAM". Festival de Cannes.
  7. 1 2 "MARANA SIMHASANAM". Festival de Cannes.
  8. 1 2 "100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time". IBNLive.
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  10. ↑ "Fifty and still refreshing". The Hindu. 11 August 2006. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
  11. ↑ "Festival de Cannes: Piravi". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-08-02.
  12. 1 2 3 thssk. "Casting a magic spell". Hinduonnet.com. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
  13. 1 2 "An interview with 'Navodaya' Appachan". Archives.chennaionline.com. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
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  15. ↑ Viswanath, Chandrakanth. (2013-01-29) Kochi sizzling onscreen. The New Indian Express. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
  16. ↑ Veedu |. Manorama Online (2013-05-23). Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
  17. ↑ http://www.old.kerala.gov.in/district_handbook/tvm_handbook.pdf
  18. 1 2 Roy Armes (1987). Third World film making and the West. University of California Press. p. 121. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  19. ↑ AMMA. "malayalamcinema". malayalamcinema.com. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  20. ↑ "A true adventurer". The Hindu. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
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  33. ↑ City Times - Hit parade
  34. ↑ Nicy V.P (August 26, 2014). "Malayalam Wrap up: Mohanlal's 'Peruchazhi' to Release in 500 Screens". International Business Times. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  35. ↑ "Mammootty's 'Varsham' to Release Worldwide in over 400 Theatres". International Business Times. 4 November 2014.
  36. 1 2 Rajaneesh Vilakudy (14 December 2014). "Is Drishyam, Malayalam cinema's biggest hit? Jeethu answers". Bangalore Mirror. Retrieved 30 December 2014.
  37. 1 2 3 4 "Cinema History Malayalam Cinema". Malayalamcinema.com. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
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  42. ↑ Rajmohan. "History of Malayalam Cinema". Cinemaofmalayalam.net. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
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  49. 1 2 Jason Kaitholil. "Cinema History". AMMA (Malayalamcinema.com). Retrieved 2 January 2009.
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  51. ↑ CONTRIBUTE ARTICLES/REVIEWS - The healing power of Music &n. Malayalammusic.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
  52. ↑ Special Correspondent (3 March 2013). "'Vigathakumaran' did not face caste hostility: Adoor". The Hindu. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  53. ↑ Vijayakumar, B. (27 January 2013). "Old is Gold: Marthanda Varma, 1931". The Hindu. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  54. ↑ Staff Reporter (28 May 2013). "Celebrating 75th anniversary of Balan, the first Malayalam talkie". The Hindu. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
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  64. ↑ R. Ayyappan (January 1, 2000). "Sleaze time, folks". Rediff.com. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
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  68. ↑ Rediff On The Net, Movies: An interview with Rajeev Anchal, director of the Oscar-nominated Guru. Rediff.com (1998-03-16). Retrieved on 2013-07-29.
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  70. ↑ Kumar, P. K. Ajith (1 September 2006). "Change of scene". The Hindu. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  71. ↑ "Mammotty's Pazhassi Raja, the first Malayalam film on Blu –Ray!". Southscope.in. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
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  74. ↑ "It's official: Mohanlal's 'Pulimurugan' enters 100-crore club".
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  78. ↑ http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/jcdaniel.html
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  80. ↑ "Official website of INFORMATION AND PUBLIC RELATION DEPARTMENT". kerala.gov.in.
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  88. ↑ "The Hindu Business Line : No show: Cinema bandh total in Kerala". thehindubusinessline.com.
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