Butyltin trichloride

Butyltin trichloride
Skeletal formula of butyltin trichloride
Ball-and-stick model of the butyltin trichloride molecule
Identifiers
1118-46-3 YesY
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
4-04-00-04346
ChemSpider 13600 YesY
ECHA InfoCard 100.012.967
EC Number 214-263-6
PubChem 14236
RTECS number WH6780000
UN number UN3265 [1]
Properties
C4H9SnCl3
Molar mass 282.18
Appearance Clear liquid [3]
Density 1.693 g/cm3
Melting point −63 °C (−81 °F; 210 K)
Boiling point 93 °C (199 °F; 366 K) at 10 mmHg (lit.)
Solubility Soluble in most common organic solvents
Vapor pressure 0.077 mm Hg at 25°C [4]
Hazards
Main hazards Combustible liquid, Harmful by ingestion, Harmful by skin absorption, Corrosive[5]
Safety data sheet
NFPA 704
Flammability code 2: Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur. Flash point between 38 and 93 °C (100 and 200 °F). E.g., diesel fuel Health code 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g., chlorine gas Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g., liquid nitrogen Special hazards (white): no codeNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
2
3
0
Flash point 81 °C (178 °F; 354 K)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
2140 mg/kg (Oral rat)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

Monobutyltin trichloride, also known as MBTC, is an organotin compound. Monobutyltin trichloride is commonly used in Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to deposit a tin-based coating onto flat glass.

Applications

Glass coating

Monobutyltin trichloride is primarily used to deposit tin dioxide coatings on glass, which are low-emssivity and transparent to visible light, reflect infrared light, and provide a high conductance and a low sheet resistance. The tin dioxide coatings are typically doped with other materials, like fluorine or antimony to enhance certain properties.[6]

For example, MBTC is used in the manufacturing process of glass containers such as those used for beers, spirits, and juices. These glass-making processes heat raw materials (sand, soda-ash, limestone, and recycled glass) to produce molten glass. The molten glob is cut into smaller pieces of uniform size, and are then pressed in a mold. MBTC is applied on the external surface of these containers, and then, the glass is annealed and coated with polyethylene.[7]

MBTC is a commonly used organotin compound for on-line chemical vapor deposition because it readily decomposes at or close to the hot glass surface. The tin dioxide coatings formed are transparent to visible light, reflect infrared light, and are highly conductive. If these coatings are doped with fluorine from a source like trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), the coating will also have a lowered emissivity.[8]

PVC stabilizer

Monobutyltin trichloride is used as a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) stabilizer. PVC is used in mass production for various objects. One such object is a PVC based container for various wines and brandies (especially those produced in Canada). Consequently, the MBTC leaches into the wine along with other organotin compounds (some of which are used as wood preservatives for the wine barrels). These compounds are toxic to the human body, and the amount of organotin compounds, especially MBTC, have been the subject of a lot of food-safety based research.[9]

Another object PVC is used in is pipe production. Since these pipes are used to carry drinking water, the MBTC is leeching into the drinking water supply. The EPA believes this is a great threat.[10]

Safety

Monobutyltin trichloride is strongly corrosive, and can cause severe burns to the eyes and blindness as well as burns to the skin. Organotin compounds can act as delayed poisons, and consequently, they can cause headaches, dizziness, psycho-neurologic disturbances, sore throat, vomiting, urine retention, vision impairment, skin burns, and liver and kidney damage.[11]

Monobutyltin trichloride is a serious safety concern, for it is found in many unexpected places. It is found in drinking water, for it leaches out of PVC piping into drinking streams. It is also found in white wine and brandies that are stored in PVC containers.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "n-Butyltin trichloride, 96%". Alfa Aesar. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  2. ↑ "ChemSpider CSID:13600". ChemSpider. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  3. ↑ "Monobutyltin Trichloride". Chemical Land 21. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  4. ↑ "Material Safety Data Sheet Butyltin trichloride, 97%". Fisher Scientific. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  5. ↑ "Butyltin Trichloride Material Safety Data Sheet". Sigma-Aldrich. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  6. ↑ "Monobutyltin trichloride". Gulbrandsen. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  7. ↑ Chad H. Dowell; Elena H. Page; Charles Mueller; Vince Mortimer (2005). "NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Report HETA #2003-0016-2959" (PDF). Lapel, Indiana: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  8. ↑ Zhao, Hongli; Liu, Qiying; Cai, Yongxiu; Zhang, Fucheng (2008). "Effects of water on the structure and properties of F-doped SnO2 films". Materials Letters. 62 (8-9): 1294–1296. doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2007.08.042.
  9. ↑ Heroult, Julien; Bueno, Maite; Potin-Gautier, Martine; Lespes, Gaetane (2008). "Organotin speciation in French brandies and wines by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography—Pulsed flame photometric detection". Journal of Chromatography A. Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique Bio Inorganique et Environnement,. 1180 (1-2): 122–130. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.084.
  10. ↑ DeWitt, Jamie C.; Copeland, Carey B.; Luebke, Robert W. (2008). "An Organotin Mixture Found in Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe is not Immunotoxic to Adult Sprague-Dawley Rats.". Journal of Toxicology & Environmental Health: Part A. UNITED States. Environmental Protection Agency. 71 (4): 276–282. doi:10.1080/15287390701613025.
  11. ↑ "Material Safety Data Sheet n-Butyltin trichloride". Strem Chemicals, Inc. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
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