Voiced glottal fricative
| Voiced glottal fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɦ | |||
| IPA number | 147 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) |
ɦ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0266 | ||
| X-SAMPA |
h\ | ||
| Kirshenbaum |
h<?> | ||
| Braille |
  | ||
| |||
| Sound | |||
 source · help | |||
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The breathy-voiced glottal transition, commonly called a voiced glottal fricative, is a type of sound used in some spoken languages which patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant phonologically, but often lacks the usual phonetic characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɦ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is h\.
In many languages, [ɦ] has no place or manner of articulation. For this reason, it has been described as a breathy-voiced counterpart of the following vowel from a phonetic point of view. However, its characteristics are also influenced by the preceding vowels and whatever other sounds surround it, so it can be described as a segment whose only consistent feature is its breathy voice phonation, in such languages.[1] It may have real glottal constriction in a number of languages (such as Finnish[2]), making it a fricative.
Lamé contrasts voiceless and voiced glottal fricatives.[3]
Features
Features of the voiced glottal fricative:
- Its phonation type is breathy voiced, or murmured, which means the vocal cords are loosely vibrating, with more air escaping than in a modally voiced sound.
- In some languages, it has the constricted manner of articulation of a fricative. However, in many if not most it is a transitional state of the glottis with no manner of articulation other than its phonation type. Because there is no other constriction to produce friction in the vocal tract, most phoneticians no longer consider [ɦ] to be a fricative. True fricatives may have a murmured phonation in addition to producing friction elsewhere. However, the term "fricative" is generally retained for the historical reasons.
- It may have a glottal place of articulation. However, it may have no fricative articulation, making the term glottal mean that it is articulated by the vocal folds, but this is the nature of its phonation rather than a separate articulation. All consonants except for the glottals, and all vowels, have an individual place of articulation in addition to the state of the glottis. As with all other consonants, surrounding vowels influence the pronunciation [ɦ], and accordingly [ɦ] has only the place of articulation of these surrounding vowels.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Basque | Northeastern dialects[4] | hemen | [ɦemen] | 'here' | Can be voiceless [h] instead. |
| Chinese | Wu | 閒話 | [ɦɛɦʊ] | 'language' | |
| Czech | hora | [ˈɦora] | 'mountain' | See Czech phonology | |
| Danish[3] | Mon det har regnet? | [mɔ̽n d̥e̝ ɦɑ̈ ˈʁ̞ɑ̈jnð̩] | 'I wonder if it has rained?' | Common allophone of /h/ between vowels.[3] See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch[5] | haat | [ɦaːt] | 'hate' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Australian[6] | behind | [bəˈɦɑe̯nd] | 'behind' | Possible allophone of /h/ between voiced sounds.[6][7] See Australian English phonology and English phonology |
| Received Pronunciation[7] | [bɪˈɦaɪ̯nd] | ||||
| Broad South African | hand | [ˈɦɛn̪t̪] | 'hand' | Some speakers, only before a stressed vowel. | |
| Finnish | raha | [rɑɦɑ] | 'money' | Allophone of /h/ between voiced sounds. See Finnish phonology | |
| Hebrew | מהר |  [mäɦe̞ʁ] | 'fast' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hindustani | हूँ / ہوں | [ɦu᷉] | 'am' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Kalabari[8] | hóín | [ɦóĩ́] | 'introduction' | ||
| Korean | 방학 banghak | [pɐŋɦɐk̚] | 'vacation' | Occurs as an allophone of /h/ between voiced sounds. See Korean phonology | |
| Limburgish | Some dialects[9][10] | hart | [ɦɑ̽ʀ̝t] | 'heart' | Voiceless [h] in other dialects. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. |
| Lithuanian | humoras | [ˈɦʊmɔrɐs̪] | 'humour' | Often pronounced instead of [ɣ]. See Lithuanian phonology | |
| Polish | Podhale dialect | hydrant | [ˈɦɘ̟d̪rän̪t̪] | 'fire hydrant' | Contrasts with /x/. Standard Polish possesses only /x/. See Polish phonology |
| Kresy dialect | |||||
| Portuguese | Many Brazilian dialects | esse rapaz | [ˈesi ɦaˈpajs] | 'this youth' (m.) | Allophone of /ʁ/. [h, ɦ] are marginal sounds to many speakers, particularly out of Brazil. See Portuguese phonology and guttural R |
| Many speakers | hashi | [ɦɐˈʃi] | 'chopsticks' | ||
| Colloquial Brazilian[11][12] | mesmo | [ˈmeɦmu] | 'same' | Corresponds to either /s/ or /ʃ/ (depending on dialect) in the syllable coda. Might also be deleted. | |
| Punjabi | ਹਵਾ | [ɦə̀ʋä̌ː] | 'air' | ||
| Romanian | Transylvanian dialects[13] | haină | [ˈɦainə] | 'coat' | Corresponds to [h] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
| Silesian | hangrys | [ˈɦaŋɡrɨs] | 'gooseberry' | ||
| Slovak | hora | [ˈɦo̞ɾa] | 'mountain' | ||
| Slovene | Littoral dialects | hora | [ˈɦɔra] | 'mountain' | This is a general feature of all Slovene dialects west of the Škofja Loka–Planina line. Corresponds to [ɡ] in other dialects. |
| Rovte dialects | |||||
| Ukrainian | голос | [ˈɦɔlɔs] | 'voice' | Also described as [ʕ]. See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Zulu | ihhashi | [iːˈɦaːʃi] | 'horse' | ||
See also
References
- ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:325–326)
- ↑ Laufer (1991:91)
- 1 2 3 Grønnum (2005:125)
- ↑ Hualde & Ortiz de Urbina (2003:24)
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992:45)
- 1 2 Cox (2012:149)
- 1 2 Roach (2004:241)
- ↑ Harry (2003:113)
- ↑ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999:155)
- ↑ Verhoeven (2007:219)
- ↑ (Portuguese) Pará Federal University – The pronunciation of /s/ and its variations across Bragança municipality's Portuguese
- ↑ (Portuguese) Rio de Janeiro Federal University – The variation of post-vocallic /S/ in the speech of Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty
- ↑ Pop (1938), p. 30.
Bibliography
- Cox, Felicity (2012), Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription, New York: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-14589-3
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies, 29: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Harry, Otelemate (2003), "Kalaḅarị-Ịjo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 113–120, doi:10.1017/S002510030300121X
- Hualde, José Ignacio; Ortiz de Urbina, Jon, eds. (2003), A Grammar of Basque, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-017683-1
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996), The Sounds of the World's Languages, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-19814-8
- Laufer, Asher (1991), "Phonetic Representation: Glottal Fricatives", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 91–93, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004448
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj
- Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
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