Bell Telephone Memorial

Coordinates: 43°8′28″N 80°16′5″W / 43.14111°N 80.26806°W / 43.14111; -80.26806

Bell Telephone Memorial
City of Brantford

The Bell Telephone Memorial frontside
For the invention of the telephone
Unveiled 24 October 1917
Location 43°8′27.94″ N 80°16′4.88″ W
near Brantford, Ontario
Designed by Walter Seymour Allward
Commemorating the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1874

The Bell Telephone Memorial, also known as the Bell Memorial, is a monument commemorating the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in July 1874 at his parents' home, Melville House, in Brantford, Ontario, Canada.[1][2][Note 1]

In 1906, the citizens of the Brantford and Brant County areas formed the Bell Memorial Association. In 1908, the association's designs committee asked sculptors on two continents to submit proposals for the memorial. The submission by Canadian sculptor Walter Seymour Allward of Toronto won the competition. The memorial was originally scheduled for completion by 1912 but Allward, aided by his studio assistant Emanuel Hahn did not finish it until five years later. The Governor General of Canada, Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire, unveiled the memorial on 24 October 1917.[1][2]

Allward designed the monument to symbolize the telephone's ability to overcome great distances.[2] A series of steps lead to the main section where the floating allegorical figure of Inspiration appears over a reclining male figure representing Man, discovering his power to transmit sound through space, and also pointing to three floating figures, the messengers of Knowledge, Joy, and Sorrow positioned at the other end of the tableau. Additionally, there are two female figures mounted on granite pedestals representing Humanity positioned to the left and right of the memorial, one sending and the other receiving a message.[1][3]

The Bell Telephone Memorial has been described as the finest example of Allward's early work.[4] It brought the sculptor to fame and later led to Allward creating the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in France. Some of the sculptor's works have also been acquired by the National Gallery in Ottawa, Canada's preeminent art gallery.[5] The memorial itself has been used as a central fixture for many civic events and remains an important part of Brantford's history, helping the city style itself as "The Telephone City".

History

An early concept drawing of the memorial and the Alexander Graham Bell Gardens, c.1909.[6]

Alexander Graham Bell conceived the technical aspects of the telephone and invented it in July 1874,[7] while residing with his parents at their farm in Tutelo Heights (named after the First Nations tribe which settled the area),[8] on the outskirts of Brantford, Ontario. He later refined its design at Brantford after producing his first working prototype in Boston.[9] Canada's first telephone factory, created by James Cowherd of Brantford, was a three story brick building that soon started manufacturing telephones for the Bell System, leading to the city's style as The Telephone City.[10][Note 2]

Discussion of a monument to commemorate both Bell and his invention was first raised in Brantford in 1904, however the Bell Memorial Association was not formally established until 1906. After gaining Bell's approval, the Association and its proposed memorial were publicly endorsed on 9 March 1906 at a banquet in Brantford's grand Kirby House (later to become the Hotel Kirby), which Bell attended as a guest of honour.[15] That same year the association was formally organized and incorporated by an Act of the Legislature of Ontario to commemorate the invention of the telephone in Brantford and to name Bell as its inventor.[1] What was highly unusual in this instance was the building of an important monument to a living person, an event usually conducted only for imperial leaders.[16] The duality of the monument with its dedication to both the inventor and to his invention, with its emphasis on the latter, likely persuaded Alexander Graham Bell, normally modest, to accept the invitation to its public unveiling.[17]

The association was organized with the support of the Prince of Wales (later King George V), and the Earl of Minto, the Viceroy of India and then Governor-General of Canada, and the latter’s successor, Governor-General Earl Grey (of Grey Cup fame), plus an approximate dozen other prominent leaders in Canada and the United States, who endorsed the project with their backing.[1] Donald Howard, the Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal became its first honorary president and. Upon his death, he was succeeded by the Prince Arthur, the Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, a previous Governor-General of Canada.[6]

The Association's public appeal quickly raised $35,000CAN within its first months, rising to $44,000 by September 1909,[18] eventually collecting over $65,000 through donations from various citizens worldwide, plus the City of Brantford ($5,000), Government of Ontario ($2,000), Government of Quebec ($1,000), Andrew Carnegie ($1,000), J. P. Morgan ($1,000), Lord Mount Stephen of the Canadian Pacific Railway ($1,000), Cockshutt Plow Company ($1,000), Massey-Harris Company ($1,000), A.J. Wilkes, K.C. ($1,000), as well as current and former Brantford residents.[3] An additional federal contribution of $10,000 was supported in Canada's parliament by Prime Minister Sir Wilfrid Laurier.[16][19][Note 3] In a city with a population of only 30,000, the fundraising needed for the monument was a major accomplishment.[17]

William Foster Cockshutt, the local federal Member of Parliament (M.P.) who had originally proposed the memorial in 1904, became the association's president, and was assisted by another M.P., Lloyd Harris, who served as vice-president.[21] Other members in the executive included Brantford Mayor J.W. Bowlby, John Muir (treasurer), T.H. Preston, F.D. Reville and C.H. Waterous,[3][6] with the design selection committee later being led by Sir Edmund Walker, a prominent Canadian banker, philanthropist and patron of the arts.[22][23]

In 1909 the Association also purchased Alexander Melville Bell's former homestead and farm, Melvile House, on Tutela Heights and transferred its ownership to the City of Brantford for conversion into a museum.[15][24] The farm home and its properties were later designated as the Bell Homestead National Historic Site and its cairn and plaque were unveiled in 1997 by Queen Elizabeth II.[25]

Selection committee choice

Walter Allward in 1913

Invitations were sent out to 22 sculptors in Europe, the United States and Canada in 1908, inviting them to submit models for the proposed monument,[26] and by May 1909 about ten models had been submitted.[Note 4] A designs committee was appointed by the association consisting of its president, William Cockshutt, C.H. Waterous, T.H. Preston, George Hately (secretary), A.J. Wilkes, plus K.C. Reville and F.D. Reville. The group selected the three best designs they favored from the models submitted. A trio of outside judges, Sir Byron Edmund Walker of the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce in Toronto, Senator George Allen Davis of Buffalo, New York State, and Sir George Christie Gibbons of London, Ontario, all patrons of the arts, were asked to join the committee to make a final decision.[1][6]

After consideration a unanimous choice was made and awarded to Walter Seymour Allward of Toronto.[Note 5] The millionaire banker and philanthropist Sir Byron Walker was likely persuasive in swaying the unanimous decision to the sculptor. Walker had earlier contacted a prominent Brantford banker, praising Allward's previous works, and advised him that "because of the national character of the work I am particularly interested in the best possible outcome artistically".[29]

Walker, the second son of a poor but well educated Ontario family that had emigrated from England, headed the Art Gallery of Ontario and worked with numerous Canadian institutions. Among them were the Royal Ontario Museum, the National Gallery of Canada, the Champlain Society and the Guild of Civic Art. He had also earlier been appointed to the Advisory Arts Council in Ottawa, helping to commission Allward to several Victorian, allegorical and nationalistic memorials. Sir Edmund, similar to other Protestant Victorians in an era when Darwinism had diminished service to God, justified his life by serving man, and one of the facets of his service was to help make art and education more accessible to all of the classes. In this journey Allward became one of Walker's able assistants.[29]

Lengthy delays and completion

The unveiling of the Bell Memorial, October 1917, with Bell and dignitaries. The British Union Jack and the flag of the United States can be seen above the crowds—Canada had not yet created its own national flag.

The commission award for the memorial had been made in 1908 and a contract to Allward authorized in 1909, based on an initial cost estimate of $25,000 (an amount which would more than double before his work was unveiled),[3][18] with the provision that the work would be completed by 1912. Allward was assisted by his studio assistant, Emanuel Otto Hahn (1881–1957), another highly notable sculptor who worked on the monument with him until 1912 when Hahn left for the Ontario College of Art, eventually heading its sculpture department and becoming the president of the Sculptors' Society of Canada. The project proceeded slowly in part due to Allward's concurrent work on several other commissions at the same time, including the South African War Memorial, a major monument erected in Toronto.

In April 1915 Allward reported to the committee that the two heroic figures to be mounted on pedestals had been successfully cast and that foundation work for the site had been tendered. But in regards to the central bronze casting, which was to become the largest ever created in North America up to that point,[30] he could not estimate when it would be complete, writing in a letter "I am giving all my time to it; I cannot do more. It is an important panel and cannot be too well done".[31] For various reasons the memorial was not completed until 1917, with World War I, material shortages, an embargo on exports of French moulding sand and transportation limitations creating lengthy delays.[3]

The Brantford monument was finally unveiled in a driving rain on Wednesday, 24 October 1917 by Victor Cavendish, the Duke of Devonshire,[22][32] then Governor General of Canada, before an audience in the thousands. He arrived in the city by train, along with the Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario Sir John Hendrie, the Hon. Senator Robertson of the Privy Council, the Hon. W.D. McPherson of the Ontario Government and other notables. They were greeted by a children's chorus, honour guards, the band of the 125th (Brantford) Battalion and the chimes of Grace Anglican Church located only a few dozen metres from the memorial. Also in attendance in full war regalia was Chief A.R. Hill of the Six Nations Tribes of the Grand River, where Bell, not long after his arrival in Canada, had been made an honorary tribal chief in a ceremony that included a Mohawk war dance.[Note 6]

Bell, rear row, centre, with committee members. Front row, from left: Bell's granddaughter, Dr. Mabel Harlakenden Grosvenor; his wife, Mabel Hubbard; and Bells' eldest daughter Elsie, Mrs. Gilbert Grosvenor.

As a public holiday had been declared for the unveiling, the city's normal activities were shut down for the entire day.[34] After the Governor-General completed his address at the monument and unveiled its shrouds, he withdrew to the city's Old Opera House due to the driving rain, along with large numbers of the crowd. The ceremonies were continued indoors in the city's opera theatre, with Bell addressing the audience again twice more at both the opera house and during a formal reception meal held at the Kerby House. Others spoke with Bell, including his former associate from the Aerial Experiment Association, J.A.D. McCurdy, Gilbert Grosvenour, president of the National Geographic Society, and other dignitaries.[22][34]

Alexander Graham Bell (in both of his addresses that day) reminded the attendees that "Brantford is right in claiming the invention of the telephone here... [which was] conceived in Brantford in 1874 and born in Boston in 1875",[35] and later addressing the Duke, said “...on behalf of the Association ...in presenting to His Excellency [with] a silver telephone... I hope that in using it he will remember that the telephone originated in Brantford and that the first transmission to a distance was made between Brantford and Paris.”[1][22][Note 7]

In appreciation to the people of Brantford, Bell's wife, Mabel Hubbard Bell, made a contribution of $500 to the city's support fund for its soldiers then fighting in Europe.[37]

Memorial

The memorial was one of the most impressive monuments of the day in Canada, designed to depict the vast distances on the Earth being "annihilated" by the telephone. The allegorical style of the monument's figures depicts several aspects of the telephone in its world-wide use.

Its most striking feature is its broad, main bronze cast panel, approximately seven and a half metres wide and two and a half metres high, which portray "....the elusive dream of the inventor's youth—Inspiration whispering to Man, his power to transmit sound through space.[Note 8] Three ephemeral ghostly figures, two of which are cast in mid-relief and one in high (alto-rilievo) relief, depict Knowledge, Joy and Sorrow, transmitted to man by the telephone. Two "heroic" figures flanking the broad flight of steps leading up to the monument symbolize humanity sending and receiving a message."[38]

The model of Man, transmitting sound through space

Allegorical 'Inspiration' and 'Man', communicating, with the vastness of the Earth depicted by the curvatures on its cast bronze panel. Beneath them, the carved inscription: "TO COMMEMORATE THE INVENTION OF THE TELEPHONE BY ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL IN BRANTFORD IN 1874".

The model for 'Man, discovering his power to transmit sound through space', was Cyril William George Kinsella (1897–1960), a wounded war veteran and a former resident of Brantford.[22][23] Kinsella served as Allward’s nude model representing Man after being severely injured in the European conflict.[39] Born in the UK he had become one of approximately 100,000 disadvantaged British children and orphans, a "Home Child", sent to Canada and other Commonwealth countries to find better lives in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. After arriving in Ontario in 1908 he resided in a series of Fegan Homes (named after James William Condell Fegan of Britain), including one in Toronto where he likely later met Allward. Kinsella eventually settled in Brantford County to perform farmwork. Underaged, but a healthy 178 cm (5', 10") in height in 1914, he enlisted in Brantford's Dufferin Rifles Battalion for service overseas where he fought in Belgium and France with the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I.[23]

Kinsella was wounded and shell-shocked at the Second Battle of Ypres in Belgium and, after being invalided and discharged back to Canada in 1916, met Allward in Toronto while convalescing and then worked as his model, saying later "The posing was exacting and took about two months."[40] Kinsella subsequently became bored with civilian life and reenlisted with the Canadian Army, returning to Europe. He was serving with the 1st Canadian Division, Fourth Battalion near the northern French village of St. Marie Chappell at the time of the memorial's unveiling in Brantford. He later returned to Canada at the end of the war, but did not view himself on the memorial until 27 years later, in May 1946.[23][Note 9]

Other monument features

At the memorial's crest is a series of steps leading to the main portion of the monument, a wide mass of white Stanstead granite, faced by the largest single bronze casting created up to that time, which taxed the capacity of its foundry. The sculptor sought to bring out, as the dominant note, the discovery by man of his power to transmit sound through space. Above the reclining figure of man is Inspiration,[Note 10] urging him on to greater endeavors, while, at the other end of the panel are the messengers of Knowledge, Joy and Sorrow, communicating to man by telephone. On both sides of the main portion of the monument are two "heroic" female figures representing humanity in bronze on granite mounts, one depicted in the act of sending, the other of receiving a message over the telephone. The two female figures were positioned some distance apart in order to denote the telephone's power to traverse great distances. Uniting the entire work together is the line of the earth's curvature on the bronze casting, depicting the extent of the telephone's world-wide use.[5] Allward's original proposed design for the monument also included the flags of the greatest nations of the world,[39] a modern element that was likely omitted as it would detract from the monument's neoclassical design.

The rear side of the monument contains a small stone foundation with bullfrog gargoyles; while cut in the stone, on pilasters, are representations of the British Crown and the Maple Leaf. On the rear, also, was placed a bronze plaque giving the names of the patrons and the executive committee of the Association. In the present day the plaque is now found on the side of the rightmost granite mount for one of the heroic figures. The foundation, steps, pedestals and walls are composed of durable Stanstead granite.[1] On the main portion, to the right and left, two circular panels are inscribed: “Hoc Opus Machinae Patri Dedicatum Est” (this monument has been dedicated to the author of the invention) and “Mundus Telephonici Usu Recreatus Est.” (the world has been recreated using the telephone).[22][41] Beneath the central bronze casting is a large carved inscription: “To commemorate the invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in Brantford 1874.”[42]

Upon its public unveiling the Bell Memorial created a stir of controversy with its abstract allegorical interpretations.[26] Upon first viewing the bronze tableau, one observer in the crowds remarked on the two main figures on its left side, Man the Inventor and Inspiration. "It looks to me..." he spoke to his friend, "...like an angel trying to pull along a pig-headed Englishman."[43] The monument also launched its designer-sculptor to fame. It was designed and crafted under Walter Seymour Allward (1875–1955), likely Canada's best monumental sculptor of the era.[4][Note 11] Besides the Bell Memorial he created numerous other important monumental works, his greatest being the Canadian National Vimy Memorial in Pas-de-Calais, France, commemorating Canada's sacrifices and human losses in the First World War, a project he worked on 16 years until its completion in 1936.[4]

The Bell Telephone Memorial is located within the Bell Memorial Gardens, a small park in downtown Brantford, in an area originally slated to be the city's new municipal centre, but which was subsequently built further away.[44] Other names considered for the park but which were not accepted included Bell Circle, Graham Bell Park and Prince George Park.[18]

Reception

Allward's memorial has been described as "a tour de force".[20] One resident described the imagery of the oversized figures on its bronze panel, saying that it "...depicts a mythical passing of the spark of communication from the hands of the gods to the hands of humans".[45]

In 2010 the work was honoured with a Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada plaque due to his "...original sense of spatial composition, his mastery of the classical form and his brilliant craftsmanship.[46]

2010 commemorations

Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada plaque added in 2010 honouring Allward's work.

The Bell Memorial has served as an important gathering point, landmark and commemoration site for Brantford, used to rally people for fund-raising events, marches and civic events. At the Armistice of World War I, it became a spontaneous gathering point for celebration. It was also used to help raise funds for Brantford's First World War Cenotaph, another of Walter Allward's works.[26]

In 2010 both Parks Canada and the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada celebrated Allward's work in two separate commemoration ceremonies. In July of that year, the first ceremony was held in Brantford's Grace Anglican Church, adjacent to the Bell Memorial. After the ceremony, Lieutenant Colonel Scott Allward and Mrs. Elsie Myers Martin, great-grandchildren of Allward and Bell respectively, posed for the media on the stone stairs in front of the monument, 93 years after its unveiling by their great-grandfathers.[26]

The Bell Homestead National Historic Site in Brantford (also known as Melville House), the Bell family's first home in North America, was also rededicated at the same time on its 100th anniversary. Ontario's Lieutenant Governor, David Onley, attended a dinner and concert in Brantford for the commemoration of the Bell Memorial and rededication of the Bell Homestead.[26]

One month later, the Historic Sites and Monuments Board affixed a plaque to the monument honouring the sculptor himself, noting Allward's designation as a person of national historic significance due to his "...original sense of spatial composition, his mastery of the classical form and his brilliant craftsmanship."[46]

Location

The Bell Memorial, located within the Bell Memorial Gardens at 41 West Street, is situated north of Wellington Street in the City of Brantford. The section of King Street adjacent to the monument bears the postal code of N3T 3C8.

The monument itself is located on a gore of land forming a near-triangularly shaped public park bounded by West, Wellington and King Streets at its south end, where the memorial is located. The triangular plot of land in front of the monument was transformed into a park, with its embankments being sodded. The panel in front of the gore which contains the monument is a smaller gore which has been artistically laid out as a park, the entire area being named as the Bell Memorial Gardens.[1] The park itself is in the East Ward area near the centre of Brantford, Ontario, at the coordinates of 43°8′28″ North, 80°16′5″ West, not far from the Colborne Street Bridge crossing the Grand River.

Heritage designation

The Bell Memorial Gardens in 2009.

The cast bronze monument, designed in the neoclassical style by sculptor Walter S. Allward and unveiled in 1917, received historical designation No. HPON07-0102 for its cultural heritage value, by the City of Brantford, under Part IV of the Ontario Heritage Act (By-law No. 132-2005).[5]

Characteristics which contributed to the heritage value of the Bell Memorial included:[5]

See also

References

Note: this article contains text from A.T. Whitaker's Bell Telephone Memorial (1944), a work in the public domain.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ "Melville House", a name created by Alexander Melville Bell on his stationary, was at the time part of Tutelo Heights (later changed to Tutela Heights) on the outskirts of the City of Brantford, but which was later incorporated within the city.
  2. ↑ Bell had originally contracted with Boston manufacturer Charles Williams Jr. to provide an initial order of 1,000 telephones for use in Canada, but Williams' small shop was only able to produce, with difficulty, a fraction of that number, due to the huge, unsatisfied demand for telephones being ordered for the U.S. market. Bell then spoke with a Brantford friend, James Cowherd (1849? – 27 February 1881), who set up Canada’s first telephone factory that assembled 2,398 telephones to Bell's specifications by October 1880. Cowherd, a protege of Bell, had been sent by Bell to Boston in 1878 to study Williams manufacturing processes for a number of months, and then returned to Brantford to both produce and develop Bell's telephone models. Among Cowherd's designs was a transmitter fitted with a triple mouthpiece that allowed three people to talk, and sing, simultaneously. Cowherd's untimely early death due to tuberculosis was noted in major technical journals and led to the closure of the Bell Systems' manufacturing supplier in Brantford. Telephone production later resumed in Montreal, eventually leading to the creation of Northern Electric, later renamed Northern Telecom and then Nortel.[11][12][13] A Brantford Expositor article later noted of the historic factory building's demise: "[Brantford] City officials and heritage committee members hung their heads in shame in 1992 when it was learned that a building that once housed the first telephone factory in the world had been approved for demolition. The embarrassing oversight came to light too late to stop wrecking crews, who were already tearing down the aged building at 32 Wharfe St... The building, where equipment for Alexander Graham Bell's first telephone was made, had even been pictured and written about in a city-printed brochure about the great inventor. A plaque erected by [the] Telephone Pioneers of America heralding the building's significance had been stripped from the structure in the mid-1980s and given to the Brant County Museum".[14]
  3. ↑ Other significant contributions were made by the 'American Telephone Company' of Boston (possibly referring to the head of the Bell System, AT&T Corp. – $1,000), Col. W.F. Cockshutt, M.P. ($500), Goold, Shapely & Muir ($500), Waterous Engine Works Co. ($500), Verity Plow Company ($500), Mrs. McCormick of Chicago ($500), Bell Telephone Company of Canada ($500), the City of Toronto ($500), and even a long-time personal and business rival of Alexander Graham Bell and Bell Telephone, inventor Thomas Edison, who provide a donation of $250.[20]
  4. ↑ The Whitaker booklet states nine models,[1] while Elgin-Balfour writes that ten models were submitted to the committee.[27] After the competition's completion, five of the plaster models where deposited at the Bell Homestead.[28]
  5. ↑ The committee's second and third choices were for the designs submitted by G.W. Hill of Montreal, and A.E. Pausch of Buffalo, N.Y. who worked with designs of Castar Craun of Berlin, Ontario.[3]
  6. ↑ Not long after the extended Bell family arrived in Canada, Alexander Graham discovered the Six Nations Reserve across the river at Onondaga, where he learned the Mohawk language and translated its unwritten vocabulary into Visible Speech symbols. For his work, Bell was awarded the title of Honorary Chief and participated in a ceremony where he donned a Mohawk headdress and performed traditional dances.[33] Bell was thrilled at his recognition by the Six Nations Reserve and throughout his life would launch into a Mohawk war dance when he was excited.
  7. ↑ The silver telephone Bell presented to the Governor-General of Canada was identical to one presented earlier in 1901 by Bell's father, Alexander Melville Bell, to the Prince of Wales (later King George V) in Brantford, during the prince's visit to Canada.[34][36]
  8. ↑ The bronze tableau contains three figures in alto-rilievo relief and measures approximately 773 centimetres in width by 250 centimetres in height. According to documents, its casting process 'taxed' the existing foundry capabilities of the era.
  9. ↑ Cyril Kinsella (b. March 1897, London, England – d. 27 December 1960, San Luis Obispo, California) was prominently mentioned during the memorial's unveiling and later read of the event. After his return to Canada he moved to California where he was a rancher for over 40 years, living in the community of Tipton and later in Grover City. Obituary data lists him and his wife Margaret Kinsella as being members of the 7th Day Adventist Church of Arroyo Grande, and of Kinsella's appointment as the First Honorary Mayor of Grover City, and having a sister, Mrs. Mable Lyon of Crowland, England. By May 1946 Kinsella owned and was operating an 800 acres (320 ha) ranch in Tulare, California; along with his wife, they briefly visited Canada for a military reunion on that occasion and he was finally able to view himself on the monument. He noted to a news reporter at that time, "While in Hamilton the urge to see myself in bronze on the monument that commemorates one of the greatest inventions of man, became irresistible."[40]
  10. ↑ Most literature refers to this figure as Inspiration, however in an explanation of the complex allegories by Sir Edmund Walker, he named the figure surmounting Man, discovering his power to transmit vocal sounds through space as Intelligence.[29]
  11. ↑ The National Gallery of Canada writes of Allard: "Walter Allward (1875–1955) was probably Canada's most important monumental sculptor in the first third of this century ... his most notable early success was the Alexander Graham Bell Monument (1908–1917) in Brantford, Ontario."

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Whitaker, A.J. "Bell Telephone Memorial", City of Brantford/Hurley Printing, Brantford, Ontario, 1944. PDF.
  2. 1 2 3 Osborne, Harold S. (1943) "Biographical Memoir of Alexander Graham Bell", National Academy of Sciences: Biographical Memoirs, Vol. XXIII, 1847–1922. PDF. Presented to the Academy at its 1943 annual meeting.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "The Bell Memorial", Brantford Expositor, 18 July 1916.
  4. 1 2 3 Walter S. Allward Collection: Finding Aid, National Gallery of Canada website. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 4 Bell Monument, HistoricPlaces.ca website, retrieved 27 March 2012.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Marquis, T.G. Brantford, The Telephone City, The Greater Brantford Expositor, pp.13-14, 20, 1909.
  7. ↑ Bruce 1990, pp. 122-123.
  8. ↑ Patten, William; Bell, Alexander Melville. Pioneering The Telephone In Canada, Montreal: Herald Press, 1926. N.B.: Patten's full name was William Patten, not Gulielmus Patten as credited elsewhere.
  9. ↑ MacLeod, Elizabeth. Alexander Graham Bell: An Inventive Life. Toronto: Kids Can Press, 1999, p.14. ISBN 1-55074-456-9.
  10. ↑ Sharpe, Robert; Canadian Military Heritage Museum. Soldiers and Warriors: The Early Volunteer Militia of Brant County: 1856-1866, Brantford, ON: Canadian Military Heritage Museum, 1998, p. 80, ref. citations No. 142 & 143, which in turn cite:
  11. ↑ Reville 1920, p.322.
  12. ↑ Prevey, W. Harry (ed.); Collins, Larry. Electricity, The Magic Medium, Thornhill, ON: IEEE, Canadian Region, 1985, p. 4, ISBN 0-9692316-0-1.
  13. ↑ Nortel Networks (2008). "Corporate information: Nortel History – 1874 to 1899". Nortel Networks. Archived from the original on September 30, 2009. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
  14. ↑ Ibbotson, Heather. City Has Lost Many Historic Buildings, Brantford Expositor, 5 April 2012.
  15. 1 2 "Bell Memorial Committee Set Up Here In 1906", Brantford Expositor, 3 May 1947.
  16. 1 2 “Monument Proposed to Inventor of the Telephone: Unusual Honor”, San Jose Evening News, 1 November 1907, p.8.
  17. 1 2 "How Citizens Built the Bell Memorial 58 Years Ago", Brantford Expositor, 1 May 1975.
  18. 1 2 3 "Bell Memorial Plans", Brantford Expositor, 29 September 1909.
  19. ↑ “Telephone’s Birth Memorial”, Gisborne, New Zealand: Poverty Bay Herald (the Gisborne Herald), Volume XXXIV, Issue 10963, 4 May 1907, p.3.
  20. 1 2 "Tribute to Bell Is Very Impressive: Subscriptions Were of an International Character", Brantford Expositor, 10 August 1936.
  21. ↑ Muir, Gary. Bits and Pieces of Brantford's History: The History of the Cockshutt Family, Retrieved from Brantford.Library.on.ca, 24 April 2012.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Brant Historical Society. The Unveiling of the Bell Memorial in Brantford, Ontario, October the Twenty-Fourth, 1917 (monograph), Brantford, ON: commissioned by Justice Alexander D. Hardy of the Bell Memorial Association, on behalf of the Brant Historical Society, 1917. Includes transcripts of addresses made by speakers and by Bell himself. Retrieved from Brantford.Library.on.ca March 27, 2012.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Ball, Vincent. The Industrialist, The Architect And The Home Boy, Brantford, ON: Brantford Expositor, 27 December 2009. Retrieved from BrantfordExpositor.ca 23 April 2012.
  24. ↑ E.T.R. "Bell Memorial Beautiful Tribute to Telephone And Its Noted Inventor, Alexander Graham Bell", Brantford Expositor, 24 April 1926.
  25. ↑ Kirk, Denise & Brantford Public Library. Historic Sites and Monuments: Bell Homestead, Brantford Public Library Digital Archives. Retrieved 3 January 2013. This archive compilation in turn cites:
    Brantford Expositor, 2 July 1997, p. C1
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Ruby, Michelle. Bell Homestead: Descendants On Hand To Mark Centennial, Brantford Expositor, 26 July 2010. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
  27. ↑ Elgin-Balfour Foundation. The Sampler A Book About Brantford, Elgin-Balfour Foundation, Moyer Printing Co. Ltd., 1977, [March 1979], pp. 69–71.(MS Word document)
  28. ↑ "Bell Homestead", Brantford Courier, 22 July 1911.
  29. 1 2 3 Marshall, Barbara Ruth. Sir Edmond Walker, Servant of Canada (thesis), Department of History, University of British Columbia, June 1971.
  30. ↑ "Fine Monuments Perpetuate Glorious Memories", Brantford Expositor, 7 August 1937.
  31. ↑ "Bell Memorial Directors Met: Reports Were Received On Progress of Work But Date of Unveiling is Not Yet Fixed", Brantford Expositor, 22 April 1915.
  32. ↑ McMeal, Harry B. Unveiling of Bell Memorial at Brantford, Ontario, Ca., Telephony, Telephone Pub. Corp., 1917, Volume 73, p. 21.
  33. ↑ Groundwater 2005, p. 35.
  34. 1 2 3 The Globe, "Inventor of the Telephone Upholds Brantford's Claim", Toronto: The Globe (The Globe & Mail), 25 October 1917, pg.5.
  35. ↑ Bruce 1990, pp. 482–483.
  36. ↑ Reville 1920, p.311.
  37. ↑ “Canada in Review”, Vancouver Daily Sun, 18 November 1917.
  38. ↑ Raymond, E.T. Brantford, The Telephone City, Brantford War Memorial Association.
  39. 1 2 Allward, W.S. Sketch-Model No.8: Description to Accompany Sketch Model of Proposed Bell Telephone Memorial (Allward's description of his model), undated. Retrieved from brantford.ca 14 April 2012. (MS Word document)
  40. 1 2 Brantford Expositor. "War Veteran Sees For First Time The Bell Memorial Figure He Had Posed For", Brantford Expositor, 4 May 1946.
  41. ↑ Reville, F. Douglas. History of the County of Brant Vol. 1: Illustrated With Fifty Half-Tones Taken From Miniatures And Photographs, Brantford, ON: Brant Historical Society, Hurley Printing, 1920. Retrieved from Brantford.Library.on.ca 4 May 2012, PDF pp. 187–197, or document pp. 308–322. (PDF)
  42. ↑ A Graham Bell Telephone Memorial, Nature, Vol. 101, 5-6, 7 March 1918, D.O.I.:10.1038/101005b0.
  43. ↑ Burrage, Walter. "Onlooker at Bell Unveiling", Brantford Expositor, 6 March 1974.
  44. ↑ Judd, David. It Could Have Been So Much More Different, Brantford Expositor, 22 September 1990, pp. A5-A6.
  45. ↑ Murray, Gil. Nothing On But the Radio: A Look Back at Radio in Canada and How It Changed the World, Dundurn, 2003, p. 22, ISBN 1550029924, ISBN 978-1550029925.
  46. 1 2 "Cdn Sculptor Walter Seymour Allward Honoured For His Public Monuments", Canadian Press, 16 August 2010.

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