Xerophyllum tenax

"Beargrass" redirects here. It may also refer to members of the genus Nolina.
Xerophyllum tenax
Glacier National Park, Montana
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Monocots
Order: Liliales
Family: Melanthiaceae
Genus: Xerophyllum
Species: X. tenax
Binomial name
Xerophyllum tenax
(Pursh) Nutt.
Synonyms[1]
  • Helonias tenax Pursh
  • Melanthium spicatum Walter 1788, not Burm.f. 1768
  • Xerophyllum douglasii S.Watson

Xerophyllum tenax is a North American species of plants in the corn lily family.[1][2] It is known by several common names, including bear grass, squaw grass, soap grass, quip-quip, and Indian basket grass.[3]

Xerophyllum tenax has flowers with six sepals and six stamens borne in a terminal raceme. The plant can grow to 15–150 cm in height. It grows in bunches with the leaves wrapped around and extending from a small stem at ground level. The leaves are 30–100 cm long and 2–6 mm wide, dull olive green with toothed edges. The slightly fragrant white flowers emerge from a tall stalk that bolts from the base. When the flowers are in bloom they are tightly packed at the tip of the stalk like an upright club. The plant is found mostly in western North America from British Columbia south to California and east to Wyoming, in subalpine meadows and coastal mountains, and also on low ground in the California coastal fog belt as far south as Monterey County. It is common on the Olympic Peninsula and in the Cascades, northern Sierra Nevada and Rockies.[4][5][2]

Xerophyllum tenax is an important part of the fire ecology of regions where it is native. It has rhizomes which survive fire that clears dead and dying plant matter from the surface of the ground. The plant thrives with periodic burns and is often the first plant to sprout in a scorched area.

Its fibrous leaves, which turn from green to white as they dry, are tough, durable, and easily dyed and manipulated into tight waterproof weaves.[6]


Mount Rainier National Park
Washington State

Plant colonies typically only bloom every five to seven years.[7]

The Hupa people use this plant to create a border pattern in baskets.[8][6]

This species has long been used by Native Americans who weave it in baskets. They also braid dried leaves and adorn them on traditional buckskin dresses and jewelry.[9][6]

References

  1. 1 2 Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. 1 2 Calflora taxon report, University of California, Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt. beargrass, common beargrass
  3. ↑ United States Department of Agriculture Plants Profile: Xerophyllum tenax
  4. ↑ Flora of North America, Profile and map: Xerophyllum tenax
  5. ↑ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  6. 1 2 3 Plants for a Future, Xerophyllum tenax - (Purs.)Nutt.
  7. ↑ "SPECIES: Xerophyllum tenax". US Forest Service. Retrieved 2014-08-04.
  8. ↑ Murphey, Edith Van Allen 1990 Indian Uses of Native Plants. Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959 (p. 2)
  9. ↑ Campbell, Paul Douglas 1999 Survival Skills of Native California. Gibbs Smith (p. 209)

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