Battle of Dimawe
| Battle of Dimawe | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Various Batswana (Bakwena, Batlokwa, Balete, and Bahurutshe) tribal warriors |
 Voortrekkers | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Kgosi Setshele I | Andries Pretorius | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 400 men[1] | |||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 60 dead[2] | 28 dead[2] | ||||||
  Location within Botswana | |||||||
The Battle of Dimawe was fought between several Batswana tribes and the Boers in August 1852. Under the command of Kgosi Setshele I of the Bakwena tribe, the Batswana defended Dimawe Hill and the Bahurutshe tribe against Boer troops.
Background
Friend of my heart's love, and of all the confidence of my heart, I am Sechele. I am undone by the Boers, who attacked me, though I had no guilt with them. They demanded that I should be in their kingdom, and I refused. They demanded that I should prevent the English and Griquas from passing. I replied, These are my friends, and I can prevent no one.
Excerpt of a letter from Kgosi Setshele I to Robert Moffat
At the time, Boer farmers used the Bahurutshe as slaves on their corn fields around Bloemfontein.[3] A group of Bahurutshe, led by Kgosi Manyana Mangope, escaped and fled north to seek help from Setshele I and the Bakwena tribe in Manyana.[3] The Bakwena and other surrounding tribes were recovering from attacks in the 1830s by the Zulu Kingdom as they moved towards present-day Zimbabwe.[4] The Boers followed the Bahurutshe into Bakwena territory and asked for Kgosi Mangope's whereabouts.[3][lower-alpha 1]
Battle
According to the grandson of Kgosi Mangope, when a Boer delegation asked about Mangope, Kgosi Setshele said, "I have eaten him and he is right inside me. You have to open me to get him."[3] Setshele then demanded that the Boers take off their shoes when speaking to a kgosi. Once they did, the Bakwena attacked, and since the ground was rough, the Boers had a hard time escaping and were killed.[3]
The Bakwena had knowledge of the surrounding hilltops and used them as watchtowers and hiding places.[3] When the Boers were spotted, Kgosi Setshele ordered the women and children to hide; Setshele's own pregnant wife was hidden in Mmasechele Cave several kilometers away.[3] The Boers stole cattle and wagons, and raided both Bakwena and English homes, including the house of David Livingstone at the Kolobeng Mission.[2] As the Boer troops climbed the hills, Setshele's warriors rolled large stones down the hillside to crush the Boers.[3]
The battle lasted between 3 and 7 days.[3] David Livingstone wrote that the Boers captured hundreds of women and children before the Tswana stopped fighting, but today, historians believe that the Tswana won by using Setshele's large gun stockpile.[5]
Aftermath
After the battle, the Tswana tribes split; the Bakwena travelled to Ditlhakane and Dithubaruba while the Bathurutshe finally settled in the Kolobeng River valley around Dimawe Hill.[3]
An agreement was signed between the Boers and the Batswana in January 1853.[6] Setshele attempted to travel to Great Britain to ask for further protection from the Boers, but he only made it to Cape Town before being turned back.[3] The British did not want to make an agreement with the Batswana as that would hurt relations with the Boers.[4] However, this first failed attempt may have inspired a second successful trip to Britain in 1895 during which Kgosi Khama III, Kgosi Sebele I, and Kgosi Bathoen I asked for Botswana's incorporation into the Bechuanaland Protectorate, a separate entity from Cecil Rhodes's British South Africa Company or the South African Republic.[3] While Kgosi Setshele was en route to Britain, a group of Setshele's army encountered a small group of Boers. The Boers were so frightened that they arranged to have Setshele's children, who were captured and enslaved by a Boer commandant, returned to him.[2]
Notes
- ↑ David Livingstone wrote a very different story about why the Boers attacked the Bakwena. He stated in his memoir that the leader of the Boers, Andries Pretorius, encouraged the battle because he felt the natives were making the Boers lose the British and Griquas as trading partners.[1]
Citations
- 1 2 Livingstone, chpt. 2.
- 1 2 3 4 Livingstone, chpt. 6.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Legodimo 2012.
- 1 2 Beaulier 2003, p. 229.
- ↑ Leonard 2006.
- ↑ Shillington 2005.
References
- Beaulier, Scott A. (Fall 2003). "Explaining Botswana's Success: The Critical Role of Post-Colonial Policy" (PDF). Cato Journal. Cato Institute. 3 (2): 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
- Legodimo, Chippa (22 June 2012). "How the Battle of Dimawe shaped Botswana". Arts & Culutre. Mmegi. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
- Leonard, Andrew (8 September 2006). "The battle of Dimawe". Salon. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
- Livingstone, David (11 February 2006). "Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa" (Memoir). Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2012.
- Shillington, Kevin (2005). Encyclopedia of African History. CRC Press. ISBN 1-57958-453-5.