Barometer question

For European "barometer surveys" and questions, see Eurobarometer.
A storm glass or Goethe's device, an early practical type of barometer. Calandra's essay does not name the type of the device, although the answers provided by the student suggest the use of a portable aneroid barometer.

The barometer question is an example of an incorrectly designed examination question demonstrating functional fixedness that causes a moral dilemma for the examiner. In its classic form, popularized by American test designer professor Alexander Calandra (1911–2006), the question asked the student to "show how it is possible to determine the height of a tall building with the aid of a barometer."[1] The examiner was confident that there was one, and only one, correct answer, which is through calculating the difference in pressure at the top and bottom of the building. Contrary to the examiner's expectations, the student responded with a series of completely different answers. These answers were also correct, yet none of them proved the student's competence in the specific academic field being tested.

The barometer question achieved the status of an urban legend; according to an internet meme, the question was asked at the University of Copenhagen and the student was Niels Bohr.[2] The Kaplan, Inc. ACT preparation textbook describes it as an "MIT legend",[3] and an early form is found in a 1958 American humor book.[4] However, Calandra presented the incident as a real-life, first-person experience that occurred during the Sputnik crisis.[5] Calandra's essay, Angels on a Pin, was published in 1959 in Pride, a magazine of American College Public Relations Association.[6] It was reprinted in Current Science in 1964,[7] in Saturday Review in 1968[8] and included in the 1969 edition of Calandra's The Teaching of Elementary Science and Mathematics.[9] In the same 1969 Calandra's essay became a subject of an academic discussion.[10] It was frequently reprinted since 1970,[11] making its way into books on subjects ranging from teaching,[12] writing skills,[13] workplace counseling[14] and investment in real estate[15] to chemical industry,[16] computer programming[17] and integrated circuit design.[18]

Calandra's account

A colleague of Calandra asked the barometer question to a student, expecting the correct answer: "the height of the building can be estimated in proportion to the difference between the barometer readings at the bottom and at the top of the building".[19] The student provided a different, and also correct answer: "Take the barometer to the top of the building. Attach a long rope to it, lower the barometer to the street, then bring it up, measuring the length of the rope. The length of the rope is the height of the building."[20]

The examiner and Calandra, who was called to advise on the case, faced a moral dilemma. According to the format of the exam, a correct answer deserved a full credit. But issuing a full credit would have violated academic standards by rewarding a student who had not demonstrated competence in the academic field that had been tested (physics). None of two available options (pass or fail) was morally acceptable.[20]

Calandra asked the student the same question, and received a wealth of different answers including dropping the barometer from the top of the building and timing its fall with a stopwatch; trading the barometer to the building's superintendent in return for the information wanted; creating two small pendulums and measuring the variation of g from the ground to the top of the building; creating a pendulum as high as the building and measuring its period; and comparing the length of the shadows of the building and the barometer. The student ultimately admitted that he knew the expected "correct" answer but was fed up with the professors "teaching him how to think ... rather than teaching him the structure of the subject".[5]

Internet meme

According to Snopes.com, more recent (1999 and 1988) versions identify the problem as a question in "a physics degree exam at the University of Copenhagen" and the student as Niels Bohr, and includes the following answers:[21]

Interpretations

Professor of physics Mark Silverman used what he called "The Barometer-Story formula" precisely for explaining the subject of pressure and recommended it to physics teachers. Silverman called Calandra's story "a delightful essay that I habitually read to my class whenever we study fluids ... the essay is short, hilarious and satisfying (at least to me and my class)."[22]

Financial advisor Robert G. Allen presented Calandra's essay to illustrate the process and role of creativity in finance. "Creativity is born when you have problem to solve. And as you can see from this story [Angels on a Pin] there are many ways of solving a problem. Creativity is the art of looking for solutions that are out of the ordinary, different, unorthodox."[23]

O'Meara used the barometer question to illustrate the art of steering students' activities to a desired outcome: "if the question is not aligned [with the desired learning outcome] then the problem becomes an exercise of problem solving for its own value."[24] The teacher can steer the students either through careful design of the questions (this rules out barometer questions), or through guiding the students to the desired choices. In case of the original barometer question, the examiner may explicitly say that the problem has more than one solution, insist on applying the laws of physics, or to give them the "ending point" of the solution: "How did I discover that the building was 410 feet in height with only a barometer?"[24]

Herson used the Calandra account as an illustration of the difference between academic tests and assessment in education. Tests, even the ones designed for reliability and validity, are useful but they are not sufficient in real-world education.[25]

Sanders interpreted Calandra's story as a conflict between perfection and optimal solutions: "We struggle to determine a 'best' answer, when a simple call to Building Superintendent (the resource man) would quickly provide adequate information."[26]

Footnotes

  1. ↑ http://www.unz.org/Pub/SaturdayRev-1968dec21-00060?View=PDF
  2. ↑ http://naturelovesmath-en.blogspot.in/2011/06/niels-bohr-barometer-question-myth.html
  3. ↑ Kaplan, p. 52.
  4. ↑ Reader's Digest Treasury of Wit & Humor, p. 303
  5. 1 2 Calandra, Alexander, Angels on a Pin. Reproduced in Barnes et al., pp. 228-229. p. 229.
  6. ↑ Pride, volumes 3-4 (1959). American College Public Relations Association. p. 11.
  7. ↑ Attribution and date (Current Science (Teacher's Edition), 44 (January 6–10, 1964), pp. 1-2.) as in: Van Cleve Morris et al. (1969). Modern movements in educational philosophy. Houghton Mifflin. p. 82.
  8. ↑ Attribution and date (Saturday Review, Dec. 21, 1968) as in Weimer, p. 234.
  9. ↑ Attribution and year of publication ("Published in the AIChE Journal vol. 15 no. 2, 1969, p. 13. ") as in Sanders, pp. 196-197.
  10. ↑ Discussed by Calandra et al. in: Van Cleve Morris et al. (1969). Modern movements in educational philosophy. Houghton Mifflin.
  11. ↑ Reproduced in entirety in: Muse Milton (1970). Selected readings for the introduction to the teaching profession. McCutchan Pub. Corp. ISBN 0-8211-1218-X, pp. 100-103.
  12. ↑ Reproduced in entirety in Barnes et al., pp. 228-229; paraphrased in Herson, pp. 21-22 etc.
  13. ↑ Reproduced in entirety in: Skwire, David (1994). Writing with a thesis: a rhetoric and reader. Harcourt Brace College Publishers. ISBN 0-03-079101-4. pp. 40-42.
  14. ↑ Reproduced in entirety, in German, in: Otto F. Kernberg (2005). WIR: Psychotherapeuten über sich und ihren "unmöglichen" Beruf. Schattauer Verlag. ISBN 3-7945-2466-7. pp. 318-319.
  15. ↑ Reproduced in part in: Allen, pp. 12-13.
  16. ↑ Paraphrased in: Sanders, pp. 196-197.
  17. ↑ Paraphrased in Peter van der Linden (1994). Expert C programming: deep C secrets. Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 0-13-177429-8. p. 344.
  18. ↑ Reproduced in entirety in: Jim Williams (1992). Analog Circuit Design: Art, Science and Personalities. Newnes. ISBN 0-7506-9640-0. pp. 3-4.
  19. ↑ A classic in-depth discussion of the subject was presented in 1823 by Rev. Baden Powell in Measurement of Heights by the Barometer, published in volume 22, numbers I through V, of the Annals of Philosophy. For a modern presentation of the same subject, see Silverman, pp. 40-48. The particular formula sought by Calandra's examiner is marked with index 2.12 on page 41.
  20. 1 2 Calandra, Alexander, Angels on a Pin. Reproduced in Barnes et al., pp. 228-229. p. 228.
  21. ↑ snopes.com: The Barometer Problem
  22. ↑ Silverman, p. 40.
  23. ↑ Allen, p. 13.
  24. 1 2 O'Meara, p. 108.
  25. ↑ Herson, pp. 20-21.
  26. ↑ Sanders, p. 197.

References

See also

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