Imperial ban
The imperial ban (German: Reichsacht) was a form of outlawry in the Holy Roman Empire.[1] At different times, it could be declared by the Holy Roman Emperor, by the Imperial Diet, or by courts like the League of the Holy Court (Vehmgericht) or the Reichskammergericht.
People under imperial ban, known as Geächtete (from about the 17th century, colloquially also as Vogelfreierei, lit. "free as a bird"), lost all their rights and possessions. They were legally considered dead, and anyone was allowed to rob, injure or kill them without legal consequences. The imperial ban automatically followed the excommunication of a person, as well as extending to anyone offering help to a person under the imperial ban.
Those banned could reverse the ban by submitting to the legal authority. The Aberacht, a stronger version of the imperial ban, could not be reversed.
The imperial ban was sometimes imposed on whole Imperial Estates. In that case, other estates could attack and seek to conquer them. The effect of the ban on a city or other Estate was that it lost its Imperial immediacy and in the future would have a second overlord in addition to the emperor.
Famous people placed under the imperial ban included:
- 1180 Henry the Lion, for refusing military support to Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor against the cities of the Lombard League.
- 1225 Count Frederick of Isenberg, for killing his uncle Engelbert II of Berg, Archbishop of Cologne.
- 1235 King Henry VII of Germany, for his rebellion against his father the Emperor Frederick II.
- 1276 King Ottokar II of Bohemia, for his capture of imperial lands from Rudolph I.
- 1309 John Parricida, for the murder of his uncle King Albert I of Germany.
- 1415 Frederick IV, Duke of Austria for aiding the flight of Antipope John XXIII from the Council of Constance.
- 1512 and 1518 Götz von Berlichingen, the first time for robbery, the second for kidnapping.
- 1521 Martin Luther and his supporters, for spreading heretic beliefs and for splitting the church.
- 1546 John Frederick I, Elector of Saxony and Philip I, Landgrave of Hesse, for leading the Schmalkaldic League.
- 1566 Wilhelm von Grumbach, for insurgency.
- 1621 Frederick V, Elector Palatine, and his supporters Prince Christian I of Anhalt-Bernburg and Georg Friedrich of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein-Weikersheim, for seizing power in Bohemia.
- 1706 Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, and Joseph Clemens, Elector of Cologne, for supporting France in the War of the Spanish Succession (ban reversed in 1714)
- 1793 Georg Forster, for collaboration with the French Republic.
The imperial ban imposed by the Emperor Rudolf II on the city of Donauwörth after an anti-Catholic riot was one of the incidents leading to the Thirty Years' War.
See also
- King's ban, a royal order or prohibition in the Holy Roman Empire.
Notes
- ↑ Starn 1982, p. 23.
References
- Starn, Randolph (1982). Contrary Commonwealth: The Theme of Exile in Medieval and Renaissance Italy. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-04615-3.