Axel von Fersen the Younger

Axel von Fersen the Younger

Count Axel von Fersen, dressed in the robes of a Swedish Privy Councilor, with the Knight collar of the Order of the Seraphim and the Commander Grand Cross collar of the Order of the Sword around his neck.
Born (1755-09-04)4 September 1755
Stockholm, Sweden
Died 20 June 1810(1810-06-20) (aged 54)
Stockholm, Sweden
Parent(s) Count Axel von Fersen the Elder
Hedvig Catharina De la Gardie

Hans Axel von Fersen ([hɑːns ˈaksɛl fɔn ˈfæʂɛn]; 4 September 1755 – 20 June 1810) was a Swedish count, Marshal of the Realm of Sweden, a Lieutenant General in the Royal Swedish Army, one of the Lords of the Realm, aide-de-camp to Rochambeau in the American Revolutionary War, diplomat and statesman, and a friend of Queen Marie-Antoinette of France. He died at the hands of a Stockholm lynch mob.

Life

Descent and early life

von Fersen was born in 1755 to Field Marshal Axel von Fersen the Elder and countess Hedvig Catharina De la Gardie. He was nephew of Eva Ekeblad and grandson of General Hans Reinhold Fersen. Axel was born the second of four children; he had two sisters, Hedvig Eleonora and Eva Sophie, and one brother, Fabian Reinhold. Two female cousins, Ulrika von Fersen and Christina Augusta von Fersen, were Swedish ladies-in-waiting and leading socialites of the Gustavian age.

von Fersen's ancestors came from Scotland to Sweden at the time of the Thirty Years' War, which took place from 1618–1648. The family made their name during the reigns of Christina (queen regnant), Charles X, and Charles XI. In 1735, the von Fersen family purchased Steninge Palace, which overlooks Mälaren, a lake outside of Stockholm, Sweden.

von Fersen's father, the de facto parliamentary leader of the Hats party, was the most politically influential man in Sweden at that time and also one of the richest in the realm. He was the lord of four grand houses in Sweden: Löfstad [inherited through his wife], Steninge, Ljung and Mälsåker. He also owned mines, land, forests and iron foundries in Sweden and Finland, and a large share of Sweden's East India Company, the country's most profitable undertaking ever.

The younger Axel was influenced by French culture, owing in part to his father's services to Louis XV of France. Under his childhood tutor, von Fersen learned several languages including French, Latin, English, German and Italian. His later education was primarily military.

The grand tour (1771–1775)

On 3 July 1770, von Fersen made his first journey abroad with the intention of seeing the world and finishing his studies at military academies, including Brunswick, Turin, Strasbourg and Lüneburg. In October 1771, he passed through Switzerland and in Ferney, he met the philosopher, Voltaire. In England nearly seven years later, von Fersen looked back on that meeting:

I once had two hours of his society when I was at Geneva some years ago. M. Constant, an intimate friend of his, gave me a letter of introduction to him ... I was struck by the beauty of his eyes and the vivacity of his expression. It was, I confess, curiosity rather than admiration which led me to seek his acquaintance ... He was not only extremely clever, but also very lucky; and one of the reasons of his success was that he was disliked, admired and befriended by different great people in such a way that his fame could not fail to spread.[1]

In November 1772, von Fersen continued on to Turin, Italy, where he paid a visit to King Charles Emmanuel III. In January 1774 his travels took him to France where he paid court to the reigning monarch, Louis XV, and his mistress, Madame du Barry. While at Versailles he attended the ceremony of the Order of the Holy Spirit. A little over a week later, von Fersen met Marie-Antoinette, then Dauphine, for the first time:

The Dauphine talked to me for a long time without me knowing who she was; at last when she was recognized, everybody pressed round her and she retired into a box at three o’clock: I left the ball.[2]

von Fersen continued the Grand Tour by traveling to England where he stayed for roughly four months and met King George III and Queen Charlotte. By the beginning of 1775, von Fersen had returned to Sweden, where he remained for approximately three years, serving under his king, Gustavus III.

Marie-Antoinette

In the late summer of 1778, von Fersen traveled to Normandy with his friends, Barrington Beaumont and the Baron de Stedingk, to see a large army camp that was training under the command of the Duke of Broglie. Besides military matters, they were treated to dinner and dances attended by the officers and their wives. von Fersen later paid his respects to the French royal family for the first time since his grand tour more than three years earlier:

August 26: "Last Tuesday I went to Versailles to be presented to the royal family. The queen, who is charming, said when she saw me, 'Ah! Here is an old acquaintance.' The rest of the family did not say a word to me."

September 8: "The queen, who is the prettiest and most amiable princess that I know, has had the kindness to inquire about me often; she asked Creutz why I did not go to her card parties on Sundays; and hearing that I did go one Sunday when there was none, she sent me a sort of excuse. Her pregnancy advances and is quite visible."

November 19: The queen treats me with great kindness; I often pay her my court at her card-games, and each time she makes to me little speeches that are full of good-will. As someone had told her of my Swedish uniform, she expressed a wish to see me in it; I am to go Thursday thus dressed, not to Court, but to the queen's apartments. She is the most amiable princess that I know."[3]

Marie-Antoinette's personal property, the Petit Trianon, was on the grounds of the Palace of Versailles. In contrast to Versailles, the dress and manners at the Petit Trianon were simple and down-to-earth;[4] her guests were personally invited and treated equally, as friends. However, the private festivities often caused jealousy among those who were excluded from them.

As early as 1777, there were pornographic pamphlets (libelles) of the Queen being sold on the very doorstep of Versailles, and in towns which the court was known to visit, such as Compiègne, Fontainbleau, and Saint-Cloud.[5]

"By the false policy of Her Majesty's advisers, these enemies and libelers...were privately hushed into silence, out of delicacy to the Queen's feelings, by large sums of money and pensions, which encouraged numbers to commit the same enormity in hope of obtaining the same recompense."[6]

The American Revolutionary War

In the 1770s, the American Revolutionary War began with the passage of the Intolerable acts, and the battles of Lexington and Concord, and Bunker Hill. von Fersen told Beaumont that in France "it is the fashion to rhapsodize over the Americans' rebelliousness against England".[7] France had officially declared war against her "natural enemy" (Great Britain) in February 1778, but in the beginning of 1780, a French contingent was finally being outfitted to fight with the rebels on North American soil.

On May 4, 1780, von Fersen secured the position of aide-de-camp to General Rochambeau and sailed from the port of Brest. Nearly two months later, his ship made anchor at Narragansett Bay in Newport, Rhode Island, where the French made camp until June of the next year. In mid-September 1780, von Fersen set off as part of Rochambeau's suite to meet the American General, George Washington, in Hartford, Connecticut. Washington's retinue included the young Alexander Hamilton, General Henry Knox and the Marquis de Lafayette. On meeting Washington, von Fersen remarked:

He has the air of a hero; he is very cold, speaks little, but is polite and civil. An air of sadness pervades his whole countenance, which is not unbecoming to him, and makes him the more interesting.von Fersen 1902, p. 30

After spending eleven months in Newport, Rhode Island, in total inaction, the men under Rochambeau began a march on June 12, 1781, to link up with Washington's army at Philipsburg on the Hudson. On August 15, von Fersen was tasked with conveying a letter from Rochambeau to Comte de Barras, who had been waiting for a signal to join Comte de Grasse's fleet at the Chesapeake Bay. Word reached the troops in early September of Grasse's victory in gaining control of the Chesapeake, and by the end of the month Washington surrounded Cornwallis in Yorktown. By October 19, the British surrendered the town, hastening the end of the war.

von Fersen and the rest of the French wintered in Williamsburg. Anticipating the American Civil War nearly eighty years later, von Fersen remarked that he wouldn't be surprised to see Virginia separate herself from the rest of the states at some point due to the strain of "aristocracy" prevalent there as opposed to the northern states. In December 1782, the French made sail for the West Indies and Venezuela but word reached them of the signing of peace and the ships headed back to France. von Fersen arrived back in Brest in June 1783.[8]

Years leading up to the Revolution (1783–1787)

Following the end of hostilities, the United States and Sweden concluded a Treaty of Amity and Commerce. von Fersen was awarded the Order of Cincinnatus by Washington, though he was forbidden by his monarch to wear a medallion earned fighting in a republican war.

In 1783, Gustavus III asked von Fersen to join him in Germany as Captain of the Guard. Gustavus was planning on making war on Denmark, and was on a trip through the Continent to secure aid from other countries. Gustavus promoted von Fersen to titulary-colonel in the Swedish army, chevalier of the Order of the Sword, and lieutenant-colonel of the light-horse cavalry of the king. Gustavus also used his influence to persuade Louis to have von Fersen appointed proprietary colonel of the Royal Suédois French Army infantry regiment. Louis also appointed von Fersen second-colonel of the Royal Deux-Ponts regiment and chevalier of the Order of Military Merit.

On June 7, 1784 von Fersen returned to Versailles with Gustavus, who concluded a treaty of alliance with France on the 19th of the month. On June 27, Gustavus and the rest of his entourage were invited to the Petit Trianon. von Fersen sat in the royal box beside Marie-Antoinette. A month later von Fersen returned to Sweden, tasking himself with the job of getting a dog for Marie-Antoinette, which she named Odin.

von Fersen divided his time between Paris, Versailles, and his new regiment in Valenciennes. During this time, the Diamond Necklace Affair took place, and only months later the Cardinal de Rohan was arrested, bringing the affair to public knowledge. von Fersen wrote to his father in September that everyone believed the Queen (Marie-Antoinette) had fooled the King. In August 1786, Vicomte de Calonne finally apprised Louis XVI of the desperate state of the French finances, and by the very end of the year it was announced formally that there would be a convening of an Assembly of Notables to discuss future measures.

The French Revolution

In late-February 1787, the Assembly of Notables was convened. von Fersen attended the closing of the last day of that meeting, and described the gathering as "imposing".[9] von Fersen was secretly entrusted, by Gustavus III, with the role of special envoy to the King and Queen of France. Some sensitive diplomatic contacts between Sweden and France were conducted, not through the Swedish embassy, but through von Fersen. To be closer to Paris, he moved into a house in Auteuil borrowed from Count Esterhazy.

In spring, 1788, von Fersen joined Gustav for the latter's Finnish campaign against Russia as lieutenant-colonel of the Royal Horse Guards[10] but by December 1788, von Fersen was again with his French regiment in Valenciennes to witness the following:

All men's minds are in a ferment. Nothing is talked of but a constitution. The women especially are joining in the hubbub, and you know as well as I what influence they have in this country. It is a mania, everybody is an administrator and can talk only of progress; the lackeys in the antechambers are occupied in reading the pamphlets that come out, ten or twelve in a day, and I do not know how the printing-presses can do the work.[11]

On May 2, 1789, the Estates-General finally met. von Fersen and Beaumont sat in one of the boxes of the Salle des Menus Plaisirs on May 5, as Louis read his opening speech. Before long, however, the Third Estate reconstituted itself as the National Assembly, arguing that the three orders were no more than arbitrary divisions of one body. By the end of June, the monarchy had reinforced its concentration of regiments around the capital, ostensibly to maintain order in and around Paris, although many believed the troops would be turned against the recalcitrant Third Estate. von Fersen wrote:

They have brought about 12,000 to 15,000 troops into the neighborhood of Versailles, La Muette, Meudon, etc. What is most grievous is that they are not sure of the French soldier, and they are forced to employ foreigners as much as possible.[11]

On July 14, 1789, the Invalides and the Bastille were both stormed and taken, and on July 16, von Fersen was at Versailles with the King and Queen to debate how to forestall the incipient revolution in Paris. After much discussion, Louis decided to go to Paris with the guardsmen to show his personal goodwill towards the revolution. The Princess de Lamballe (who in 1792 would lose her life in the September Massacres) related the scene:

No sooner, however, had the King left the room than it was as much as the Count de Fersen, Princess Elizabeth, and all of us could do to recover [the Queen] from the most violent convulsions. At last, coming to herself, she retired ... at the same time requesting Fersen to follow [Louis] to the Hôtel de Ville. Again and again she implored him, as she went, in case the King should be detained, to interest himself with all the foreign ministers to interpose for his liberation.[12]

von Fersen followed Louis to the capital and arrived in time to watch Louis take the national cockade from the mayor, Jean Sylvain Bailly, and placed it in his own hat. On August 8, the August Decrees, which abolished many aspects of monarchy, including tithes and hereditary titles, were enacted. von Fersen wrote from Valenciennes:

Riots are taking place in all the cities of the kingdom ... So far all is confined to breaking into the tax offices and opening the prisons, for it is the lowest of the populace who make the disorder. The bourgeoisie was immediately armed and that did much to restore tranquility. We have had our little riot here but it is all over. Now the idle scoundrels have spread themselves over the country districts; they are pillaging, or putting under contribution all the abbeys and châteaux. They are hunted everywhere, and yesterday, in one spot, we captured 119; many more will probably be taken ... Disorder is increasing throughout the country. The [new militia in Paris] has better pay than in our regiments and there are no means not employed to entice them. It is said that ... there have been, since July 13th, 12,750 deserters, without counting the gardes françaises. The king's authority is totally annihilated, so is that of the parliaments and the magistrates. The States-General themselves tremble before Paris, and this fear greatly influences their deliberations.[11]

Months later, with the revolution spreading to the rest of the country and the royal army in disintegration, the Flanders Regiment was brought to Versailles to replace the French Guards who had mutinied. The King's bodyguard decided to host a fraternal dinner party for the regiment, and von Fersen and Beaumont attended. Despite having reservations at first, the King and Queen made an appearance towards the end. This banquet, however, provided fuel for the Women's March on Versailles four days later, when it was rumored that the tricolor (cockade) was trampled upon at the banquet. von Fersen was in Versailles to witness the march.

On the morning of October 6, 1789, an armed crowd made their way to the royal apartments. Two of the royal bodyguards were killed before the National Guard restored order. In order to calm the protestors, Louis agreed to go to the balcony of the Cour de Marbre and tell the crowd that he would return with them to Paris. von Fersen recounts the departure in his diaries:

I was witness of it all and I returned to Paris in one of the carriages of the king's suite: we were six hours and a half on the way [to Paris]. God keep me from ever again seeing so afflicting a sight as that of those two days.[13]

Flight to Varennes

"I have to be away tonight," said Axel, "and I will return for a few hours on Tuesday if I can ... It is supposed that I am going to Varennes to join my regiment."

"But I need not suppose so?" I queried.

"Not unless you like ... If I have not arrived at Arlon by twelve on Friday night, come back to Paris, unlock my bureau, and burn everything you find...; and, if within the next twenty-four hours you hear I am killed or imprisoned, burn all my papers. But I hope it will not come to that, for we have so arranged matters."[14]

Conversation recalled by Barrington Beaumont on the afternoon of June 20th, 1791

The situation of the royal family became considerably more desperate on April 18, 1791, when they were prevented from traveling to Saint-Cloud to attend Mass by a large hostile crowd. Escape plans had been broached earlier between Comte de Mirabeau and von Fersen, but Mirabeau's death on April 2, 1791 put an end to that discussion.[15] Following the aborted trip to Saint Cloud, von Fersen revived these plans with vigor. In June, he acquired a Berline and drove it to a courtyard at Eleanore Sullivan's residence on the Rue de Clichy in Paris. The escape was arranged to take place on April 20, coinciding with a particular guard change.

At 11:15 p.m. the royal children were brought out without difficulty. At 11:45 the King's sister, Madame Elizabeth, appeared followed by Louis himself. A half hour later they were still waiting for Marie-Antoinette. However, she came out at the same time as the torchlit carriage of Marquis de Lafayette, who was responsible for the royal family's custody, appeared with some of his men, Marie-Antoinette was able to conceal herself and the royal family slipped away.

von Fersen drove the carriage, first from the Place du Carrousel to the Porte Saint-Martin, and then on to the Barrier Saint-Martin where they switched to the Berine. von Fersen continued to drive as far as Bondy, seven miles from Paris, where the Queen's maids and a fresh relay of horses awaited them. The royal family took the post road and von Fersen took a different route to Bourget.

The royal family reached Varennes on April 22 around 11 p.m., but here they were discovered and eventually held in custody until troops from the National Convention arrived. They departed Varennes surrounded by 6,000 armed citizens and National Guardsmen. Having left behind him a long declaration which had been read and published in all the newspapers in his absence, Louis himself had made it impossible to sustain the pretence that he had been "abducted".

War against France (1791–1793)

Even before the royal family returned to Paris, it was discovered that von Fersen was one of the people who facilitated their escape, and a warrant was put out for his arrest. von Fersen left France and in Koblenz he put himself in touch with Comte d'Artois, the exiled prince, and the former Controller-General, Charles Alexandre de Calonne; together they made plans to convince the other European powers to declare war on France. In Brussels, von Fersen worked out a cypher code and secret methods of writing with Beaumont and Marie-Antoinette:

The simplest plan was to write an ordinary letter with the lines rather far apart, and then to write the real information between the lines, using milk instead of ink. The milk calligraphy was invisible until the paper was covered with coal or other dust; when the dust was shaken off, the secret writing stood out as black as that for which ink had been used. In this manner we wrote to each other, and sent the letters by couriers.[16]

From August 2–14, von Fersen was in Vienna to discuss the situation with Marie-Antoinette's brother Leopold, now Emperor. On August 27, 1791 the Declaration of Pillnitz was issued from Pillnitz Castle near Dresden; it declared the joint support of the Holy Roman Empire and Prussia for King Louis XVI against the Revolution but stipulated that Austria would only go to war if the other European powers followed them into war, which at this point in time was not likely to happen. von Fersen wrote:

I can see clearly that they are dragging things along purposely to prevent the king of Sweden from sending troops this year; they fear his activity, and also that he may command in person. They want to avoid acting, or else to act alone if it becomes necessary. Nothing is being done; the requisitions have not been sent, although they assure me the troops are to march at once ... I see a well-formed plan to do only trifling things over the winter, to try to patch up matters for the time being, and not to act until spring, and not then unless it is absolutely necessary.[17]

In December 1791, von Fersen confided to Beaumont about another possible escape attempt for the royal family. Because the roads were closely watched, it was decided that Louis should escape through the woods and then by sea, while von Fersen conveyed Marie-Antoinette and the children by another route. Because security was tight around the royal family, von Fersen traveled to Paris in a large wig and false moustache, and assumed the identity of a minister plenipotentiary of the Queen of Portugal. They arrived in Paris without difficulty, and were able to sneak into the Tuileries and speak with Marie-Antoinette. von Fersen laid the escape plan before Louis, however, the king did not feel that it would work. As he told von Fersen:

I know that I am called feeble and irresolute, but no one has ever been in a position such as mine. It is true that I lost the opportune moment; it was July 14, I ought to have gone then, but you must remember that monsieur himself entreated me to stay, and the Marechal de Broglie said, "We can go to Metz certainly, but what is to be done when we get there?" I lost the opportunity, and it has not come again.[18]

That night von Fersen saw the King and Queen for the last time. After the meeting, von Fersen and Beaumont headed back north. Outside Cambrai, their carriage was stopped by a Frenchman doubting the authenticity of their passport but, with von Fersen feigning sleep, Beaumont managed to talk himself out of trouble and they continued on.

On March 16, 1792, Gustav III was shot at the Royal Opera House in Stockholm, and died almost two weeks later. In Sweden, Gustav's younger brother, the Duke Karl, became regent to the underage Gustav IV. On April 20, France officially declared war on Austria, and invaded the Austrian Netherlands. On June 20, the Tuileries was stormed by a large crowd and Louis was made to wear a red bonnet of liberty and drink a toast to the health of the people of Paris and the Nation. Three days later Marie-Antoinette was able to get an encrypted letter out to von Fersen: "Your friend is in the greatest danger. His illness is making terrible progress ... Tell his relations about his unfortunate situation".

On November 7, following the French victory at Jemappes, von Fersen wrote from Brussels:

Breteuil came to tell me that the Austrians have been defeated before Mons ... that retreat from Brussels is decided on ... At nine o’clock the news was made public; consternation and fear general; nothing as seen but people running about in search for means to get away. For two days there had been orders to give no post horses without permission ... The whole road from Mons was covered with war equipages and carts with wounded.[19]

On January 21, 1793, Louis XVI was guillotined at the Place de Grève. Von Fersen heard the news while in Cologne: "Received last night at 10:30, from the Archbishop of Tours, the sad details of the death of the King of France".[20] On February 1, France officially declared war against Great Britain and the Dutch Republic, but the tide quickly turned against the French in the Netherlands. The general in charge of the northern army, Dumouriez, was defeated March 18 at Neerwinden and Louvain. On 18 March, von Fersen was able to meet with him:

We struggled through a crowd of people and found him in a lower room, the windows besieged by the people outside. He was alone with three aides-de-camp. He recognized Simolin [Russian ambassador to France]; I named myself; he made me a compliment, saying he ought to have known me by my handsome face ... On the whole, I found him a true Frenchman, vain, confident, heedless; with much intelligence and little judgment. His scheme failed through excess of confidence in his strength and in his influence with the army.[21]

On August 2, Marie-Antoinette was moved to the Conciergerie while awaiting her trial. During this time von Fersen was still attempting to find a way to save her and the remaining royal family. On 11 August he wrote:

Having talked with La Marck on the means of saving the queen, and agreeing that there were none except to push forward at once a strong body of cavalry to Paris - which would be the easier to do at this moment, because there are no troops before the city and the granaries are full, - I went to see Mercy about it and found him all ice to the idea ... He believes the royal family lost and that nothing can be done for them. He does not think the factious would negotiate.[22]

On October 6, 1793, von Fersen paid a visit to Jean-Baptisite Drouet at the Saint-Elizabeth prison on the slim hope of hearing news that might be of use. Drouet was the postmaster who recognized Louis on his flight to Varennes and was able to alert the authorities in time to stop them. Beaumont related the scene from his memoirs:

Fersen stood with his back to the light, wasted as few words as possible, and was stony in manner; even when both Drouet and the officer had the effrontery to assure him that Madame Capet was very well treated, had all she wished, and was in no danger, he did not comment. Could Madame de Staël have witnessed, she would doubtless have reiterated her usual observation as to his icy coldness of temperament, and his absolute insensitivity and passionless. I should have said that his nerves were strained almost to snapping, and that to see and speak to this Drouet was an almost unbearable test, even of his remarkable self-control.[23]

Marie-Antoinette was executed ten days later. von Fersen heard the news of this while in Brussels:

Though I was prepared for it and expected it since the transfer to the Conciergerie, I was devastated by the reality. I did not have the strength to feel anything ... I thought about her constantly, about all the horrible circumstances of her sufferings, of the doubt she might have had about me, my attachment, my interest. That thought tortured me.[24]

Later years (1793–1810)

von Fersen returned to Sweden, from where he was forced to watch the ever increasing expansion of the French revolutionary empire,[25] and in late December 1793, he was suspected of possible complicity in Baron Armfeldt's conspiracy to deprive the Duke of Södermanland of the regency. As a result, von Fersen was deprived of his diplomatic appointments and his post as ambassador. In November 1796, Prince Gustav was declared of age and become King Gustav IV Adolf. His accession restored von Fersen, and other supporters of Gustav III, back to favor at court. von Fersen and his best friend, Baron Taube, became two of the most influential advisors to the young king, inculcating in him a "steadfast opposition to Revolutionary France, close relations with Russia, and hostility to Denmark, with the ultimate objective of acquiring Norway".[26]

In November 1797, von Fersen attended the Second Congress of Rastatt and met general Napoleon Bonaparte:

When I called at his hotel to pay my compliments he asked would I be kind enough to tell him what minister from Sweden is now in Paris. As you know, there is none. My reply was necessarily vague. Then he said that it was astounding that the Court of Sweden should behave in such a manner towards a nation, with which it had been on more or less friendly terms for a long while. Before I had time to respond, he remarked that the Court of Sweden seemed to take a pleasure in sending agents and ambassadors who were personally disagreeable to every French citizen.

"No doubt," said he, "the king of Sweden would regard with disfavor a French minister who had attempted to raise the people of Stockholm against him. On the same principle, the French Republic ought not to allow men too well known for their connection with the late King and Queen of France to be sent to mock the minister of the first nation on earth."

It was impossible not to understand this. I felt somewhat as I had felt the day we interviewed Drouet, and I preserved the same apparent indifference. I looked down serenely at M. le Général and merely said that I would make known to my Court what I had just heard; and I left him.[27]

While in Germany, von Fersen made a trip to Karlsruhe to secure, for Gustav IV Adolf, the hand of the Princess Friederike of Baden, whom the latter married in October. In 1799, following his return to Sweden from Germany, Von Fersen was appointed as one of the Lords of the Realm. In the fall of that year, Gustav IV Adolf was concerned about the level of sympathy for the French Revolution in the city of Uppsala. After students at Uppsala University celebrated the return of Bonaparte to France from his Italian campaigns, Gustav IV Adolf appointed von Fersen as Chancellor of Uppsala. According to Adlerbeth, this amounted to "a declared French royalist being made the Swedish Jacobins' schoolmaster". That winter a wave of rioting occurred in Stockholm, Gothenburg, Norrköping, Linköping, Malmö and other Swedish towns following the onset of a severe winter and famine. von Fersen wrote: "Who, given the spirit that now prevails, can guarantee that there will not be a general upheaval."[28]

In April, an attempt to trick the Uppsala orchestra into performing a composition containing an excerpt from the Marseillaise led to the trial and punishment of four known radicals of the university, one of whom was dismissed. The 'Music trial' proved the deathblow to Uppsala radicalism.

With the state bordering on financial bankruptcy, and poor harvests and declining trade undermining his efforts to resolve the issue without recourse to parliament, Gustav Adolf reluctantly announced the first assembly of the Riksdag. The Riksdag, dissolved in mid-June but not before several prominent aristocrats walked out and renounced their noble status. Though creating a much-talked about sensation, they had virtually left a vacuum in the political field which their rivals filled.

In 1801, von Fersen was appointed Marshal of the Realm. He was now the highest official in the court of Sweden. Around this time, von Fersen's sister, Sophie, returned to Sweden from Germany and took over his household in lieu of a wife.

Swedish politics and death

Von Fersen killed by the mob

Following the overthrow and exile of King Gustavus IV in 1809, a dispute over the Royal succession divided the nobility and much of Swedish society. von Fersen, now Earl Marshal of Sweden, led a political faction ("the Gustavians") which supported Gustavus' son against the popular Crown Prince Charles August.[29]

On May 28, 1810, while reviewing troops in Scania, Charles August fell from his horse and died from apoplexy. Rumors ran strong throughout the country that he had been poisoned by the partisans of Gustav IV; von Fersen and his sister Sophie were seen as prime suspects. They were abused in public and von Fersen received anonymous death threats.

June 20, 1810 was the date set for the Crown Prince's public funeral. The Livgarde till Häst (Horse Guards) formed the advance guard in the procession; von Fersen, as Marshal of the Realm, and other court dignitaries, rode in coaches before the coffin, while the rear of the procession was brought up by a squadron of cavalry which had accompanied the Crown Prince's remains from Scania. Foot Guards paraded on the Riddarhustorget. General Silfversparre, commander of the Stockholm garrison, was alerted to the possibility of disturbances but may himself have been a member of the court party that opposed von Fersen.[30] The procession proceeded slowly through the Hornsgatan and the Södermalm Square but was met with threats and insults as soon as it entered the city.[31]

First curses then copper coins and various missiles were hurled at the carriage till its windows were broken; then savage threats and showers of stones become continuous, and, at last in the Riddarhustorget, at the instant when the escort was turning to the right, a tremendous crowd barred the way of Fersen's carriage ... the [guards] remained passive while the rabble unharnessed the horses, and dragged Fersen out of the coach.

von Fersen, with a violent effort, flung back one of the ruffians who grasped him, and shook himself free of the others who were pressing round. There was a momentary lull; the curses shrank from shouts to mutterings. His face bled where a stone had cut it; his decorations were glittering in the sun; the guards, who were supposed to protect him, gazed at him with a sort of curious expectancy.[32]

It was at this moment when Beaumont arrived on the scene with General Silfversparre and a small detachment of troops. This intervention further enraged the large crowd. von Fersen, realizing that the authorities planned to do nothing, turned and dashed into the first door that he could find. The crowd converged on this spot and a few ran into the house in pursuit of him.

Silfversparre, and I, and our sixteen men were utterly helpless, so tightly were we wedged in the crowd that we might just as well have been blocks of wood for all the power we had of independent movement. We were carried along by the surging crowd, and it seemed to me as though hell were let loose around us.[33]

Before long, one man appeared at the window "and with a triumphant shout" hurled down von Fersen's cloak and sword, which were seized by the angry crowd. von Fersen was dragged back out into the square. His gloves were pulled off and thrown in his face and his coat torn off and trampled upon. Silfversparre, attempting to save von Fersen, offered to arrest him and have him tried in court for the Crown Prince's murder. At this moment, the mounted escort turned and rode away. The mob "which had been almost quiet, but now raised yells of delight and triumph, and fell upon von Fersen".[34]

von Fersen's contemporary, Baron Gustaf Armfelt, stated afterward that,

"One is almost tempted to say that the government wanted to give the people a victim to play with, just as when one throws something to an irritated wild beast to distract its attention. The more I consider it all, the more I am certain that the mob had the least to do with it ... But in God's name what were the troops about? How could such a thing happen in broad daylight during a procession, when troops and a military escort were actually present?"

Axel von Fersen died that day in Stockholm as Sweden's highest-ranking official next to the King; his death sent shock waves throughout the country. The cause of death was determined to be "crushing of the ribcage" when the Swedish-Finn, Otto Johan Tandefelt, jumped with both feet on Fersen's chest.[35]

Aftermath

A few months after the murder, von Fersen and his family were cleared of any suspicion connected with the death of Carl August of Augustenburg, and he finally received a state burial with all pomp and ceremony. His sister, Sophie Piper, withdrew from Stockholm to her Löfstad manor, near Norrköping. Here she raised a memorial to her brother, with the inscription:

Åt en oförgätlig broder, mannamodet uti hans sista stunder den 20 juni 1810 vittna om hans dygder och sinnes lugn (English: To an unforgettable brother, the courage in his last moments on the 20th of June 1810, bears testimony to his virtues and clean conscience)

Relationship with Marie-Antoinette

The young nobleman was a favorite at the French court, owing partly to the recollection of his father's devotion to France, but principally because of his own amiable qualities. Queen Marie-Antoinette, who had first met von Fersen when they both were eighteen, was especially attracted by the grace and wit of "le beau" von Fersen. However, it was nearly four years later, on von Fersen's second visit to France in the summer of 1778, when the relationship blossomed. Here he was accepted by Marie-Antoinette into her trusted circle and invited to her private gatherings at the Petit Trianon. It seems that the friendship grew very quickly and caused jealousy among those at court. By the account of Beaumont, von Fersen left for the war in America in the early part of 1780 to avoid causing a scandal, as it was widely known that the two were close and it was rumored that he was the Queen's lover.[36] He wrote in his memoirs that von Fersen asked Gustaf Philip Creutz to use his influence as Swedish ambassador to France, to get him (von Fersen) appointed as aide-de-camp to Rochambeau. According to Creutz in a letter to Gustav III:

The young Count Fersen has been so well received by the queen that this has given umbrage to several persons. I own that I cannot help thinking that she had a liking for him; I have seen too many indications to doubt it. The conduct of the young count has been admirable on this occasion for its modesty and reserve, but above all, in the decision he made to go to America. By thus departing he avoided all dangers; but it needed, evidently, a firmness beyond his years, to surmount that seduction. The queen's eyes could not leave him, during the last days, and they often filled with tears.[37]

It is impossible to state how far the relationship went. It was difficult for the Queen of France to remain alone for long; she was almost always accompanied by others, such as attendants of the court. At the time that Marie-Antoinette was rumored to be Axel's lover, she was also rumored to be the lovers of the Duc d'Orléans, the Comte d'Artois and others.

Genealogy

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8. Count Reinhold Johan von Fersen
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. Count Hans Reinhold von Fersen
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9. Anna Sophia von Ungern-Sternberg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. Count Fredrik Axel von Fersen
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10. Axel Wachtmeister, Count of Mälsåker
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5. Countess Eleonora Margareta Wachtmeister
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11. Baroness Anna Maria Soop
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1. Count Hans Axel von Fersen
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12. Axel Julius De la Gardie
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6. Magnus Julius De la Gardie
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13. Sofia Juliana Arvidsdotter Forbus
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. Hedvig Catharina De la Gardie
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
14. Count Axel Johan Lillje
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7. Countess Hedvig Catharina Lilje
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15. Agneta Wrede |}
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Portrayal in popular culture

Further reading

References

  1. ↑ Barrington 1902, p. 22
  2. ↑ von Fersen 1902, pp. 6–7
  3. ↑ von Fersen 1902, p. 12
  4. ↑ Campan, Jeanne Louise Henriette (January 1, 2009). Memoirs of the Court of Marie Antoinette: Queen of France. The Floating Press. ISBN 978-1-77541-158-1.
  5. ↑ Schama, Simon (August 5, 2004). Citizens: A Chronicle of The French Revolution. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 978-0-14-101727-3.
  6. ↑ Lamballe 1901, p. 125
  7. ↑ Barrington 1902, p. 42
  8. ↑ Yates, Edmund Hodgson; Tinsley, William; Downey, Edmund; Croft, William (1884). "Tinsley's Magazine, Volume 35". Tinsley Brothers.
  9. ↑ von Fersen 1902, p. 68
  10. ↑ Wraxall 1863, p. 215
  11. 1 2 3 von Fersen 1902, pp. 69–75
  12. ↑ Lamballe 1901, p. 180
  13. ↑ von Fersen 1902, p. 76
  14. ↑ Barrington 1902, p. 44
  15. ↑ Lamballe 1901, p. 248
  16. ↑ Barrington 1902, p. 150
  17. ↑ von Fersen 1902, p. 137
  18. ↑ Barrington 1902, p. 169-1702
  19. ↑ von Fersen 1902, p. 279
  20. ↑ von Fersen 1902, p. 349
  21. ↑ von Fersen 1902, pp. 289–290
  22. ↑ von Fersen 1902, p. 293
  23. ↑ Barrington 1902, pp. 195–196
  24. ↑ von Fersen 1902, p. 255
  25. ↑ Munro Price (23 September 2011). The Fall of the French Monarchy: Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette and the Baron de Breteuil. Pan Macmillan. p. xxv. ISBN 978-1-4472-1169-3. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
  26. ↑ Barton 1986, p. 235
  27. ↑ Barrington 1902, pp. 269–270
  28. ↑ Barton 1986, p. 237
  29. ↑ Encyclopaedia Britannica Fifteenth Edition, page 110, Volume IV
  30. ↑ Mansel, Philip (October 1, 1984). Pillars of monarchy: an outline of the political and social history of royal guards, 1400-1984. Quartet Books. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-7043-2424-4.
  31. ↑ Wraxall 1863, p. 219
  32. ↑ Barrington 1902, p. 302
  33. ↑ Barrington 1902, p. 303
  34. ↑ Barrington 1902, p. 304
  35. ↑ Lindqvist, Herman (1991). Axel von Fersen (Swedish Edition) (in Swedish). Fischer. p. 281. ISBN 9170546576.
  36. ↑ Barrington 1902, pp. 42–47
  37. ↑ von Fersen 1902, pp. 13–14

Sources

External links

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