Signaling of the New York City Subway

The R143 is the first automated rolling stock in the New York City Subway.
Sixty-four R160A cars like this one are automated, out of 1,662 total R160 cars; the rest can be retrofitted with CBTC in the future. The R160 is the system's second automated rolling stock.
The R188 is the system's third automated rolling stock and second fully automated fleet.

The New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) operates the New York City Subway, which is mostly manually operated. The subway system currently uses Automatic Block Signaling with fixed wayside signals and automatic train stops. Many portions of the signaling system were installed between the 1930s and 1960s. Because of the age of the subway system, some replacement parts must be custom built for the MTA, as they are otherwise unavailable from signaling suppliers. Additionally, some subway services have reached their train capacity limits and cannot operate extra trains with the current Automatic Block Signaling system.

The MTA has plans to upgrade much of New York City Subway system with communications-based train control (CBTC) technology, which will control the speed and starting and stopping of subway trains. The CBTC system is mostly automated and uses a moving signaling system – which reduces headways between trains, increases train frequencies and capacities, and relays the trains' positions to a control room – rather than a fixed position signaling system. This will require new rolling stock to be built for the subway system, as only newer trains can use CBTC systems.

Block signaling

The New York City Subway system has, for the most part, used block signalling since its 1904 opening. As of May 2014, the system consists of about 14,850 signal blocks, 3,538 mainline switches, 183 major track junctions, 10,104 automatic train stops, and 339,191 signal relays.[1] Trains used to be controlled by signal towers at interlockings, but this was eventually phased out in favor of master towers.[2][3] Eventually, these master towers were replaced by a single rail control center:[2] the New York City Transit Power Control Center in Midtown Manhattan.[4]

The New York City Subway generally distinguishes its current signals into:

Common automatic and approach signals consist of one signal head showing one of the following signal aspects:

Where different directions are possible, the subway uses both speed and route signalling:

The system is old, and some replacement parts must be custom built for the MTA, as they are no longer available from signaling suppliers. Additionally, some subway services have reached their train capacity limits and cannot operate extra trains with the current Automatic Block Signaling system. Changes in assumptions about train performance, and changes in operational rules also had notable impact on system throughput, such as the prohibition of movement of trains past permissive signals at restricted speed (No Key-By without permission from Control Center.) As of May 2014, the system consists of about 14,850 signal blocks, 3,538 mainline switches, 183 major track junctions, 10,104 automatic train stops, and 339,191 signal relays.[1]

Types of block signals

A modern, un-renovated subway signal at Bowling Green station.

The system currently uses block signalling,[5] which is used in other systems such as the Toronto subway and RT. The block signals that the New York City Subway currently uses is identical to those on the RT's signaling system.

The system also has automatic and manual key-by red lights. They involve the operation of an automatic stop with an automatic or manual release, then a procedure with caution, with preparations to stop in case of debris or other obstructions on the track.[6]

Speed control on the subway is ensured by "Time Signals".[7] A timer is started as soon as the train passes a certain point and will clear the signal ahead as soon as the predefined time elapsed; the minimum time is calculated from the speed limit and the distance between start of timer and signal.[7] "Time Signals" are distinguished into "Grade Timer" for speed supervision at grades, curves or in front of buffer stops, and in "Station Timer" to allow trains to close in on each other as long as they are going at a reduced speed.[7]

Aside from some parts of the original IRT system, the entire subway uses this signalling system. In some of the IRT lines, the lights, from bottom to top, are yellow, red, and green. On the rest of the system, the lights from top to bottom, are red, yellow, and green.[6]

These signals work by preventing trains from entering a "block" occupied by another train. Typically, the blocks are 1,000 feet (300 m) long, although some highly used lines, such as the IRT Lexington Avenue Line, use shorter blocks. Insulators divide the track segments into blocks. The two traveling rails conduct an electric current, as they are connected to an electric current. If the circuit is closed and electricity can travel across the rails without interruption, the signal will light up as green, as it is unoccupied by a train. When a train enters the block, the metal wheels interrupt the current on the rails, and the signal turns red, marking the block as occupied. The train's maximum speed will depend on how many blocks are open in front of it. However, the signals do not register the trains' speed, nor do they register where in the block the train is located.[1] If a train passes a red signal, the train stop automatically engages and prevents the train from moving forward.[5]

Types of interlocking signals

Interlocking signals are used in interlockings, which are any areas where train movements may conflict with each other. They are controlled by human operators in a signal tower near the switches, not by the trains themselves. A train operator must use a punch box to notify the switch operator of which track the train needs to go. The operator has a switchboard in their tower that allows them to change the switches.[5]

Interlocking signals also tell switch operators which way switches on the subway are set. The following interlocking signals are used on the New York City Subway:

Chaining

To precisely specify locations along the New York City Subway lines, a chainage system is used. It measures distances from a fixed point, called chaining zero, following the twists and turns of the railroad line, so that the distance described is understood to be the "railroad distance," not the distance by the most direct route ("as the crow flies"). This chaining system differs from the milepost or mileage system. The New York City Subway system differs from other railroad chaining systems in that it uses the engineer's chain of 100 feet (30.48 m) rather than the surveyor's chain of 66 feet (20.1168 m). Chaining is used in the New York City Subway system in conjunction with train radios, in order to ascertain a train's location on a given line.[9]

Automatic Train Supervision

As a bonus feature, automatic train supervision allows for next-train indicators to be installed on A Division lines.[5]

The New York City Subway uses a system known as Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) for dispatching and train routing on the A Division[10] (the IRT Flushing Line, and the trains used on the 7 <7> services, do not have ATS for two reasons: they are isolated from the main-line A Division, and they were already planned to get communications-based train control (CBTC) before the ATS on the A Division, or ATS-A, project had started).[10] ATS allows dispatchers in the Operations Control Center (OCC) to see where trains are in real time, and whether each individual train is running early or late.[10] Dispatchers can hold trains for connections, re-route trains, or short-turn trains to provide better service when a disruption causes delays.[10] ATS is used to facilitate the installation of train arrival displays, which count down the number of minutes until a train arrives, on the A Division and on the BMT Canarsie Line.[5] ATS was first proposed for the BMT Canarsie Line and the A division in 1992,[11] after a 1991 derailment killed five people on a 4 train that derailed near the 14th Street – Union Square station.[5] CBTC for the Canarsie Line was proposed two years later.[5]

The deployment of ATS-A involved upgrading signals to be compatible for future CBTC retrofitting, as well as consolidating operations from 23 different master towers into the Power Control Center.[5][11] Parsons Corporation helped the MTA install the system on the 175 miles (282 km) of A Division track, as well as did some preliminary planning for ATS on the B Division.[11] The project, valued at $450 million,[11] cost $200 million.[12] The project's completion was delayed by five years, and it ultimately took 14 years to implement ATS-A.[12] The long duration of ATS-A's deployment was attributed to bad communication between workers and contractors; because of the uniqueness of the New York City Subway's interlocking equipment, which necessitated extra workarounds; because of the MTA's use of its own workers rather than of contractors' workers; because of the poor training that contractors had; and because of bad communication interfaces. In addition, the MTA kept missing deadlines for testing ATS. The single biggest issue during the project, however, was that MTA and the contractors did not cooperate well.[5][12]

In 2006, 2008, and 2010, the MTA considered upgrading the B Division to ATS, but dismissed the proposal because it was too complex and would take too long. However, the MTA stated that due to high customer demand for train arrival displays, it would use a combination of CBTC and a new system, named the "Integrated Service Information and Management" (abbreviated ISIM-B). The simpler ISIM-B system, started in 2011 would essentially combine all of the data from track circuits and unify them into digital databases; the only upgrades that were needed were to be performed on signal towers.[5] Originally slated to be completed by 2017, ISIM-B was later delayed to 2020.[13]

Automation

CBTC is being overlaid with traditional block signaling.[14] For example, this block signal is located at the 34th Street–Hudson Yards station on the IRT Flushing Line, which is being automated.

Trains using CBTC locate themselves based on measuring their distance past fixed transponders installed between the rails. Trains equipped with CBTC have a transponder interrogator antenna beneath each carriage, which communicates with the fixed trackside transponders and report the trains' location to a wayside Zone Controller via radio. Then, the Controller issues Movement Authorities to the trains. This technology upgrade will allow trains to be operated at closer distances, slightly increasing capacity; will allow the MTA to keep track of trains in real time and provide more information to the public regarding train arrivals and delays; and will obviate the need for complex interlocking towers.[5] The trains are also equipped with high-tech computers inside the cab so that the conductor could monitor the train's speed and relative location.[15][16] The wayside controllers themselves are located in enclosed boxes that can withstand floods and natural disasters.[5] The traditional block systems will remain on these lines despite the installation of CBTC.[14]

The block system handles all control and supervision of routes through interlockings including switch (point) control and switch status, for broken rail protection, and tracking of trains with failed (or not equipped for) CBTC. CBTC lines are fully track circuited with power frequency, single-rail track circuits. (Broken-rail protection is only guaranteed on one of the two rails, however.)[5] Equipment aboard every train identifies the location of the train using wayside transponders as a basis. Once the Zone Controller has determined, based on track circuit information and train localization, that the CBTC train is a single discrete train ("sieved"). The Wayside Zone Controller uses this information to grant movement authorities based on conditions ahead. The CBTC Zone Controller functions then as an overlay which only provides safe separation of trains and cannot do so without interaction from the Wasyide (Legacy) Signaling system.[5] Trains, with CBTC, can then operate closer together, although as before, platform dwell times and train performance are the true limiting factors in terms of headway performance. With the new system, signals and interlockings are still absolutely required, their job being done better by relay interlockings or Solid State Interlocking controllers.[5] The ATS system at the Control Center is not a vital (life-safety) system and serves only to automate the routing of trains based on the overall timetable. The location of the train is also used to inform passengers of arrival times. The MTA's form of CBTC uses a reduced form of the old fixed-block signaling system, requiring that both be maintained at high cost.[5]

Only newer-generation rolling stock that were first delivered in the early 2000s—the R143s, R188s and 64 R160s (8313-8376)—are equipped for CBTC operation. Future car orders, specifically the R179 and the R211, will also be designed to be CBTC compatible. After the retirement of the R68 and R68A cars, all revenue cars, except those on the G, J, M, Z and S trains, will be equipped with CBTC.[17] The BMT Canarsie Line was the first line to implement the automated technology, using Siemens's Trainguard MT CBTC system.[18]

Most subway services are already at capacity, in terms of train spacing, during rush hours, except for the 1, G, J/Z, L, and M trains (the L service already is automated with CBTC). Therefore, transit planners are viewing the installation of CBTC as a way to free up track capacity for more trains to run, and have shorter headways between trains. However, installing CBTC in the New York City Subway is harder than in other systems due to the subway's complexity. The MTA hopes to install 16 miles of CBTC-equipped tracks per year, while the Regional Plan Association wants the MTA to install CBTC signals on 21 miles of tracks per year.[1][19]

However, even without CBTC, the system is currently retrofitted to operate at frequencies of up to 60 trains per hour (tph) on the IND Queens Boulevard Line (30 tph on each of the local and express pairs of tracks made possible by the Jamaica–179th Street terminal, which has four sidings past the terminal for each set of tracks) and 33 tph on the IRT Flushing Line. The BMT Canarsie Line is limited to a 26 tph frequency due to the bumper blocks at both of its terminals; however, the IRT Lexington Avenue Line operates at frequencies of 27 tph without CBTC.[20] By contrast, lines on the Moscow Metro can operate at frequencies of up to 40 tph, since lines in the Moscow Metro, unlike most of the New York City Subway (but like the Jamaica–179th Street station), typically have four sidings past the terminals instead of bumper blocks or one or two sidings.[21]

42nd Street Shuttle automation

The 42nd Street Shuttle was the first line in the New York City Subway to be automated, using Track 4 (shown on right).

The 42nd Street Shuttle, which runs from Grand Central to Times Square, was briefly automated from 1959 to 1964. The chairman of the Board of Transportation, Sidney H. Bingham, in 1954, first proposed of a conveyor belt like system for the shuttle line. Charles Patterson, a few years later, as the President of the newly formed New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) told of a vision of automated mass transit, without relying on the use of motormen. General Electric responded to Patterson's speech, stating that this technology was feasible, and that the company was interested in the idea of automating the New York City Subway.[22]

The idea of automation at that time relied on commands that were sent to the train while the train is at a station, to keep its doors open. When the commands cease, the doors would promptly close. A new series of commands would start the train and gradually accelerate it to 30 miles per hour (48 km/h), maintaining that speed. This is only under the condition that no other command overrides it. When approaching the next station, there was an insulated rail joint, where if the train had passed it, new command would come to slow it to 6 miles per hour (9.7 km/h). Inside the station, new commands at another insulated rail joint would command the train to stop. At the station, the train would have opened its doors, reversed course (as this is a two station shuttle line) and the lighting for the directional signs would be changed to match its new destination.[23]

Sea Beach Line test track

Representatives of General Electric, Westinghouse (traction), General Railway Signal (GRS) and Union Switch and Signal (US&S) (signals), and WABCO (Westinghouse Air Brake Company - brakes) met with Patterson and together planned to automate the 42nd Street Shuttle as a prototype for an automated system. The NYCTA was to supply the three R22 subway cars to be automated, while the signal companies were tasked with the installation, maintenance and technological oversight of the automation process, including signalling. An express track on the BMT Sea Beach Line was first used to demonstrate the technology, before it could be applied for passenger service. The stretch of track from 18th Avenue and New Utrecht Avenue was used, as it best replicated the length of the shuttle line.[22]

Implementation and demise

A handful of R22s were used for the line. The cars, however, were fitted with different types of brake shoes, to see which one would negotiate the rail joints better. It was eventually found that the automated trip took 10 seconds longer than manual operation (about 95 seconds, compared to 85 seconds). As the tests on the Sea Beach line progressed, grade time stops were added to ensure safety on the line, and on the 42nd Street line. The train was dubbed SAM, and was to operate on Track 4 of the shuttle line. It was demonstrated to officials in 1960, and was still running without passengers until January 4, 1962. A motorman was to be present and take over in case if there were any problems.[22]

The demise of the line came with a fire at Grand Central Station on April 21, 1964. The fire was not related to the automated trains. The automation, however, provided the framework for automated rapid transit technology on Bay Area Rapid Transit (San Francisco) and PATCO Speedline (Philadelphia to Lindenwold).[22]

After the fire that destroyed the automated shuttle subway cars, ideas for automation lay dormant for years, until an intoxicated motorman caused a train crash at Union Square station that killed 5 people and injured 215. The collision was a catalyst to a 1994 business case outlining arguments for automatic train operation (ATO) and CBTC, which led to the automation of the BMT Canarsie Line starting in the early 2000s.[1][24]

CBTC test cases

The first two lines, totaling 50 miles (80 km) of track miles, got CBTC from 2000–2017. The two lines with the initial installations of CBTC were both chosen because their respective tracks are relatively isolated from the rest of the subway system, and they have fewer junctions along the route.[2]

Canarsie Line CBTC

The Canarsie Line, on which the L service runs, was chosen for CBTC pilot testing because it is a self-contained line that does not operate in conjunction with other subway lines in the New York City subway system. The 10-mile length of the Canarsie Line is also shorter than the majority of other subway lines. As a result, the signaling requirements and complexity of implementing CBTC are easier to install and test than the more complicated subway lines that have junctions and share trackage with other lines.[15]

The CBTC project was first proposed in 1994 and approved by the MTA in 1997.[15] Installation of the signal system was begun in 2000. Initial testing began in 2004,[14] and installation was mostly completed by December 2006.[18] Due to an unexpected ridership increase on the Canarsie Line, the MTA ordered more cars and these were put into service in 2010. This enabled the agency to operate up to 26 trains per hour up from the May 2007 service level of 15 trains per hour, an achievement that would not be possible without the CBTC technology[18] or a redesign of the previous automatic block signal system. In the 2015–2019 Capital Program, funding was provided for three more electrical substations for the line so that it could accommodate even more trains per hour.[2]

Siemens Transportation Systems built the CBTC system on the Canarsie line.

Flushing Line CBTC

The R188 subway car, being constructed for the Flushing Line, has CBTC.

The next line to have CBTC installed was the pre-existing IRT Flushing Line and its western extension opened in 2015 (served by the 7 <7> trains). The Flushing Line was chosen for the second implementation of CBTC because it is also a self-contained line with no direct connections to other subway lines currently in use. The 2010–2014 capital budget provided funding for CBTC installation on the Flushing Line, with scheduled installation completion in 2016.[25] The R188 cars were ordered in 2010 to equip the line with compatible rolling stock.[26] This order consists of new cars and retrofits of existing R142A cars for CBTC.[27]

In late winter 2008, the MTA embarked on a 5-week renovation and upgrade project on the 7 <7> trains between Flushing – Main Street and 61st Street – Woodside to upgrade signaling and tracks for CBTC. On February 27, 2008, the MTA issued an Accelerated Capital Program to continue funding the completion of CBTC for the 7 <7> trains and to begin on the IND Queens Boulevard Line (E F trains).

The installation is being done by Thales Group.[28] CBTC, as well as the new track configuration added in the line's 2015 extension, allow the 7 <7> services to run 2 more tph during peak hours (it currently runs 27 to 30 tph, but has a built-in capacity for 33 tph).[21]

Wider installation of CBTC

As part of the 2015–2019 Capital Program, there will be 73.2 miles (117.8 km) of lines that will get CBTC, at a cost of $2.152 billion (part of a $2.766 billion automation/signaling project that is being funded in the Capital Program). Another $337 million is to be spent on extra power substations for CBTC. This installation of CBTC would require Siemens and Thales to cooperate on the installation process for all of the lines; they had worked separately in installing the Canarsie Line's and Flushing Line's CBTC systems, respectively.[2]

Queens Boulevard Line CBTC

The MTA is also seeking to implement CBTC on the IND Queens Boulevard Line. CBTC is to be installed on this line in five phases, with phase one (50th Street/8th Avenue and 47th–50th Streets – Rockefeller Center to Kew Gardens – Union Turnpike) being included in the 2010-2014 capital budget. The $205.8 million contract for the installment of phase one was awarded in 2015 to Siemens and Thales. Planning for phase one started in 2015, with major engineering work to follow in 2017.[29] The total cost for the entire Queens Boulevard Line is estimated at over $900 million.[25]

The automation of the Queens Boulevard Line means that the E F services will be able to run 3 more trains during peak hours (it currently runs 29 tph). This will also increase capacity on the local tracks of the IND Queens Boulevard Line.[25] However, as the line hosts several services, installation of CBTC on the line can be much harder than on the Flushing and Canarsie lines.[19]

Culver Line CBTC

In addition, funding is allocated for the installation of CBTC equipment on one of the IND Culver Line express tracks between Fourth Avenue and Church Avenue. Total cost is $99.6 million, with $15 million coming from the 2005-2009 capital budget (phase one) and $84.6 million from the 2010-2014 capital budget (phase two). The installation is a joint venture between Siemens and Thales Group.[30] The estimated completion date was scheduled for March 2015; the installation is expected to be permanent. Should Culver Line express service be implemented, the express service will not use CBTC, and testing of CBTC on the express track will be limited to off-peak hours.[25] The local tracks would also get CBTC as part of the 2015–2019 Capital Program.[2]

Eighth Avenue Line CBTC

Funding for CBTC on the IND Eighth Avenue Line is also provided in the 2015–2019 Capital Program.[2] Originally, this funding was to be for the IND Sixth Avenue Line, but since the Eighth Avenue Line is more heavily used, it is prioritized to be the next corridor to be retrofitted with CBTC, and the Eighth Avenue Line automation project will probably be done concurrently with the Queens Boulevard Line automation. It will get two new electrical substations to support CBTC upgrades.[2]

Other lines

As of 2014, MTA projects that 355 miles of track will receive CBTC signals by 2029, including most of the IND, as well as the IRT Lexington Avenue Line and the BMT Broadway Line.[17] The MTA also is planning to install CBTC equipment on the IND Crosstown Line, the BMT Fourth Avenue Line and the BMT Brighton Line before 2025.[31]

On the other hand, Regional Plan Association prioritizes the Lexington Avenue, Crosstown, Eighth Avenue, Fulton Street, Manhattan Bridge, Queens Boulevard, Rockaway, and Sixth Avenue subway lines as those in need of CBTC between 2015–2024.[1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Moving Forward: Accelerating the Transition to Communications-Based Train Control for New York City's Subways" (PDF). rpa.org. Regional Plan Association. May 2014. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "MTA Capital Program 2015-2019: Renew. Enhance. Expand." (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. October 28, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
  3. ↑ Metropolitan Transportation Authority (July 20, 2015). CBTC: Communications-Based Train Control (video). YouTube.
  4. ↑ "The most powerful block in NYC that you've never heard of". Untapped Cities. 2011-08-08. Retrieved 2016-09-13.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Somers, James (2015-11-13). "Why New York Subway Lines Are Missing Countdown Clocks". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2016-05-20.
  6. 1 2 "www.nycsubway.org: Subway Signals: Approach, Automatic, and Marker Signals". www.nycsubway.org. 2016-09-12. Retrieved 2016-09-12.
  7. 1 2 3 "www.nycsubway.org: Subway Signals: Time Signals". www.nycsubway.org. 2015-10-21. Retrieved 2015-10-21.
  8. ↑ "www.nycsubway.org: Subway Signals: Interlocking". www.nycsubway.org. 2016-09-12. Retrieved 2016-09-12.
  9. ↑ Korman, Joe. "New York City Subway CHAINING". The JoeKorNer Index. Retrieved 2016-09-12.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "MTA | news | Know Before You Go with MTA Subway Time&#8482". Mta.info. December 28, 2012. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
  11. 1 2 3 4 "PARSONS PROJECT OF THE MONTH—JUNE 2004" (PDF). parsons.com. Parsons Corporation. June 2004. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
  12. 1 2 3 "California Division | Federal Highway Administration". www.fhwa.dot.gov. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  13. ↑ Tangel, Andrew (2015-10-28). "More NYC Subway Countdown Clocks Won't Arrive Anytime Soon". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2016-05-21.
  14. 1 2 3 Luo, Michael (2004-06-23). "The Next Stop for the Subway Is a Fully Automated Future; Testing a Computer-Controlled Train Line". The New York Times. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
  15. 1 2 3 Chan, Sewell (2005-01-14). "Subways Run by Computers Start on L Line This Summer". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-05-24.
  16. ↑ CBTC: Communications-Based Train Control on YouTube
  17. 1 2 "Twenty-Year Capital Needs Assessment" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. August 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
  18. 1 2 3 Neuman, William (2007-05-22). "For Less Crowding on L Train, Think 2010, Report Says". The New York Times. Retrieved 2007-05-24.
  19. 1 2 "Advanced Signaling Makes the Most Out of Old Subways, But Can New York Handle It?". Next City. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  20. ↑ "How Much More Williamsburg Development Can the L Train Handle?". The Observer. 2013-03-05. Retrieved 2016-09-12.
  21. 1 2 Parkinson, Tom; Fisher, Ian (1996-01-01). Rail Transit Capacity. Transportation Research Board. ISBN 9780309057189.
  22. 1 2 3 4 Mark S. Feinman, Peggy Darlington, Joe Brennan, David Pirmann. "www.nycsubway.org: IRT Times Square-Grand Central Shuttle". www.nycsubway.org. Retrieved 2016-09-12..
  23. ↑ New York City Transit Authority (1960). "The JoeKorNer Brochures: Automated Train - 1960". The JoeKorNer Index. 1998-06-26. Retrieved 2016-09-12.
  24. ↑ McFadden, Robert D. (September 1, 1991). "Catastrophe Under Union Square; Crash on the Lexington IRT: Motorman's Run to Disaster". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2014.
  25. 1 2 3 4 "MTA 2010-2014 CAPITAL PROGRAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. pp. 11–12. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
  26. ↑ "R188 Acceptance". Kawasaki Rail Car, Inc. Retrieved 2016-09-13.
  27. ↑ Wetherell, Michael P. (November 26, 2012). "NYCT Subway Car Program Progress Update to CPOC". mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. Retrieved 2016-09-13.
  28. ↑ "Thales selected by the New York Metropolitan Transportation Authority to modernize the Queens Boulevard Line". Thales Group. Retrieved 2016-09-13.
  29. ↑ "MTA | news | $205.8M in Contracts Approved to Install Communications-Based Train Control System". www.mta.info. Retrieved 2016-08-06.
  30. ↑ Colceag, Gabriel; Yelloz, Gerard (March 28, 2012). "CBTC Interoperability: From Real Needs to Real Deployments - New York's Culver CBTC Test Track Project" (PDF). alamys.org. Metrorail, London. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2015. Retrieved September 12, 2016.
  31. ↑ "Chapter 2: Project Alternatives" (PDF). mta.info. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. p. 4. Retrieved September 12, 2015.
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