Australian settlement

The Australian settlement is a term that has been used to describe a set of nation-building policies adopted in Australia at the beginning of the twentieth century. Those policies profoundly influenced the way Australia developed over the coming decades and were only dismantled towards the end of the century. They were: the 'White Australia' Policy of immigration restriction; protective tariffs on imports of manufactured goods; a system of compulsory conciliation and arbitration for industrial disputes; and early social welfare policies. The term 'settlement' refers to the way this constellation of policies emerged as a compromise between major interests in Australian society at that time, namely workers and employers.

Background

Britain's Australian colonies had developed rapidly and successfully in the 19th century to become a major exporter of certain commodities, notably wool. By the 1880s they had become among the wealthiest societies in the world and had also developed unusually strong labour movements. Some manufacturing for local consumption had also become established. This was supported and promoted in the Colony of Victoria by a protective tariff that had been introduced in 1866 to help generate local employment for migrants initially attracted to the gold fields.

Over the course of the economically difficult and industrially conflictual 1890s, the six colonies agreed to federate as the Commonwealth of Australia. The establishment of a national government spanning the continent and the transfer of certain key functions to that government entailed the establishment of new national policies in regard to a range of important economic and social matters. Customs tariffs, for instance, immediately became an exclusive concern of the Commonwealth government and the Commonwealth assumed primacy in a number of other areas such as immigration.

Decade of Decision: 1901-1910

There was obviously a lot of business for the new parliament in those first years after Federation took effect on 1 January 1901. The decision-making was complicated, though, by the fact that no single party enjoyed a majority until Labor took office in 1910.[1] The three-cornered contest between Protectionist Liberals, Free Trade Liberals and the Australian Labor Party (ALP), saw the Protectionists introduce the key 'Australian settlement' policies with Labor support. This began with the Immigration Restriction Act, which had support from all sides of politics, and continued through the Customs Tariff Act, the Conciliation and Arbitration Act 1904 and the Old Age Pension Act. In addition, the Court of Conciliation and Arbitration brought down its 'living wage' determination requiring employers to pay their workers enough to support a man and his wife and three children.

For theorist Francis Castles, implementation of these policies constituted an economic development strategy of 'domestic defence' -- using Australia's natural wealth to support an otherwise uncompetitive manufacturing sector, providing a good living to workers and pensions for later life.[2]

Dismantling

Dismantling the domestic defence framework began with the ending of the White Australia Policy between the mid-1960s and the mid-1970s. Australia persisted, however, with other components such as tariff protectionism while other advanced economies were moving toward more open trade in the post-war years through the GATT process. Weaknesses in Australia's commodity exporting economy combined with steadily increasing competition in world manufacturing thanks to the 'NICs' (newly industrialized countries) put that strategy under great pressure in the 1980s. Under the Hawke-Keating Labor governments (1983–96), both tariff protectionism and centralised wage fixing were wound back. As part of the campaign to liberalise the Australian economy in this period, journalist Paul Kelly coined the phrase 'Australian Settlement' and blamed those early policy decisions for Australia's economic difficulties of the 1970s and 1980s.[3] A closer examination makes that interpretation difficult to sustain, but does not alter the reality that by the late twentieth century the strategy of domestic defence had become an encumbrance.[4] Whether it was coincidental or not, the Australian economy went on to perform exceptionally for the next quarter of a century after 1990.

Criticism of 'settlement'

Indigenous people and stakeholders in the Indigenous rights movement,[5] have rejected the use of the term ‘settlement’. Settlement refers to land that is ‘desert and uncultivated’.[6] The British justified their invasion through deeming the Indigenous Australians, ‘uncivilized inhabitants in a primitive state of society’.[7]

Settlement suggests an agreement, which did not occur in the European occupation of Australia. For this reason, it is arguable that ‘invasion’ is more appropriate. Early in 2016 the settlement-invasion debate gained significant media attention when an Australian newspaper, the Daily Telegraph, printed an article criticising the University of New South Wales for their guide on Indigenous terminology.[8] The University of New South Wales suggests that it is more appropriate to use terms like invasion, colonisation or occupation to describe the European arrival.[9] Aboriginal customary law treats Australia as conquered.[10]

The Native Title Act 1993 is the relevant Australian act that addresses land rights for Indigenous Australians as Nation's First People.[11]

Bibliography

  1. ↑ Peter Loveday, A.W. Martin & R.S. Parker, The Emergence of the Australian Party System (Sydney: Hale & Iremonger, 1977).
  2. ↑ Francis G. Castles, Australian Public Policy and Economic Vulnerability: a comparative and historical perspective (St Leonards NSW: Allen & Unwin, 1988).
  3. ↑ Paul Kelly, The End of Certainty (Allen & Unwin, 1992).
  4. ↑ Alan Fenna, "Putting the 'Australian Settlement' in Perspective", Labour History, 102 (2012) pp. 99–118.
  5. ↑ "SBS news". http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2010/11/08/timeline-indigenous-rights-movement. 8 November 2010. External link in |website= (help);
  6. ↑ Blackstone (1970). "Commentaries on the Laws of England". 1: 107.
  7. ↑ Blackstone (1970). "Commentaries on the Laws of England". 1: 107.
  8. ↑ Discovery, settlement or invasion? The power of language in Australia's historical narrative|date=1 April 2016 http://theconversation.com/discovery-settlement-or-invasion-the-power-of-language-in-australias-historical-narrative-57097. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ↑ UNSW Diversity Toolkit: Indigenous Terminology https://teaching.unsw.edu.au/indigenous-terminology. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  10. ↑ Recognition of Aboriginal Customary Laws at Common Law: The Settled Colony Debate The Settled Colony Debate http://www.alrc.gov.au/publications/5.%20Recognition%20of%20Aboriginal%20Customary%20Laws%20at%20Common%20Law%3A%20The%20Settled%20Colony%20Debate/se#_ftnref28
  11. ↑ Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) Template:Www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol act/nta1993147
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