Arts and Industries Building

Arts and Industries Building
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Arts and Industries Building
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Location	900 Jefferson Dr., SW., Washington, D.C.
Coordinates	38°53′17.34″N 77°1′28.18″W / 38.8881500°N 77.0244944°W / 38.8881500; -77.0244944Coordinates: 38°53′17.34″N 77°1′28.18″W / 38.8881500°N 77.0244944°W / 38.8881500; -77.0244944
Built	1879
Architect	Cluss & Schulze; Meigs, Montgomery
Architectural style	Renaissance Revival
NRHP Reference #	71000994
Significant dates
Added to NRHP	November 11, 1971[1]
Designated NHL	November 11, 1971[2]

The Arts and Industries Building is the second oldest of the Smithsonian museums on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Initially named the National Museum, it was built to provide the Smithsonian with its first proper facility for public display of its growing collections.^[3] The building, designed by architects Adolf Cluss and Paul Schulze, opened in 1881, hosting an inaugural ball for President James A. Garfield. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971.^[2] After being closed for renovation, the building opened in the spring of 2016 for events and exhibitions.^[4][5]

Description

The Arts and Industries Building was sited slightly farther back from the Mall than the Smithsonian Castle to avoid obscuring the view of the Castle from the Capitol.^[6] The building was designed to be symmetrical, composed of a Greek cross with a central rotunda. The exterior was constructed with geometric patterns of polychrome brick, and a sculpture entitled Columbia Protecting Science and Industry by sculptor Caspar Buberl was placed above the main entrance on the north side.^[6]

Columbia Protecting Science and Industry by sculptor Caspar Buberl.

The interior of the building was partially lit through the use of skylights and clerestory windows. An iron truss roof covers the building. In 1883, the exterior was adjusted to use a more vibrant maroon-colored brick.^[6]

The building is composed of four pavilions, one at each corner, about 40 feet (12 m) square and three stories tall. These surround a central rotunda. Lower sections or "ranges" were placed outside the pavilions. Pervasive complaints of dampness and the poor health of the building's occupants led to the replacement of the wood floors in the 1890s. Balconies were added in 1896–1902 to increase space after a new Smithsonian Building failed to be authorized by the United States Congress. A tunnel was constructed in 1901 to the Smithsonian Institution Building next door.

History

1800s

According to the Smithsonian Archives, "the Congressional appropriation for the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition contained an interesting proviso. It stated that the appropriation was considered a loan, and if income from the exhibition allowed the loan to be repaid, Congress would then allow part of those funds to be used to construct a new building for the National Museum." ^[7]

The success of the exhibits allowed the loan to be paid off soon after the event.^[7] As promised, then, a bill was introduced in Congress two years later by the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian to build a suitable structure.^[7] The bill included plans developed by General Montgomery C. Meigs, which were based on the Government Building by James Windrom at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, which was itself inspired by structures at the 1873 Vienna Exposition.^[6] Funds were approved in 1879 and the design was executed by Cluss and Schulze, based on the Meigs plan.^[8]

During its construction, the materials featured at the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition—up to "sixty box cars worth" of donations ^[7]—were too numerous to fit in the Smithsonian Institution Building and so were temporarily stored in the District of Columbia Armory Building at the corner of 7th Street SW and Independence Avenue.^[7]

According to the aforementioned Smithsonian Archives, "the first event to take place in the new National Museum Building was the Inaugural Ball for President James Garfield and Vice President Chester A. Arthur on March 4, 1881. A temporary wooden floor was laid, two electric lights were placed in the Rotunda, 10,000 bins for hats and coats were erected, 3,000 gas lights were installed, and festive buntings, state flags and seals decorated the halls. A colossal "Statue of America" stood in the Rotundia, illustrative of peace, justice and liberty, grasping in her uplifted hand an electric light "indicative of the skill, genius, progress, and civilization" of America in the 19th century." ^[9]

Eight months later the museum officially opened to the public.^[9] "It contained 80,000 square feet of exhibit space with specially designed mahogany exhibit cases. The exhibit halls contained exhibits on geology, metallurgy, zoology, medicine, anthropology, art, history and technologies such as ceramics, printing, transportation, textiles, fisheries, and agriculture." ^[9] Under the guidance of George Brown Goode, a historian and ichythyologist, a Division of Arts and Industries and Materia Medica was established that same year ^[9] and materials from the museum were sent to many late nineteenth century expositions to teach people about the country's political and natural history.^[9]

1900s

In 1910, the natural history collections were moved to the new National Museum of Natural History, and the old National Museum Building was renamed the Arts and Sciences Building.

In 1964 the remaining exhibitions were moved to the National Museum of History and Technology, now known as the National Museum of American History.

In 1976, the rocket and aviation collections were moved to the National Air and Space Museum.^[10]

Construction of the Arts and Industries Building in 1879

That same year, the Arts and Industries Building reopened with 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, featuring the Philadelphia Exposition artifacts it was originally built to house. The building later housed temporary exhibitions and a children's theater, known as the Discovery Theater.

2000s

Renovation of the Arts and Industries Building in 2012

A view through a door of the building in 2015

In 2004, the museum was again closed for renovation. Its uncertain future and deteriorating condition led the National Trust for Historic Preservation to name it in 2006 as one of America's Most Endangered Places, an annual list of endangered historic sites. In 2009 it was scheduled to receive $25 million in funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 for renovation work.^[11]

The shell revitalization was solicited in 2010.^[12] A complete restoration was projected to cost $200 million ($65 million in structural renovations alone) and last until the year 2014.^[13] It has also been discussed as a possible site for a national Latino museum.^[14] In January 2014, the Smithsonian announced that the building would remain closed for the foreseeable future, citing funding concerns.^[15] But on April 12, 2015, Smithsonian Acting Secretary Albert Horvath said about 40 percent of the building would reopen in fall 2015 for use as a short-term exhibit space. Smithsonian officials said that the building had been architecturally stabilized, and minor refurbishments made to the bathrooms, HVAC system, and interior paint scheme. Horvath said the building would not completely reopen. He said that plans for a proposed National Museum of the American Latino remained in limbo, and that the Smithsonian had purposefully declined to include the Arts and Industries Building in its new master plan because the structure's fate had not yet been clarified or determined.^[16]

References

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arts and Industries Building.

• Arts and Industries Building
• Historical photographs of the building
• Arts and Industries Building at the 2006 Most Endangered Sites, National Trust for Historic Preservation
• Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) No. DC-298, "Smithsonian Institution, Arts & Industries Building"
• "Arts and Industries Building Gets a Little Love", Smithsonian Magazine