Weegee

Weegee
Born	Ascher (Usher) Fellig (1899-06-12)June 12, 1899 Złoczów, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Zolochiv, Ukraine)
Died	December 26, 1968(1968-12-26) (aged 69) New York City, New York, U.S.
Other names	Arthur Fellig
Occupation	Photographer
Known for	Street photography of crime scenes or emergencies

Weegee was the pseudonym of Arthur (Usher) Fellig (June 12, 1899 – December 26, 1968), a photographer and photojournalist, known for his stark black and white street photography. Weegee worked in Manhattan, New York City's Lower East Side as a press photographer during the 1930s and 1940s, and he developed his signature style by following the city's emergency services and documenting their activity.^[1] Much of his work depicted unflinchingly realistic scenes of urban life, crime, injury and death. Weegee published photographic books and also worked in cinema, initially making his own short films and later collaborating with film directors such as Jack Donohue and Stanley Kubrick.

Life

Weegee was born in Złoczów (now Zolochiv, Ukraine), near Lemberg, Austrian Galicia. His name was changed to Arthur when he emigrated with his family to live in New York in 1909. There he took numerous odd jobs, including working as an street photographer of children on his pony ^[2]and as an assistant to a commercial photographer. In 1924 he was hired as a dark-room technician by Acme Newspictures (later United Press International Photos). He left, however, in 1935 to become a freelance photographer. Describing his beginnings, Weegee stated:

In my particular case I didn't wait 'til somebody gave me a job or something, I went and created a job for myself—freelance photographer. And what I did, anybody else can do. What I did simply was this: I went down to Manhattan Police Headquarters and for two years I worked without a police card or any kind of credentials. When a story came over a police teletype, I would go to it. The idea was I sold the pictures to the newspapers. And naturally, I picked a story that meant something.^[3]

He worked at night and competed with the police to be first at the scene of a crime, selling his photographs to tabloids and photographic agencies.^[4] His photographs, centered around Manhattan police headquarters, were soon published by the Herald Tribune, World-Telegram, Daily News, New York Post, New York Journal American, Sun, and others.

In 1957, after developing diabetes, he moved in with Wilma Wilcox, a Quaker social worker whom he had known since the 1940s, and who cared for him and then cared for his work.^[5] He traveled extensively in Europe until 1968, working for the Daily Mirror and on a variety of photography, film, lecture, and book projects. On December 26, 1968, Weegee died in New York at the age of 69.

Name

Fellig earned his nickname, a phonetic rendering of Ouija, because of his frequent, seemingly prescient arrivals at scenes only minutes after crimes, fires or other emergencies were reported to authorities.^[1] He is variously said to have named himself Weegee or to have been named by either the staff at Acme Newspictures or by a police officer.

Another version claims that the nickname originates from his work as a darkroom assistant, also known as a "squeegee" boy.^[6]

Photographic career

Photographic technique

Most of his notable photographs were taken with very basic press photographer equipment and methods of the era, a 4x5 Speed Graphic camera preset at f/16 at 1/200 of a second, with flashbulbs and a set focus distance of ten feet.^[7] He was a self-taught photographer with no formal photographic training. Weegee developed his photographs in a homemade darkroom in the rear of his car. This provided an instantaneous result to his work that emphasized the nature of the tabloid industry and gave the images a "hot off the press" feeling. While Fellig would shoot a variety of subjects and individuals, he also had a sense of what sold best:

names make news. There's a fight between a drunken couple on Third Avenue or Ninth Avenue in Hell's Kitchen, nobody cares. It's just a barroom brawl. But if society has a fight in a Cadillac on Park Avenue and their names are in the Social Register, this makes news and the papers are interested in that.^[8]

Weegee is famously credited for answering "f/8 and be there" when asked about his photographic technique.^[9] Whether he actually said that or not, the saying has become standard advice in some photographic circles.^[10]

Some of Weegee's photos, like the juxtaposition of society grandes dames in ermines and tiaras and a glowering street woman at the Metropolitan Opera (The Critic, 1943), were later revealed to have been staged.^[11][12]

Late 1930s to mid-1940s

Weegee's rubber stamp for signing his pictures

In 1938, Fellig was the only New York newspaper reporter with a permit to have a portable police-band shortwave radio. He maintained a complete darkroom in the trunk of his car, to expedite getting his free-lance product to the newspapers. Weegee worked mostly at nightclubs; he listened closely to broadcasts and often beat authorities to the scene.

In 1943 five of his photographs were acquired by the Museum of Modern Art. These works were included in their exhibition entitled, Action Photography.^[13] He was later included in "50 Photographs by 50 Photographers", another MoMA show organized by photographer Edward Steichen,^[13] and he lectured at the New School for Social Research. Advertising and editorial assignments for magazines followed, including Life and beginning in 1945, Vogue.

Naked City (1945) was his first book of photographs. Film producer Mark Hellinger bought the rights to the title from Weegee.^[13] In 1948, Weegee's aesthetic formed the foundation for Hellinger's film The Naked City. It was based on a gritty 1948 story written by Malvin Wald about the investigation into a model's murder in New York. Wald was nominated for an Academy Award for his screenplay, co-written with screenwriter, Albert Maltz, who would later be blacklisted in the McCarthy-era.^[14] Later the title was used again for a naturalistic television police drama series, and in the 1980s, it was adopted by a band, Naked City, led by the New York experimental musician John Zorn.

According to the commentary by director Robert Wise, Weegee appeared in the 1949 film The Set-Up, ringing the bell at the boxing match.

1950s and 1960s

Weegee experimented with 16mm filmmaking himself beginning in 1941 and worked in the Hollywood industry from 1946 to the early 1960s, as an actor and a consultant. He was an uncredited special effects consultant ^[15] and credited still photographer for Stanley Kubrick's 1964 film Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb. His accent was one of the influences for the accent of the title character in the film, played by Peter Sellers.^[15]

In the 1950s and 1960s, Weegee experimented with panoramic photographs, photo distortions and photography through prisms. Using a plastic lens, he made a famous photograph of Marilyn Monroe in which her face is grotesquely distorted yet still recognizable.^[16] For the 1950 movie The Yellow Cab Man, Weegee contributed a sequence in which automobile traffic is wildly distorted. He is credited for this as "Luigi" in the film's opening credits. He also traveled widely in Europe in the 1960s, where he photographed nude subjects. In London he befriended pornographer Harrison Marks and the model Pamela Green whom he photographed.

In 1966, two years before his death, Weegee starred as himself in a "Nudie Cutie" exploitation film, intended to be a pseudo-documentary of his life. Called The 'Imp'probable Mr. Wee Gee, it saw Fellig apparently falling in love with a shop window dummy, which he then traces to London, before finally ending up in Paris, all the while pursuing or photographing various women.^[17]

Legacy

Weegee can be seen as the American counterpart to Brassaï, who photographed Paris street scenes at night. Weegee's themes of nudists, circus performers, freaks and street people were later taken up and developed by Diane Arbus in the early 1960s.^[4]

In 1980 Weegee's widow, Wilma Wilcox, along with Sidney Kaplan, Aaron Rose and Larry Silver formed The Weegee Portfolio Incorporated to create an exclusive collection of photographic prints made from Weegee’s original negatives.^[18] As a bequest, Wilma Wilcox donated the entire Weegee archive – 16,000 photographs and 7,000 negatives^[5] – to the International Center of Photography in New York. This 1993 gift and transfer of copyright became the source for several exhibitions and books include Weegee's World, edited by Miles Barth (1997) and Unknown Weegee, edited by Cynthia Young (2006). The first and largest exhibition was the 329-image Weegee's World: Life, Death and the Human Drama, mounted in 1997. It was followed in 2002 by Weegee's Trick Photography, a show of distorted or otherwise caricatured images, and four years later by Unknown Weegee, a survey that emphasized his more benign, post-tabloid photographs.^[5]

2009, the Kunsthalle Vienna held an exhibition called Elevator to the Gallows. The exhibition combined modern installations by Banks Violette with Weegee's nocturnal photography.^[19]

In 2012 ICP opened another Weegee exhibition titled, Murder is my Business. Also in 2012, an exhibition called Weegee: The Naked City,^[20] opened at Multimedia Art Museum, Moscow. In 2013 Weegee's autobiography, originally published in 1961 as Weegee by Weegee and long out of print, was retitled as Weegee: The Autobiography and republished.

From April 2013 through July 2014 the Flatz Museum in Dornbirn, Austria presented Weegee. How to photograph a corpse, based on relevant photographs from Weegee's portfolio, including many vintage prints. Original newspapers and magazines dating back to the time where the photos were taken accompanied the photographs.^[21]

In popular culture

• The 1992 film The Public Eye is loosely based on him and features some of his photographs.
• A 1999 episode of The X-Files, "Tithonus", concerns a photographer named "Alfred Fellig" and his crime photos.
• The 2014 film Nightcrawler was also inspired by Weegee.^[22]

Public collections

• Rijksmuseum Amsterdam^[23]
• International Center of Photography^[24]

See also

• The Public Eye—a film loosely based on Weegee

References

Notes

Further reading

• Barth, Miles; Bergala, Alain; and Handy, Ellen. Weegee's World Boston: Little Brown, 1997.
• Lee, Anthony W. and Meyer, Richard. Weegee and Naked City (Defining Moments in American Photography)
• Purcell, Kerry William. Weegee (Phaidon, 2004)
• Weegee. Weegee by Weegee (1961 (revised, reprinted, and retitled as Weegee: The Autobiography, 2013), autobiography)

External links

• New York Times, June 20, 2008, "Crime Was Weegee’s Oyster"
• Wired News, June 29, 2009, "‘You Gotta Get It’ — Words of Wisdom From Weegee"
• Weegee's World: Life, Death and the Human Drama
• Weegee archive on eMuseum.icp.org, all works © International Center of Photography
• Arthur 'Weegee' Fellig at the Internet Movie Database
• BOMB Magazine Self-interview with Arthur Fellig (Summer, 1987).