John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton

The Lord Harding of Petherton
Born	(1896-02-10)10 February 1896 South Petherton, Somerset, United Kingdom
Died	20 January 1989(1989-01-20) (aged 92) Nether Compton, Dorset, United Kingdom
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	British Army
Years of service	1914–1955
Rank	Field Marshal
Unit	London Regiment Machine Gun Corps Somerset Light Infantry
Commands held	1st Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry 7th Armoured Division XIII Corps VIII Corps Southern Command Far East Land Forces British Army of the Rhine Chief of the Imperial General Staff
Battles/wars	First World War Second World War Malayan Emergency Cyprus Emergency
Awards	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Commander of the Order of the British Empire Distinguished Service Order & Two Bars Military Cross Mentioned in despatches Legion of Merit (United States)
Relations	John Charles Harding, 2nd Baron Harding (son)

Field Marshal Allan Francis "John" Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton GCB, CBE, DSO**, MC (10 February 1896 – 20 January 1989) was a senior British Army officer who fought in both the First World War and the Second World War, served in the Malayan Emergency, and later advised the British government on the response to the Mau Mau Uprising. He also served as Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS), the professional head of the British Army, and was Governor of Cyprus from 1955 to 1957 during the Cyprus Emergency.

Early life and First World War

Born the son of Francis Ebenezer Harding and Elizabeth Ellen Harding (née Anstice) and educated at Ilminster Grammar School and King's College London,^[1] Harding started as a boy clerk in December 1911,^[2] earning promotion to assistant clerk in the Post Office in July 1913^[3] and then to full clerk in the Second Division of the Civil Service in April 1914.^[4]

Harding left his civilian career to join the 11th (County of London) Battalion (Finsbury Rifles) of the London Regiment, a unit of the British Army's Territorial Force, being commissioned as a second lieutenant on 15 May 1914.^[5] During the First World War (1914–1918) he was attached to the Machine Gun Corps and fought in the Gallipoli Campaign in August 1915.^[5] He transferred to the regular armed forces as a lieutenant in the Somerset Light Infantry on 22 March 1917 and was assigned to the Middle Eastern theatre of operations.^[6] He took part in the Third Battle of Gaza in November 1917 and was subsequently awarded the Military Cross.^[7]

During the interwar period Harding adopted the name "John" and in 1921 was posted to India.^[6] Promoted to captain on 11 October 1923 and later attended the Staff College, Camberley. He joined the general staff at headquarters Southern Command in 1930 before becoming brigade major of the 13th Infantry Brigade in 1933.^[6] He became a company commander with the 2nd Battalion with promotion to major on 1 July 1935.^[6] After a tour as a staff officer in the Directorate of Operations at the War Office, he was further promoted to lieutenant colonel on 1 January 1938.^[6]

Second World War

Harding served in the Second World War (1939–1945) initially as Commanding Officer (CO) of the 1st Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry, in which capacity he served in Waziristan and was mentioned in dispatches,^[8] before joining the staff of Middle East Command in September 1940 and then becoming Brigadier on the General Staff of the Western Desert Force (WDF) in December 1940.^[9] He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire for services in that role.^[10] When Generals Richard O'Connor and Sir Philip Neame were captured in April 1941, Harding took temporary command of the WDF in which capacity he took the decision to hold Tobruk, was promoted to the substantive rank of colonel on 9 August 1941^[11] and was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO).^[12]

The Second Battle of El Alamein, during which Harding commanded the 7th Armoured Division, during the Second World War.

He went on to be Brigadier General Staff XIII Corps (the new name adopted by the former WDF) in August 1941 and, having been mentioned in dispatches in early 1942^[13] and awarded a Bar to his DSO in February 1942,^[14] he became Deputy Director of Military Training Middle East Command that same month in which capacity he was again mentioned in despatches in the summer of 1942.^[15]

He was appointed General Officer Commanding (GOC) 7th Armoured Division in September 1942^[9] and during the Second Battle of El Alamein in October–November 1942 led his forward headquarters from a tank and then a jeep and was subsequently wounded by shell splinters.^[9] He was awarded a second Bar to his DSO for this in January 1943.^[16]

He returned to the United Kingdom in November 1943 to take command of VIII Corps before being posted to the Italian Front in January 1944 to become Chief of Staff to General Sir Harold Alexander commanding the 15th Army Group, later designated the Allied Armies in Italy (AAI).^[9] He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 16 June 1944 for his service in Italy,^[17] and promoted to the substantive rank of major general on 13 July 1944.^[18] He went on to take command of XIII Corps in Italy in March 1945, leading it through the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy, arriving in Trieste just after the German surrender in May.^[9] He was also awarded the Legion of Merit in the Degree of Commander by Harry S. Truman, the President of the United States, for his conduct during the war on 14 May 1948.^[19]

Postwar

Promoted after the war to lieutenant general on 19 August 1946,^[20] Harding succeeded Alexander as commander of British forces in the Mediterranean in November 1946.^[9] He became General Officer Commanding-in-Chief (GOC-in-C) Southern Command in July 1947 and went on to be Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C), Far East Land Forces on 28 July 1949^[21] at the early stages of the Malayan Emergency.^[1] Having been promoted to full general on 9 December 1949,^[22] made Aide-de-Camp General to H.M. The King on 21 October 1950^[23] and advanced to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath in the King's Birthday Honours 1951,^[24] Harding became Commander-in-Chief of the British Army of the Rhine (BAOR) on 30 August 1951.^[25][26]

British troops responding to the Mau Mau Uprising in the 1950s.

Harding was appointed Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS) on 1 November 1952:^[27] in this capacity he advised the British government on the response to the Mau Mau Uprising.^[1] He was promoted to field marshal on 21 July 1953,^[28] and retired from the army on 29 September 1955.^[29]

Harding was also Colonel of the North Somerset Yeomanry from 2 February 1949,^[30] Colonel of the 6th Queen Elizabeth's Own Gurkha Rifles from 18 May 1951,^[31] Colonel of the Somerset Light Infantry from 13 April 1953,^[32] Colonel of the Life Guards from 26 April 1957^[33] and Colonel of the Somerset and Cornwall Light Infantry from 6 October 1959.^[34]

Cyprus and later career

Harding's statue in Taunton, Somerset.

On 3 October 1955, Harding was assigned the post of Governor of the British colony of Cyprus. As Governor of Cyprus, Harding sought to restore the relations with the United Kingdom, by negotiating with both the Greek-Cypriot and the Turkish-Cypriot communities on the island, while the British Government was negotiating with the Greek and Turkish governments. Harding took strict measures to improve the security situation in Cyprus, EOKA having declared an armed struggle against the British on 1 April 1955. To this end, Harding instituted a number of unprecedented measures including curfews, closures of schools, the opening of concentration camps, the indefinite detention of suspects without trial and the imposition of the death penalty for offences such as carrying weapons, incendiary devices or any material that could be used in a bomb. A number of such executions took place often in controversial circumstances (e.g. Michalis Karaolis) leading to resentment, in Cyprus, the United Kingdom and in other countries.^[35][36]

Implementing the policy of the British Government, Harding also attempted to use negotiations to end the Cyprus crisis. However, negotiations with Archbishop Makarios III were unsuccessful and, eventually, Harding exiled Makarios to the British Colony of Seychelles. On 21 March 1956 EOKA made an assassination attempt on Harding's life which failed as the time bomb under his bed failed to go off.^[37][38] It was not long after this that Harding offered a reward of £10,000 for General George Grivas, the leader of EOKA.^[39]

Facing growing criticism in the United Kingdom about the methods he used and their lack of effectiveness, Sir John Harding resigned as Governor of Cyprus on 22 October 1957 and was replaced by Sir Hugh Foot.^[40]

In January 1958, Harding was created Baron Harding of Petherton.^[25] In retirement he became Non-Executive Chairman of Plessey^[1] as well being the first Chairman of the Horse Race Betting Levy Board.^[25] His interests included his membership of the Finsbury Rifles Old Comrades Association in which he participated until late in his life.^[25] He died at his home in Nether Compton in Dorset on 20 January 1989.^[1]

Family

In 1927 he married Mary Rooke; they had one son:^[6] John Charles Harding, 2nd Baron Harding of Petherton.^[41]

References

Sources

• Grivas, George (1964). The Memoirs of General Grivas edited by Charles Foley. Longmans, London. ASIN B0006DASLW. 
• Heathcote, Tony (1999). The British Field Marshals 1736–1997. Barnsley (UK): Pen & Sword. ISBN 0-85052-696-5. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Harding, 1st Baron Harding of Petherton.

• War service
• Imperial War Museum Interview from 1984
• Imperial War Museum Interview from 1986

Commanders-in-Chief of the Forces and Chiefs of the General Staff of the British Army
Commanders-in-Chief of the Forces	Duke of Albemarle Duke of Monmouth Earl of Marlborough Duke of Leinster Duke of Marlborough Duke of Ormonde Earl of Stair George Wade Duke of Cumberland Viscount Ligionier Marquess of Granby Lord Amherst Henry Conway Lord Amherst Duke of York Sir David Dundas Duke of York Duke of Wellington Viscount Hill Duke of Wellington Viscount Hardinge Duke of Cambridge Viscount Wolseley Earl Roberts
Chief of the General Staff	Sir Neville Lyttelton
Chiefs of the Imperial General Staff	Sir William Nicholson Sir John French Sir Charles Douglas Sir James Murray Sir Archibald Murray Sir William Robertson Sir Henry Wilson The Earl of Cavan Sir George Milne Sir Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd Sir Cyril Deverell The Viscount Gort Sir Edmund Ironside Sir John Dill Sir Alan Brooke The Viscount Montgomery of Alamein Sir William Slim Sir John Harding Sir Gerald Templer Sir Francis Festing Sir Richard Hull
Chiefs of the General Staff	Sir Richard Hull Sir James Cassels Sir Geoffrey Baker Sir Michael Carver Sir Peter Hunt Sir Roland Gibbs Sir Edwin Bramall Sir John Stanier Sir Nigel Bagnall Sir John Chapple Sir Peter Inge Sir Charles Guthrie Sir Roger Wheeler Sir Michael Walker Sir Mike Jackson Sir Richard Dannatt Sir David Richards Sir Peter Wall Sir Nick Carter